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AUTHOR: 


JUVENALIS,  DECIMUS 
JUNIUS. 


TITLE: 


SATIRES  OF  JUVENAL 
AND  PERSIUS 

PLACE: 

NEW  YORK 

DA  TE : 

1872 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARHFT 


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Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


87J97 
0E72 


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L 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


1872. 


Juvenalis,  Decimus  Junius. 

The  Satires  of  Juvenal  and  Persius,  with 
English  notes,  critical  and  explanatory  •••by 
Charles  Anthon  ...  New  York,  Harper,  1872. 

vi,   306  p.       19|  cm. 


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JUVENAL   AND   PERSIUS. 


WITH 


ENGLISH    NOTES,. 


CRITICAL    AND    EXPLANATORY, 


FROM   THE 


CHARLES 


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NEW    YORK: 

HARPER    &    BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS, 
FSANKLIX    SQUARE. 

1872. 


i      I 
1 


I 


EntcM  a^ording  to  Act  of  Congrcs,.  in  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  f.fty-sevcn,  by 

IIakpeb  &  Brotiiehs, 

,„  the  Clerk-.  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  Dist.ic. 

of  New  York. 


TO  WM.  HAWKESWORTH,  ESQ., 

TROFESSOR  OP  ANCIENT  LANGUAGES    IN  CHARLESTON  COLLEGE,  8.C. 

My  dear  Professor, 

Allow  me  to  dedicate  this  volume  to  you  as  a  me- 
morial not  only  of  long-standing  friendship,  but  also 
of  sincere  admiration  for  the  noblest  personal  quali- 
ties, as  well  as  for  sound  and  unostentatious  scholar- 
ship. You  know  very  well  that  I  would  never  have 
undertaken  the  work  had  it  not  been  for  your  repeat- 
ed solicitations ;  and  if  the  result  of  my  labours  should 
now,  in  any  way,  disappoint  your  expectation,  you 
will  have  only  yourself  to  blame.  I  have  endeav- 
oured, as  I  promised  you,  to  make  a  useful  Yatiorum 
edition,  and  have,  with  that  view,  selected  my  mate- 
rials from  the  best  commentators,  laying  under  con- 
]  tribution  each  and  every  one  of  them,  whenever  I 
found  any  thing  that  might  tend  to  elucidate  jo^  fa- 
vourite satirist.  The  only  merit  to  which  I  can  fairly 
lay  claim,  on  my  ow/i  account,  is  that  of  selection 
and  arrangement,  as  well  as  an  occasional  balancing 
of  autliorities.  In  the  text  I  have  generally  taken 
Jahn  for  my  guide,  and  have  also  unsparingly  re- 
moved whatever  might  tend  to  make  Juvenal  less 
readable  in  a  lecture -room.  On  this  point  some 
may,  perhaps,  think  that  liave  gone  too  far.  But 
my  own  experience  as  an  instructor  is  entirely  in  fa- 
vour of  the  plan  which  I  have  adopted,  and  I  am  very 


30537 


iv 


DEDICATION. 


sure  that  your  opinion  will  coincide  i^r  this  respect 
with  my  own. 

Among  the  sources  from  which  excellent  materials 
have  been  obtained  for  the  commentary,  I  may  ])ar- 
ticularly  mention  tlie  edition  of  Mayor,  published  in 
1853,  and  also  the  German  one  of  Heinrich.  The 
English  version  by  Evans  has  likewise  been  of  great 
service,  and  even  old  Madan,  though  it  is  the  fasliion 
to  decry  him,  has  been  found  by  me,  on  many  occa-  . 
sions,  a  very  useful  companion,  especially  in  his  ex- 
planatory remarks.  The  American  student  has  al- 
ready been  made  acquainted  with  the  notes  of  Madan 
by  means  of  Leverett's  Juvenal,  to  which  edition  they 
are  appended  in  an  abridged  form.  I  have  used  them, 
however,  much  more  sparingly  than  Leverett,  and  have 
never  adopted  any  unless  supported  by  other  author- 
ities. 

With  regard  to  Persius,  you  may  remember  that  I 
intended  to  edit  his  Satires  along  with  those  of  Juve- 
nal until  you  dissuaded  me  from  the  attempt.  I  have 
therefore  contented  myself  with  merely  giving  the 
Lati%  text,  unaccompanied  by  a  single  word  of  com- 
ment. This  part  of  the  volume,  I  am  very  sure,  will 
meet  with  the  undivided  approbation  of  those  critical 
friends  of  mine,  who  have  uniformly  condemned  my 
commentaries  as  exuberant,  if  not  useless,  and  over 
whose  fairness  and  acumen  you  and  I  have  had  many 
a  pleasant  chat. 

It  only  remains  for  me  to  subscribe  myself,  my  dear 
Professor,  your  old  and  sincere  friend, 

C.  A. 

Col.  College,  March  30/A,  1857. 


LIFE   OF  JUVENAL. 

iFrom  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Biography.) 

■    Decimus  Junius  Juvenalis,  according  to  his  an- 
cient biographers,  was  either  the  son  or  the  « alum- 
nus" of  a  rich  freedman.     These  same  authorities  re- 
late that  he  was  born  at  the  Volscian  town  of  Aqui- 
nnm ;  that  he  occupied  himself,  until  he  had  nearly 
reached  the  term  of  middle  age,  in  declainwng;  that, 
havmg  subsequently  composed  some  clever  lines  upon 
Pans,  the  pantomime,  he  was  induced  to  cultivate  as- 
siduously satirical  composition ;   and  that,  in  conse- 
quence of  liis  attacks  upon  Paris  becoming  known  to 
tlie  court,  tlic  poet,  although  now  an  old  man  of  ei-hty 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  body  of  troops  in 
a  remote  district  of  Egypt,  where  he  died  shortly  aft- 
erward.    It  is  supposed  by  some  that  the  Paris  who 
according  to  these  old  biograpliers,  was  attacked  by 
Juvenal,  was  the  contemporary  of  Domitian,  and  that 
tlie  poet  was  accordingly  banished  by  this  emperor. 
But  this  opinion  is  clearly  untenable :  1.  We  know 
that  Paris  was  killed  in  A.D.  83,  upon  suspicion  of 
an  intrigue  with  the  Empress  Domitia.    2.  The  Fourth 
Satire,  as  appears  from  the  concluding  lines,  was  writ- 
ten after  the  death  of  Domitian-that  is,  not  earlier 
than  A.D.  96.     3.  The  First  Satire,  as  we  learn  from 
the  forty-nmth  line,  was  written  after  the  condemna- 
^^Z  °^i^^"""  Priscus-that  is,  not  earlier  than  A.D. 
WO.     These  positions  admit  of  no  doubt,  and  hence 


I    ,  i 


% 


VI 


LIFE    OP    JHVENAL. 


it  is  established  that  Juvenal  was  alive  at  least  seven- 
teen years  after  the  death  of  Paris^  and  that  some  of 
his  Satires  were  composed  after  the  death  of  Domi- 
tian. 

The  only  facts  with  regard  to  Juvenal  upon  which 
we  can  implicitly  rely  are,  that  he  flourished  toward 
the  close  of  the  first  century ;  that  Aquinum,  if  not 
the  place  of  his  nativity,  was  at  least  his  chosen  res- 
idence; and  that  he  is,  in  all  probability,  the  friend 
whom  Martial  addresses  in  three  epigrams.  There  is 
perhaps  another  circumstance  which  we  may  admit. 
We  are  told  that  he  declaimed  for  many  years  of  his 
life,  and  every  page  in  his  writings  bears^  evidence  to 
the  accuracy  of  this  assertion.  Every  piece  is  a  fin- 
ished rhetorical  essay,  energetic,  glowing,  and  sono- 
rous. He  denounces  vice  in  the  most  indignant  terms ; 
but  the  obvious  tone  of  exaggeration  which  pervades 
all  his  invectives  leaves  us  in  doubt  how  far  this  sus- 
tained passion  is  real,  and  how  far  assumed  for  mere 
show.  The  extant  works  of  Juvenal  consist  of  six- 
teen Satires,  the  last  being  a  fragment  of  doubtful  au- 
thenticity, all  composed  in  heroic  hexameters. 


xX  Mti^"^ 


c  -■ 


r-     ,     *^ 


II  JUVENALIS 

SA  T  I R  A  R  U  M 

LIBER  PRIMUS. 


SATIRA  I. 

Semper  ego  auditor  tantum  ?  nunquamne  reponam, 
Vexatus  toties  rauci  Theseide  Codri  ? 
Impune  ergo  mihi  cantaverit  ille  togatas, 
Hie  elegos?  impune  diem  consumserit  ingens 
Telephus,  aut,  summi  plena  jam  margine  libri, 
Scriptus  et  in  tergo,  nee  dum  finitus,  Orestes  ? 

Nota  magis  nulli  domus  est  sua,  quam  mihi  lucus 
Martis,  et  iEoIiis  vicinum  rupibus  antrum 
Vulcani.     Quid  agant  venti,  quas  torqueat  umbras 
iEacus,  unde  alius  furlivae  devehat  aurum 
Pelliculas,  quantas  jaculetur  Monychus  ornos, 
Frontonis  platani  convulsaque  marmora  clamant 
Semper,  et  assiduo  ruptae  lectore  columnaj. 
Exspectes  eadem  a  summo  minimoque  poeta. 
Et  nos  ergo  manum  ferulaj  subduximus,  et  nos 
Consilium  dedimus  Sullae,  privatus  ut  altum 
Dormiret.     Stulta  est  dementia,  quum  tot  ubique 
Vatibus  occurras,  periturae  parcere  charta?. 

Cur  tamen  hoc  potius  libeat  decurrere  campo, 
Per  quem  magnus  equos  Auruncse  flexit  alumnus, 
Si  vacat  et  placidi  rationem  admittitis,  edam.. 
Patricios  omnes  opibus  quum  provocet  unus, 
Quo  tondente  gravis  juveni  mihi  barba  sonabat; 

^  A 


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10 


20 


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2 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


40 


Quum  pars  Niliacae  plebis,  quum  verna  Canopi 

Crispinus,  Tyrias  humero  revocante  lacernas, 

Ventilet  sestivum  digitis  sudantibus  aurum, 

Nee  sufferre  queat  majoris  pondera  gemmaj  : 

Difficile  est  satiram  non  scribere.     Nam  quis  iniquae 

Tam  patiens  urbis,  tarn  ferreus,  ut  teneat  se, 

Caasidici  nova  quum  veniat  Icctica  Mathonis,  30 

Plena  ipso;  post  hunc  magni  delator  amici, 

Et  cito  rapturus  de  nobilitate  comesa 

Quod  superest ;  quem  Massa  timet,  quem  munere  palpat 

Cams,  et  a  trepido  Thymelc  submissa  Latino. 

Quid  referam,  quanta  siccum  jecur  ardeat  ira, 
Quum  populum  gregibus  comitum  prcmat  liic  spoliator 
Pupilli  prostantis?     Et  hie  damnatus  inani 
Judicio  (quid  enim  salvis  infomia  nummis?) 
Exsul  ab  octava  Marius  bibit,  et  fruitur  Dis 
Iratis;  at  tu  victrix  provincia  ploras? 

Hajc  ego  non  credam  Venusina  digna  lucema? 
Ha;c  ego  non  agitem  ?     Sed  quid  magis  Ileracleas 
Aut  Diomedeas  aut  mugitum  Labyrinthi, 
Et  mare  percnssum  puero  fabrumque  volantem ; 
Quum  leno  accipiat  mccchi  bona,  si  capiendi 
Jus  nullum  uxori  ? 

Quum  fas  esse  putet  curam  sperare  cohortis, 
Qui  bona  donavit  prsesepibus  et  caret  omni 
Majorum  censu,  dum  pervolat  axe  citato 
Flaminiam,  puer  Automedon  nam  lora  tenebat  T 
Nonne  libet  medio  ceras  implere  capaccs 
Quadrivio :  quum  jam  sexta  cervicc  fcratur 
Hinc  atque  inde  patens  ac  nuda  pane  cathedra, 
Et  multum  referens  de  Msecenate  supino, 
Signator  falso,  qui  se  lautum  atque  beatum 
Exiguis  tabulis  et  gemma  fecerat  uda? 
Occurratmatrona  potens,  quse  molle  Calenum 
Porrectura  viro  miscet  sitiente  rubetam, 


50 


SATIRA    I.  3 

Instituitquc  rudes  nlelior  Lucusta  propinquas 

Per  famam  et  populum  nigros  efferre  maritos?  60 

Aude  aliquid  brevibus  Gyaris  et  carcere  dignum, 
Si  vis  esse  aliquis !     Probitas  laudatur  et — alget. 
Criminibus  debent  hortos,  prsetoria,  mensas, 
Argentum  vetus  et  stantem  extra  pocula  caprum. 
Si  natura  negat,  facit  indignatio  versum, 
Qualemcumque  potest,  quales  ego  vel  Cluvienus. 

Ex  quo  Deucalion,  nimbis  tollentibus  aequor, 
Navigio  montem  ascendit  sortesque  poposcit, 
Paulatimque  anima  caluerunt  mollia  saxa, 
Quidquid  agunt  homines,  votum,  timor,  ira,  voluptas,     70 
Gaudia,  discursus,  nostri  est  farrago  libelli. 
Et  quando  uberior  vitiorum  copia  ?  quando 
Major  avaritiae  patuit  sinus  ?  alea  quando 
Ilaec  animos?     Neque  enim  loculis  comitantibus  itur 
Ad  casum  tabulae,  posita  sed  luditur  area. 
Prcelia  quanta  illic  dispensatore  videbis 
Armigero  ?     Simplexne  furor  sestertia  centum 
Perdere,  et  horrenti  tunicam  non  reddere  servo  ? 
Quis  totidem  erexit  villas,  quis  fercula  septem 
Secreto  coenavit  avus?     Nunc  sportula  primo  80 

Limine  parva  sedet,  turbae  rapienda  togatae. 
Ille  tamen  faciem  prius  inspicit  et  trepidat,  ne 
Suppositus  venias  ac  falso  nomine  poscas. 
Agnitus  accipies ;  jubet  a  praecone  vocari 
Ipsos  Trojugenas ;  nam  vexant  limen  et  ipsi 
Nobiscum.     "  Da  praetori,  da  deinde  tribuno. 
Sed  libertinus  prior  est."    "  Prior,"  inquit,  "  ego  adsum : 
Cur  timeam,  dubitemve  locum  defendere,  quamvis 
Natus  ad  Euphraten,  moUes  quod  in  aure  fenestrae 
Arguerint,  licet  ipse  negem  ?  sed  quinque  tabemae  90 

Quadringenta  parant.     Quid  confert  purpura  major 
Optandum,  si  Laurent!  custodit  in  agro 
G)nductas  Corvinus  oves?  ego  possideo  plus 


!( 


w 


100 


4  D.  JDNII    JUVENALIS 

Pallante  et  Licinis."     Exspectcnt  ergo  tribuni  ; 
Vincant  divitia?,  sacro  nee  cedat  bonori, 
Nuper  in  banc  urbem  pedibus  qui  venerat  albis : 
Quandoquidem  inter  nos  sanctissiraa  divitiarum 
Majestas :  etsi,  funesta  Pecunia,  tcmplo 
Nondum  babitas,  nuUas  nummorum  ereximus  aras, 
Vt  colitur  Pax  atque  Fides,  Victoria,  Virtus, 
Quseque  salutato  crepitat  Concordia  nido. 

Sed  quum  summus  bonor  finito  computet  anno, 
Sportula  quid  referat,  quantum  rationibus  addat : 
Quid  facient  comites,  quibus  bine  toga,  calceus  bine  est 
Et  panis  fumusquc  domi  ?     Densissima  centum 
Quadrantes  lectica  p^tit,  sequiturquc  maritum 
Languida  vel  pnegnans  et  circumducitur  uxor. 
Hie  petit  absenti,  nota  jam  callidus  arte, 
Ostendens  vacuam  et  claueam  pro  conjuge  sellam. 
"  Galla  mea  est,"  inquit.     "  Citius  dimitte :  moraris.    110 
Profer,  Galla,  caput."     "Noli  vexarc,  quiescit." 

Ipse  dies  pulcbro  distinguitur  ordine  rerum : 
Sportula,  deinde  forum,  jurisque  peritus  Apollo, 
Atque  triumpbales,  inter  quas  ausus  babere 
Nescio  quis  titulos  JEgyptius  atque  Alabarcbes. 
Vestibulis  abeunt  veteres  lassique  clientes, 
Votaque  deponunt :  quanquam  longissima  cccnae 
Spes  bomini :  caulis  miseris  atque  ignis  emendus. 
Optima  silvarum  interea  pelagique  vorabit 
Kex  horum,  vacuisque  toris  tantum  ipse  jacebit. 
Nam  de  tot  pulchris  et  latis  orbibus  et  tarn 
Antiquis  una  comedunt  patrimonia  mensa. 
NuUus  jam  parasitus  erit :  sed  quis  feret  istas 
Luxuriae  sordes  ?     Quanta  est  gula,  quae  sibi  totos 
Ponit  apros,  animal  propter  convivia  natum ! 
Poena  tamen  praesens,  quum  tu  deponis  amictus 
Turgidus,  et  crudum  pavonem  in  balnea  portas. 
Hinc  subitae  mortes  atque  intestata  senectus. 


120 


SATIRA    I. 

It  nova,  nee  tristis,  per  cunctas  fabula  coenas, 
Ducitur  iratis  plaudendum  funus  amicis.     ^^ 

Nil  erit  ulterius,  quod  nostris  moribus  addat 
Posteritas ;  eadem  cupient  facientque  minores ; 
Omne  in  praecipiti  vitium  stetit.     Utere  velis, 
Totos  pande  sinus.     Dicas  hie  forsitan,  "Unde 
Ingenium  par  materiae  ?  unde  ilia  priorum 
Scribendi,  quodcumque  animo  flagrante  liberet, 
Simplicitas,  cujus  non  audeo  dicere  nomen? 
Quid  refert  dictis  ignoscat  Mucius,  an  non  ? 
Pone  Tigellinum :  taida  lucebis  in  ilia, 
Qua  stantes  ardent,  qui  fixo  gutture  fumant, 
Et  latum  media  sulcuni  diducis  arena." 
Qui  dedit  ergo  tribus  patruis  aconita,  vehatur 
Pensilibus  plumis,  atque  illinc  despiciat  nosf 
"  Quum  venict  contra,  digito  compesce  labellum : 
Aecusator  erit,  qui  verbum  dixerit.  Hie  est. 
Securus  licet  -^neam  Rutulumque  ferocem 
Committas ;  nulli  gravis  est  percussus  Achilles, 
Aut  multum  quaesitus  Hylas  umamque  sequutus. 
Ense  veJat  stricto  quoties  Lucilius  ardens 
Infremait,  rubct  auditor,  cui  frigidii  mens  est 
Crirainibus ;  tacita  sudant  pnecordia  culpa. 
Inde  inc  et  lacrimal.     Tecum  prius  ergo  voluta 
Ilaec  animo  ante  tubas :  galeatum  sero  duelli 
Poenitet."     Experiar,  quid  concedatur  in  illos, 
Quorum  Flaminia  tegitur  cinis  atque  Latina. 


130 


140 


150 


/  ' 


D.  JUNII    JITVENALIS 


i 


SATIRA  III. 

QuAMVis  digressu  veteris  confusus  amici, 

Laudo  tamen,  vacuis  quod  sedem  ligere  Cumis 

Destinet,  atque  unum  civem  donare  Sibyllai. 

Janua  Baiarum  est  et  gratum  litus  amocni 

Secessus.     Ego  vel  Prochytam  pra^pono  Subura;. 

Nam  quid  tarn  miserum,  tarn  solum  vidimus,  ut  non 

Detenus  cred^  horrere  incendia,  lapsus 

Tectorum  assiduos  ac  mille  pericula  sievoe 

Urbis,  et  Augusto  recitantes  mense  poetas? 

Sed  dum  tota  domus  reda  componitur  una,  10 

Substitit  ad  veteres  arcus  madidamquo  Capenara. 

Hie,  ubi  noctumae  Numa  constituebat  amicne, 

Nunc  sacri  fontis  nemus  et  delubra  locantur 

Judseis ;  quorum  copbinus  fcenumque  supellcx ; 

Omnis  enim  populo  mercedem  pcndcre  jussa  est 

Arbor,  et  ejectis  mendicat  silva  Camenis. 

In  vallem  Egeriaj  descendimus  et  speluncas 

Dissimiles  veris.     Quanto  praesentius  essct 

Numen  aquaj,  viridi  si  margine  clauderet  undas 

Herba,  nee  ingenuum  violarent  marmora  tophum !  20 

Hie  tunc  Umbricius,  "  Quando  artibus,"  inquit,  "  honcstis 

NuUus  in  urbe  locus,  nulla  emolumenta  laborum ; 

Bes  hodie  minor  est,  here  quam  fuit,  atque  eadem  eras 

Deteret  exiguis  aliquid :  proponimus  illuc 

Ire,  fatigatas  ubi  Daedalus  exuit  alas, 

Dum  nova  canities,  dum  prima  et  recta  senectus, 

Dum  superest  Jjachesi  quod  torqueat,  et  pedibus  me 

Porto  meis,  nullo  dextram  subeunte  bacillo. 

Cedamus  patria :  vivant  Artorius  istic 

Et  Catulus ;  maneant  qui  nigrum  in  Candida  vertunt,     30 

Quis  facile  est  aedem  conducere,  flumina,  portus. 


/ 


\  SATIRA    III.  7 

Siccandam  eluviem,  portandum  ad  busta  cadaver, 

Et  praebere  caput  domina  venale  sub  hasta. 

Quondam  hi  cornicines,  et  municipalis  arenas 

Perpetui  coraitcs,  notaeque  per  oppida  buccae, 

Munera  nunc  edunt  et,  verso  poUice  vulgi. 

Quern  libet,  occidunt  populariter :  inde  reversi 

Conducunt  foricas :  et  cur  non  omnia  ?  quum  sint 

Quales  ex  humili  magna  ad  fastigia  rerum 

Extollit,  quoties  voluit  Fortuna  jocaJ.  40 

Quid  Romae  faciam?     Mentiri  nescio;  librum, 

Si  malus  est,  nequeo  laudare  ct  poscerc ;  motus 

Astrorum  ignoro ;  funus  promittere  patris 

Nee  volo,  nee  possum ;  ranarum  viscera  nunquam 

Inspexi.     Ferre  ad  nuptam  quae  mittit  adulter. 

Quae  mandat,  norint  alii :  me  nemo  ministro 

Fur  erit,  atque  ideo  nulli  comes  exco,  tanquam 

Mancus,  et  exstinctae  corpus  non  utile  dextrae. 

Quis  nunc  diligitur,  nisi  conscius,  et  cui  fervens 

jiEstuat  occultis  animus  semperque  tacendis?  50 

Nil  tibi  se  debere  putat,  nil  conferet  unquam, 

Participem  qui  tc  secreti  fecit  honesti : 

Carus  erit  Verri,  qui  Verrem  tempore,  quo  vult, 

Accusare  potest.     Tanti  tibi  non  sit  opaci 

Omnis  arena  Tagi,  quodque  in  mare  volvitur  aurum, 

Ut  sorano  careas  ponendaque  praemia  sumas 

Tristis,  et  a  magno  semper  timearis  amico ! 

Quae  nunc  divitibus  gens  acceptissima  nostris, 
Et  quos  praecipue  fugiam,  properabo  fateri ; 
Nee  pudor  obstabit.     Non  possum  ferre,  Quirites,  60 

Graecam  urbem :  quamvis  quota  portio  faecis  Achaeit 
Jam  pridem  Syrus  in  Tiberim  defluxit  Orontes, 
Et  linguam,  et  mores,  et  cum  tibicine  chordas 
Obliquas,  nee  non  gentilia  tympana  secum 
Vexit.  ^L/  <^  Qj^KULyy,  ccLj^d^a^  ^o^i^ixiXz/uiL  yi4UM 
Rusticus  ille  tuus  sumit  trechedipna,  Quirine, 

/ 


■ -u     '-.---^ 


8 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Et  ceromatico  fert  niceteria  collo. 

Hie  alta  Sicyone,  ast  hie  Amydone  relieta, 

Hie  Andro,  ille  Samo,  hie  Trallibus  aut  Alabandis, 

Esquilias  dictumque  petunt  a  vimine  collem,  70 

Viscera  magnarum  domuum  dominiquc  futuri. 

iDgenium  velox,  audacia  perdita,  sermo 

Promtus  et  Isaeo  torrentior.     Ede,  quid  ilium 

Esse  putes  ?  quern  vis  homineny  secum  attulit  ad  nos : 

Grammatieus,  rhetor,  geometres,  pictor,  aliptes, 

Augur,  sehocnobates,  medieus,  magus :  omnia  novit. 

Graeculus  esuriens  in  ccelum,  jusscris,  ibit. 

Ad  summam,  non  Maurus  erat  neque  Sarmata  nee  Thrax, 

Qui  sumsit  pennas,  mediis  sed  natus  Athenis. 

Horum  ego  non  fugiam  conchylia  ?  me  prior  ille  80 

Signabit  ?  fultusque  tore  meliore  reeumbet, 

Advectus  Eomam,  quo  pruna  et  cottana  vcnto  ? 

Usque  adeo  nihil  est,  quod  nostra  infantia  ccelum 

Hausit  Aventini,  bacca  nutrita  Sabina? 

Quid,  quod  adulandi  gens  prudentissima  laudat 

Sermonem  indocti,  faeiem  deformis  amici, 

Et  longum  invalidi  coUum  cervieibus  oequat 

Herculis,  Antaeum  procul  a  tellure  tenentis  ? 

Haec  eadem  licet  et  nobis  laudare :  sed  illis 

Creditur.  qq 

Nee  tamen  Antiochus,  nee  erit  mirabilis  illic 
Aut  Stratoeles  aut  cum  molli  Demetrius  Hjemo : 
Natio  comceda  est.     Rides,  meliore  cachinno 
Concutitur ;  flet,  si  lacrimas  conspexit  amici, 
Nee  dolet ;  igniculum  brumai  si  tempore  poscas, 
Accipit  endromidem;  si  dixeris,  ".^tuo,"  sudat. 
Non  sumus  ergo  pares :  melior,  qui  semper  et  omni 
Nocte  dieque  potest  aliena  sumere  vultum 
A  facie,  jactare  manus,  laudare  paratus. 
Scire  volunt  secreta  domus  atque  inde  timeri.  100 

Et  quoniam  coepit  Graecorum  mentio,  transi 


SATIRA    III.  9 

Gymnasia  atque  audi  facinus  majoris  abollse. 

Stoicus  occidit  Baream,  delator  amicum, 

Discipulumque  senex,  ripa  nutritus  in  ilia, 

Ad  quam  Gorgonei  delapsa  est  pinna  cabalH. 

Non  est  Romano  cuiquam  locus  hie,  ubi  regnat 

Protogenes  aliquis  vel  Diphilus  aut  Plermarcus, 

Qui  gentis  vitio  nunquam  partitur  amicum, 

Solus  habet.     Nam  quum  facilem  stillavit  in  aurem 

Exiguum  de  naturae  patriasque  veneno,  HO 

Limine  summoveor ;  perierunt  tempera  longi 

Servitii.     Nusquam  minor  est  jactura  clientis. 

Quod  porro  officium,  ne  nobis  blandiar,  aut  quod 
Pauperis  hie  meritum,  si  curet  nocte  togattis 
.  Currere,  quum  Praetor  lictorem  impellat,  et  ire 
IViEcipitem  jubeat,  dudum  vigilantibus  orbis, 
Ne  prior  Albinam  et  Modiam  coUega  salutet  ? 
Da  testem  Romae  tam  sanctum,  quam  fuit  hospes 
Numinis  Idaei ;  procedat  vel  Nunia,  vel  qui 
Servavit  trepidam  flagranti  ex  aide  JMinervam :  120 

Protenus  ad  censum,  de  moribus  ultima  fiet 
Quaestio :  "  quot  pascit  servos  ?  quot  possidet  agri 
Jugera?  quam  multa  magnaque  paropside  coenat?" 
Quantum  quisque  sua  nummorum  servat  in  area, 
Tantum  habet  et  fidei.     Jures  licet  et  Samothracum 
Et  nostrorum  aras,  contemnere  fulmina  pauper 
Creditur  atque  Deos,  Dis  ignoscentibus  ipsis. 
Quid,  quod  materiam  praebet  causasque  jocorum 
Omnibus  hie  idem,  si  foeda  et  scissa  lacerna, 
Si  toga  sordidula  est  et  rupta  calceus  alter  130 

Pelle  patet ;  vel  si,  consuto  vulnere,  crassum 
Atque  recens  linum  ostendit  non  una  cicatrix  1 
Nil  habet  infelix  paupertas  durius  in  se, 
Quam  quod  ridicules  homines  facit.     "  Exeat,"  inqui^ 
"  Si  pudor  est,  et  de  pulvino  surgat  equestri, 
Cujus  res  legi  non  sufficit,  et  sedeant  hie 

A2 


10 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Lenonum  pueri  quocumque  in  fomice  nati, 

Hie  plaudat  nitidi  praeconis  filius  inter 

Pinnirapi  cultos  juvenes  juvenesque  lanistae. 

Sic  libitum  vano,  qui  nos  distinxit,  Othoni.  140 

Quis  gener  hie  placuit  eensu  minor  atque  puellae 

Sareinulis  impar  ?  quis  pauper  seribitur  heres  ? 

Quando  in  consilio  est  -^idilibus  ?     Agmine  facto 

Debuerant  olira  tenues  migrasse  Quirites. 

Hand  facile  emergunt,  quorum  virtutibus  obstat 

Res  aneusta  domi :  sed  Romae  durior  illis 

Conatus ;  magno  hospitium  miserabile,  magno 

Servorum  ventres,  et  frugi  ccenula  magno. 

Fictilibus  ccenare  pudet,  quod  turpe  negavit 

Translatus  subito  ad  Marsos  mensamque  Sabellam,       150  • 

Contentusque  illic  veneto  duroque  culullo. 

Pars  magna  Italiae  est,  si  verum  admittimus,  in  qua 
Nemo  togam  sumit  nisi  mortuus.     Ipsa  dierum 
Festorum  herboso  colitur  si  quando  theatro 
Majestas,  tandemque  redit  ad  pulpita  notum 
Exodium,  quum  personae  pallentis  hiatum 
In  gremio  matris  formidat  rusticus  infans, 
JEquales  habitus  illic  similemquc  videbis 
Orchestram  et  populum :  clari  velamen  honoris, 
Sufficiunt  tunica}  summis  -^dilibus  alba?.  160 

Hie  ultra  vires  habitus  nitor ;  hie  aliquid  plus 
Quam  satis  est  interdum  aliena  sumitur  area. 
Commune  id  vitium  est :  hie  vivimus  ambitiosa 
Paupertate  omnes.     Quid  te  moror  ?     Omnia  Bom» 
Cum  pretio.     Quid  das,  ut  Cossum  aliquando  salutes? 
Ut  te  respiciat  clauso  Veiento  labello  ? 
Ille  metit  barbam,  crinem  hie  deponit  amati ; 
Plena  domus  libis  venalibus !     Accipe,  et  istud 
Fermentum  tibi  habe :  praestare  tributa  clientes 
Cpgimur  et  cultis  augere  peculia  servis.  170 

Quis  timet  aut  timuit  gelida  Praeneste  ruinam. 


SATIIU   111.  11. 

Aut  positis  nemorosa  inter  juga  Volsiniis,  aut 

Simplicibus  Gabiis,  aut  proni  Tiburis  arce  1 

Nos  urbem  colinius  tenui  tibicine  fultam 

Magna  parte  sui.     Nam  sic  labentibus  obstat 

Villicus,  et,  veteris  rimae  quum  texit  hiatum, 

Secures  pendente  jubet  dormire  ruina. 

Vivendum  est  illic,  ubi  nulla  incendia,  nulli 

Nocte  metus.     Jam  poscit  aquam,  jam  frivola  transfert 

Ucalegon  j  tabulata  tibi  jam  tertia  fumant ;  180 

Tu  nescis :  nam  si  gradibus  trepidatur  ab  imis, 

Ultimus  ardebit,  quern  tegula  sola  tuetur 

A  pluvia,  molles  ubi  reddunt  ova  columbae. 

Lectus  erat  Codro  Procula  minor,  urceoli  sex, 

Omamentum  abaci ;  nee  non  ct  parvulus  infra 

Cantharus,  ct  recubans  sub  eodem  marmore  Chiron ; 

Jamque  vetus  Gnccos  servabat  cista  libellos, 

Et  divina  opici  rodebant  carmina  mui'cs. 

Nil  habuit  Codrus :  quis  enim  negat  ?.  et  tamen  illud 

Perdidit  infelix  totum  nihil:  ultimus  autcm  190 

-^umnafi  cumulus,  quod  nudum  et  frustra  rogantem 

Nemo  cibo,  nemo  hospitio  tectoque  juvabit. 

Si  magna  Asturii  cecidit  domus,  horrida  mater, 

Pullati  proceres,  differt  vadimonia  praetor ; 

Tunc  geminus  casus  urbis,  tunc  odimus  ignem. 

Ardet  adhuc,  et  jam  accurrit  qui  marraora  donet, 

Conferat  impensas  :  hie  nuda  et  Candida  signa. 

Hie  aliquid  pneclarum  Euphranoris  et  Polycleti, 

Hie  Asianonip  vetera  omamenta  deorum. 

Hie  libros  dabit  et  forulos  mediamque  Minervam,  200 

Hie  medium  argenti :  meliora  et  plura  repomt»» 

Persicus,  orborum  lautissimus  et  merito  jam 

Suspectus,  tanquam  ipse  suas  incenderit  aedes. 

Si  potes  avelli  Circensibus,  optima  Sorae 

Aut  Fabrateriae  domus  aut  Frusinone  paratur, 

Quanti  nunc  tenebras  unum  conducis  in  annum. 


r^ 


12 


D.  JUNU    JUVEiNALIS 


I 


Hortulus  hie  puteusque  brevis  nee  reste  movendus 
In  tenues  plantas  facili  diffunditur  haustu. 
Vive  bidentis  amans,  et  culti  villicus  horti, 
Unde  epulum  possis  centum  dare  l^thagoreis. 
Est  aliquid,  quoeuraquc  loco,  quocumque  recessu, 
Unius  sese  dominum  fecisse  lacertae. 

Plurimus  hie  ajger  moritur  vigiiando  :  sed  ilium 
Languorem  peperit  cibus  imperfectus  et  haerens 
Ardenti  stomaeho.     Nam  quae  meritoria  somnum 
Admittunt?     Magnis  opibus  dorraitur  in  Urbe: 
Inde  caput  morbi.     Redarum  transitus  arcto 
Vicorum  in  flexu,  et  stantis  convieia  raandne, 
Eripient  somnum  Druso  vitulisque  marinis. 
Si  vocat  officium,  turba  cedentc  vehetur 
Dives,  et  ingenti  curret  super  era  Liburno, 
Atque  obiter  leget  aut  scribet  vel  dormiet  intus. 
Namque  facit  somnum  clausa  lectica  fenestra. 
Ante  tamen  veniet ;  nobis  properantibus  obstat 
Unda  prior,  magno  populus  premit  agmine  lumbos 
Qui  sequitur ;  ferit  hie  cubito,  ferit  assere  duro 
Alter;  at  hie  tignum  capiti  incutit,  ille  metretam. 
Pinguia  crura  luto,  planta  mox  undique  magna 
Calcor,  et  in  digito  clavus  mihi  militis  hicret. 

Nonne  vides  quanto  celebretur  sportula  fumo  1 
Centum  convivai ;  sequitur  sua  quemque  culina, 
Corbulo  vix  feiTct  tot  vasa  ingentia,  tot  res 
Impositas  capiti,  quot  recto  vcrtice  portat 
Semilus  infelix  et  cursu  ventilat  ignem. 
Scinduntur  tunicas  sartae  :  modo  longa  coruscat 
Sarraco  veniente  abies,  atque  altera  pinum 
Plaustra  vehunt ;  nutant  alte  populoque  minantur : 
Kam  si  procubuit  qui  saxa  Ligustica  portat 
Axis,  et  eversum  fudit  super  agmina  montem. 
Quid  superest  de  corporibus?  quis  membra,  quis 
Invenit  t     Obtritum  vulgi  perit  omno  cadaver 


210 


220 


230 


240 


SATIRA  III.  13 

More  animae.     Domus  interea  secura  patellas 
Jam  lavat,  et  bucca  foculum  excitat,  et  sonat  unctis 
Striglibus,  et  pleno  componit  lintea  gutto. 
Haec  inter  pueros  varie  properantur:  at  ille 
Jam  sedct  in  ripa,  tetrumque  novicius  horret 
Porthmea,  nee  sperat  coeuosi  gurgitis  alnum, 
Infelix,  nee  habet  quern  porrigat  ore  trientem. 
Respice  nunc  alia  ac  diversa  pericula  noctis : 
Quod  spatium  tectis  sublimibus,  unde  cerebrum  250 

Testa  ferit,  quoties  rimosa  et  curta  fenestris 
Vasa  cadunt ;  quanto  percussum  pondere  signent 
Et  laedant  silicem.     Possis  ignavus  haberi 
Et  subiti  casus  improvidus,  ad  cocnam  si 
Intestatus  eas.     Adeo  tot  fata,  quot  ilia 
Nocte  patent  vigiles,  te  pnetereunte,  fenestrae. 
Ergo  optes,  votumque  feras  miserabile  tecum, 
Ut  sint  contentae  patulas  defundere  pelves.^ 

Ebrius  ac  petulans,  qui  nullum  forte  ceddit, 
Dat  poenas,  noctem  patitur  lugentis  amicum  i  260 

Pelidaj,  cubat  in  faciem,  mox  deinde  supinus. 
Ergo  non  aliter  potent  dormire?     Quibusdam* 
Somnum  rixa  facit ;  sed,  quamvis  improbus  annis, 
Atque  mero  fervens,  cavet  hunc,  quem  coccina  lajna 
Vitari  jubct,  et  comitum  longissimus  ordo, 
JVIultum  pra-terea  flammarum  et  aenea  lampas: 
Me,  quem  Luna  solet  deducere,  vel  brevedumen 
CandeliE,  cujus  dispenso  et  tempero  filum, 
Contemnit.     Misene  cognosce  prooemia  rixae, 
Si  rixa  est,  ubi  tu  pulsas,  ego  vapulo  tantum.  270 

Stat  contra  starique  jubet ;  parere  necesse  est: 
Nam  quid  agas,  quum  te  furiosus  cogat  et  idem 
Fortior?     Undevenis?  exclamat;  cujus  aceto, 
Cujus  conche  tumes?  quis  tecum  sectile  porrum 
Sutor  et  elixi  vervecis  labra  comedit  ? 
Nil  mihi  respondes  ?     Aut  die,  aut  accipe  calcem. 


ik 


14 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


SATIRA   IV. 


Ede,  ubi  consistas,  in  qua  te  quaero  proseucha. 

Dicere  si  tentes  aliquid,  tacitusve  recedas, 

Tantundem  est ;  feriunt  pariter ;  vadimonia  deinde 

Irati  faciunt.     Libertas  pauperis  hscc  est :  280 

Pulsatus  rogat,  et  pugnis  concisus  adorat, 

Ut  liceat  paucis  cum  dentibus  inde  reverti. 

Nee  tamen  haec  tantum  metuas :  nam  qui  spolict  te 
Non  deerit,  clausis  domibus,  postquam  omnis  ubique 
Fixa  catenata)  siluit  compago  tabernae. 
Interdum  et  ferro  subitus  grassator  agit  rem, 
Armato  quoties  tatoB  custode  tcncntur 
Et  Pomtina  palus  et  Gallinaria  pinus. 
Sic  inde  hue  omnes  tanquam  ad  vivaria  currunt. 
Qua  fomace  graves,  qua  non  incude,  catenae  ?  290 

Maximus  in  vinclis  ferri-modus,  ut  timeas,  no 
Vomer  deficiat,  ne  marraj  et  sarcula  desint. 
Felices  proavorum  "atavos,  felicia  dicas 
Secula,  qua)  quondam  sub  rcgibus  atque  tribunis 
Viderunt  uno  contentam  carcere  Romam. 

His  alias  poteram  et  plures  subnectcre  causas : 
Sed  jumenta  vocant,  et  sol  inclinat ;  cundum  est. 
Nam  mihi  commota  jam  dudum  mulio  virga 
Innuit.  f  Ergo  vale  nostri  memor,  et  quoties  te 
Roma  tuo  refici  properantem  reddet  Aquino,  300 

Me  quoque  ad  Helvinam  Cererem  vestramque  Dianam 
Converte  a  Cumis.     Satirarum  ego,  ni  pudet  illas, 
Adjutor  gelidos  veniam  caligatus  in  agros." 


15 


SATIRA  IV. 

EccE  iterum  Crispinus,  et  est  mihi  saepe  vocandus 
Ad  partes,  monstrum  nulla  virtute  redemtum 
A  vitiis,  aeger  solaque  libidine  fortis. 
Quid  refert  igitur,  quantis  jumenta  fatiget 
Porticibus,  quanta  nemorum  vectetur  in  umbra, 
Jugera  quot  vicina  foro,  quas  emerit  aides? 
Nemo  malus  felix,  minimc  corruptor,  et  idem 
Incestus,  cum  quo  nuper  vittata  jacebat 
Sanguine  adhuc  vivo  terram  subitura  sacerdos. 
Sed  nunc  de  factis  levioribus  :  et  tamen  alter 
Si  fccisset  idem,  caderet  sub  judice  morum. 
Nam  quod  turpe  bonis,  Titio  Seioque,  decebat 
Crispinum.     Quid  agas,  quum  dira  et  foedior  omni 
Criminc  persona  est?     Mullum  sex  millibus  emit, 
jEquantem  sane  paribus  sestertia  libris, 
Ut  perhibent  qui  de  magnis  majora  loquuntur. 
Consilium  laudo  artificis,  si  munere  tanto 
Praecipuam  in  tabulis  ceram  senis  abstulit  orbi. 
Est  ratio  ulterior,  magnas  si  misit  arnicas. 
Quae  vehitur  clauso  latis  specularibus  antro. 
Nil  tale  exspectes :  emit  sibi.     Multa  videmus. 
Quae  miser  et  frugi  non  fecit  Apicius.     Hoc  tu, 
Succinctus  patria  quondam,  Crispine,  papyro ! 
Hoc  pifetium  squamae !     Potuit  fortasse  minoris 
Piscator,  quam  piscis,  emi.     Provincia  tanti 
Vendit  agros  :  sed  majores  Appulia  vendit. 
Quales  tunc  epulas  ipsum  glutisse  putemus 
Induperatorem,  quum  tot  sestertia,  partem 
Exiguam  et  modicae  sumtam  de  margine  coenae, 
Purpureus  magni  ructarit  scurra  Palati, 
Jam  princeps  equitum,  magna  qui  voce  solebat 


10 


20 


30 


16 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Vendere  municipes  fracta  de  merce  siluros ! 
Incipe,  Calliope,  licet  et  considerc :  non  est 
Cantandum,  res  vera  agitur :  narrate,  puellse 
Pierides. 

Quum  jam  semianimum  laceraret  Flavius  orbem 
Ultimus,  et  calvo  serviret  Roma  Neroni, 
Incidit  Adriaci  spatium  admirabile  rhombi 
Ante  domum  Veneris,  quam  Dorica  sustinet  Ancon, 
Implevitque  sinus  :  nequc  enim  minor  ha?serat  illis,         40 
Quos  operit  glacies  Mseotica,  ruptaquc  tandem 
Solibus  effundit  torpentis  ad  ostia  Ponti, 
Desidia  tardos  et  longo  frigore  pingues. 
Dcstinat  hoc  monstrum  cymbae  linique  magister 
Pontifici  summo.     Quis  enim  proponere  talcm, 
Aut  emere  audcret,  quum  plena  et  litora  multo 
Delatorc  forent  1     Dispersi  protinus  algae 
Inquisitores  agerent  cum  remige  nudo, 
Non  dubitaturi  fugitivum  dicere  pisccm, 
Depastumque  diu  vivaria  Caesaris ;  indc  50 

Elapsum  veterem  ad  dominum  debere  reverti. 
Si  quid  Palfurio,  si  credimus  Armillato, 
Quidquid  conspicuum  pulchrumque  est  ajquorc  toto, 
Res  fisci  est,  ubicumque  natat.     Donabitur  crn-o. 
JNe  pereat.     Jam  letifero  cedentc  pruinis 
Autumno,  jam  quartanam  sperantibus  a^grls, 
Stridebat  deformis  hiems  praidamque  recentem 
Servabat :  tamen  hie  properat,  velut  urgeat  Auster: 
Utque  lacus  suberant,  ubi,  quanquam  diruta,  servat* 
Ignem  Trojanum  et  Vestam  colit  Alba  minorem,  60 

Obstitit  intranti  miratrix  turba  parumper. 
Ut  cessit,  facili  patuerunt  cardine  valvaj ; 
Exclusi  spectant  admissa  opsonia  Patres. 
Itur  ad  Atriden.     Turn  Picens,  **  Accipe,"  dixit, 
"  Privatis  majora  focis  :  gcnialis  agatur 
Iste  dies:  propera  stomachum  laxare  saginis, 


SATIRA.    IV.  17 

Et  tua  servatum  consume  in  secula  rhombum. 

Ipse  capi  voluit."     Quid  apertius?  et  tamen  illi 

Surgebant  cristae.     Nihil  est,  quod  credere  de  se 

Non  possit,  quum  laudatur  Dis  sequa  potestas.  70 

Sed  deerat  pisci  patinas  mensura.     Vocantur 

Ergo  in  consilium  proceres,  quos  oderat  ille ; 

In  quorum  facie  miserae  magnaeque  sedebat 

Pallor  amicitije.     Primus,  clamante  Libumo, 

"  Currite,  jam  sedit !"  rapta  properabat  abolla 

Pegasus,  attonittc  positus  modo  villicus  urbi. 

Anne  aliud  tunc  praefecti  ?  quorum  optimus  atque 

Interpres  legum  sanctissimus ;  omnia  quanquam 

Temporibus  diris  tractanda  putabat  inermi 

Justitia.     Venit  et  Crispi  jucunda  senectus,  80 

Cujus  erant  mores,  qualis  facundia,  mite 

Ingenium.     Maria  ac  terras  populosque  regenti 

Quis  comes  utilior,  si  clade  et  peste  sub  ilia 

Saevitiam  damnarc  et  honestum  afferre  liceret 

Consilium  ?     Sed  quid  violentius  aure  tyranni, 

Cum  quo  de  pluviis  aut  aestibus  aut  nimboso 

Vere  loquuturi  fatum  pendebat  amici? 

Ille  igitur  nunquam  direxit  brachia  contra 

Torrentem,  nee  civis  erat,  qui  libera  posset 

Verba  animi  proferrc,  et  vitam  impendere  vero.  90 

Sic  multas  hiemes  atque  octogesima  vidit 

Solstitia,  his  armis  ilia  quoque  tutus  in  aula. 

Proximus  ejusdem  properabat  Acilius  aivi 

Cum  juvene,  indigno,  quem  mors  tam  saeva  maneret 

Et  domini  gladiis  tam  festinata :  sed  olim 

Prodigio  par  est  in  nobilitate  senectus : 

Unde  fit,  ut  malim  fraterculus  esse  Gigantis. 

Profuit  ergo  nihil  misero,  quod  cominus  ursos 

Figebat  Numidas,  Albana  nudus  arena 

Venator.     Quis  enim  jam  non  intelligat  artes  100 

Patricias  ?     Quis  priscura  illud  miratur  acumen, 


18 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Brute,  tuum  ?     Facile  est  barbato  imponere  regi. 

Nee  melicr  vultu,  quamvis  ignobilis,  ibat 

Rubrius,  offensae  veteris  reus  atque  tacendae, 

Et  tamen  improbior  satiram  scribente  Nerone. 

Montani  quoque  venter  adest,  abdomine  tardus, 

Et  matutino  sudans  Crispinus  amomo, 

Quantum  vix  redolent  duo  funera ;  saevior  illo 

Pompeius  tenui  jugulos  aperire  susurro, 

Et  qui  vulturibus  servabat  viscera  Dacis  IIQ 

Fuscus,  marmorea  meditatus  proelia  villa, 

Et  cum  mortifero  prudens  Yeiento  Catullo, 

Qui  nunquam  visa;  flagrabat  amore  puellai, 

Grande  et  conspicuum  nostro  quoque  tempore  monstrum  I 

Caecus  adulator,  dirusque  a  ponte  satelles, 

Dignus  Aricinos  qui  mendicaret  ad  axes, 

Blandaque  devexae  jactaret  basia  redae. 

Nemo  magis  rhombum  stupuit :  nam  plurima  dixit 

In  laevum  conversus :  at  illi  dextra  jacebat 

Bellua.     Sic  pugnas  Cilicis  laudabat  et  ictus,  120 

Et  pegma,  et  pueros  inde  ad  velaria  raptos. 

Non  cedit  Veiento,  sed  ut  fanaticus,  oestro 

Percussus,  Bellona,  tuo,  divinat  et,  "  Ingens 

Omen  habes,"  inquit,  "  magni  clarique  triumphi : 

Regem  aliquem  capies,  aut  de  temone  Britanno 

Excidet  Arviragus :  peregrina  est  bellua  :  cemis 

Erectas  in  terga  sudes  ?"     Hoc  defuit  unum 

Fabricio,  patriam  ut  rhombi  memoraret  et  annos. 

"  Quidnam  igitur  censes  ?  conciditur  ?"    "  Absit  ab  illo 

Dedecus  hoc,"  Montanus  ait.     "  Testa  alta  paretur,      130 

Quae  tenui  muro  spatiosum  colligat  orbem. 

Debetur  magnus  patinae  subitusque  Prometheus. 

Argillam  atque  rotam  citius  properate :  sed  ex  hoc 

Tempore  jam,  Caesar,  figuli  tua  castra  sequantur." 

Vicit  digna  viro  sententia :  noverat  ille 

Luxuriam  imperii  veterem  noctesque  Neronis 


SATIRA   IV.  19, 

Jam  medias  aliamque  famem,  quum  pulmo  Falemo 

Arderet      Nulli  major  fuit  usus  edendi 

Tempestate  mea.     Circeis  nata  forent,  an 

Lucrinum  ad  saxum  Rutupinove  edita  fundo  140 

Ostrea,  callcbat  primo  deprendere  morsu  ; 

Et  semel  aspecti  littus  dicebat  echini. 

Surgitur,  et  misso  proceres  exire  jubentur 

Concilio,  quos  Albanam  dux  magnus  in  arcem 

Traxerat  attonitos  et  festinare  coactos, 

Tanquam  de  Cattis  aliquid  torvisque  Sicambris 

Dicturus,  tanquam  diversis  partibus  orbis 

Anxia  praecipiti  venisset  epistola  pinna. 

Atque  utinam  his  potius  nugis  tota  ilia  dedisset 
Tempora  saevitiae,  claras  quibus  abstulit  urbi  150 

Illustresque  animas  impune  et  vindice  nuUo ! 
Sed  periit,  postquam  cerdonibus  esse  timendus 
Coeperat :  hoc  nocuit  Lamiarum  caede  madenti. 


20 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


SATIRA  V. 

Si  te  propositi  nondum  pudet,  atque  cadem  est  mens, 

Ut  bona  summa  putes  aliena  vivere  quadra ; 

Si  potes  ilia  pati,  quae  nee  Sarmentus  iniquas 

Caesaris  ad  mensas,  nee  vilis  Galba  tulisset : 

Quamvis  jurato  metuam  tibi  credere  testi. 

Ventre  nihil  novi  frugalius.     Hoc  tamen  ipsum 

Defecisse  puta,  quod  inani  sufficit  alvo  : 

Nulla  crepido  vacat  ?  nusquam  pons  ct  tegetis  pars 

Dimidia  brevior?  tantine  injuria  coenaj? 

Tarn  jejuna  fames,  quum  Pol  sit  honestius  illic  10 

Et  tremere  et  sordes  farris  modere  canini  ? 

Primo  fige  loco,  quod  tu,  discumbere  jussus, 

Mercedem  solidam  veterum  capis  officiorum. 

Fructus  amicitiae  magnae  cibus :  imputat  hunc  rex, 

Et,  quamvis  rarum,  tamen  imputat.     Ergo  duos  post 

Si  libuit  menses  neglectum  adhibere  clientem, 

Tertia  ne  vacuo  cessaret  culcita  lecto, 

"Una  simus,"  ait.     Yotorum  summa:  quid  ultra 

Quaeris  ?     Habet  Trebius,  propter  quod  rumpere  soranutu 


Debeat  et  ligulas  dimittere,  soUicitus,  ne 
Tota  salutatrix  jam  turba  peregerit  orbem, 
Sideribus  dubiis,  aut  illo  tempore,  quo  se 
Frigida  circumagunt  pigri  sarraca  Boota?. 
Qualis  coena  tamen  ?     Vinum,  quod  sucida  nolit 
Lana  pati :  de  conviva  Corybanta  videbis. 
Jurgia  proludunt:  sed  mox  et  pocula  torques 
Saucius,  et  rubra  deterges  vulnera  mappa ; 
Inter  vos  quoties  libertorumque  cohortem 
Pugna  Saguntina  fervet  commissa  lagena: 
Ipse  capillato  diffusum  Consule  potat, 
Calcatamque  tenet  bellis  socialibus  uvam, 


20 


30 


'JSSBS 


SATIRA    V.  21 

Cardiaco  nunquam  cyathum  missurus  amico ; 

Cras  bibet  Albanis  aliquid  de  montibus  aut  de 

Setinis,  cujus  patriam  titulumque  senectus 

Delevit  multa  veteris  fuligine  testse : 

Quale  coronati  Thrasea  Helvidiusque  bibebant 

Brutorum  et  Cassi  natalibus.     Ipse  capaces 

Heliadum  crustas  et  inaequales  beryllo 

Virro  tenet  phialas :  tibi  non  committitur  aurum ; 

Vel,  si  quando  datur,  custos  affixus  ibidem,  40 

Qui  numeret  gemmas,  unguesque  observet  acutos. 

Da  veniam  :  praeclara  illic  laudatur  iaspis. 

Nam  Virro,  ut  multi,  gemmas  ad  pocula  transfert 

A  digitis,  quas  in  vaginae  fronte  solebat 

Poncrc  zelotypo  juvenis  praelatus  larba;. 

Tu  Beneventani  sutoris  nomcn  habentem 

Siccabis  calicem,  nasorum  quatuor,  ac  jam 

Qua.ssatum,  et  rupto  poscentem  sulfura  vitro. 

Si  stomachus  domini  fervet  vinoque  ciboque, 

Frigidior  Geticis  petitur  decocta  pruinis :  50 

Non  eadem  vobis  poni  modo  vina  querebar : 

Vos  aliam  potatis  aquam.     Tibi  pocula  cursor 

Gaetulus  dabit,  aut  nigri  manus  ossea  Mauri, 

Ejt  cui  per  mediam  nolis  occurrere  noctem, 

Clivosae  veheris  dum  per  monumenta  Latinae. 

Flos  Asiae  ante  ipsum,  pretio  majore  paratus, 

Quam  fuit  et  Tulli  census  pugnacis  et  Anci, 

Et,  ne  te  teneam,  Romanorum  omnia  regum 

Frivola.     Quod  quum  ita  sit,  tu  Gastulum  Ganymedcm 

Respice,  quum  sities.     Nescit  tot  millibus  emtus  60 

Pauperibus  miscere  puer :  sed  forma,  sed  jetas 

Digna  supercilio.     Quando  ad  te  pervenit  ille  ? 

Quando  vocatus  adest  calidae  gelidaeque  minister? 

Quippe  indignatur  veteri  parere  clienti, 

Quodque  aliquid  poscas  et  quod  se  stante  recumbas. 

Maxima  quaeque  domus  servis  est  plena  superbis. 


'r\ 


<rl 


l!t 


m 


// 


22 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Ecce,  alius  quanto  porrexit  murmure  panem 
Vix  fractum,  solidae  jam  mucida  frusta  farinse, 
Quas  genuinum  agitent,  non  admittentia  morsum ! 
Sed  tener  et  niveus  mollique  siligine  factus  70 

Servatur  domino.     Dextram  cohibere  memento. 
Salva  sit  artoptae  reverentia :  finge  tamen  te 
Improbulum  ;  superest  illic,  qui  ponere  cogat 
"  Vis  tu  consuetis,  audax  conviva,  canistris 
Impleri,  panisque  tui  novisse  colorem  V* 
"Scilicet  hoc  fuerat,  propter  quod  sa^pe,  relicta 
Conjuge,  per  montem  adversum  gelidasque  cucurri 
Esquilias,  fremeret  sajva  quum  grandine  vernus 
Jupiter,  et  multo  stillaret  paenula  nimbo!'* 
Aspice,  quam  longo  distendat  pectore  lancem,  80 

Quae  fertur  domino,  squilla,  et  quibus  undique  septa 
Asparagis,  qua  despiciat  convivia  cauda, 
Quum  venit  excelsi  manibus  sublata  ministri. 
Sed  tibi  dimidio  constrictus  cammarus  ovo 
Ponitur  exigua,  feralis  ccena,  patella. 
Ipse  Venafrano  piscem  perfundit :  at  hie,  qui 
Pallidus  ajBfertur  misero  tibi  caulis,  olebit 
Latemam  :  illud  enim  vcstris  datur  alveolis,  quod 
Canna  Micipsarum  prora  subvexit  acuta ; 
Propter  quod  Romae  cum  Bocchare  nemo  lavatur ;  90 

Quod  tutos  etiam  facit  a  serpentibus  Afros. 
Mullus  erit  domini,  quem  misit  Corsica,  Vel  quem 
Tauromenitanae  rupes,  quando  omne  peractum  est 
Et  jam  defecit  nostrum  mare,  dum  gula  sjevit, 
Retibus  assiduis  penitus  scrutante  macello 
Proxima,  nee  patimur  Tyrrhenum  crescere  piscem. 
Instruit  ergo  focum  provincia :  sumitur  illinc 
Quod  captator  emat  LaBnas,  Aurelia  vendat. 
Virroni  muraena  datur,  quae  maxima  venit 
Gurgitc  de  Siculo :  nam,  dum  se  continet  Auster,  IQO 

Dum  sedet  et  siccat  madidas  in  carcere  pennas, 


SATIRA   V. 


23 


Contemnunt  mediam  temeraria  Una  Charybdim. 
Vos  anguilla  manet  longae  cognata  colubrae, 
Aut  glacie  aspersus  maculis  Tiberinus,  et  ipse 
Vernula  riparura,  pinguis  torrente  cloaca, 
Et  solitus  mediae  cryptam  penetrare  Suburce. 

Ipsi  pauca  velim,  facilem  si  praebeat  aurem. 
Nemo  petit,  modicis  quae  mittebantur  amicis 
A  Seneca,  quae  Piso  bonus,  quae  Cotta  solebat 
Largiri :  namque  et  titulis  et  fascibus  olim  110 

Major  habebatur  donandi  gloria:  solum 
I'oscimus,  ut  coenes  civiliter.     Hoc  face  et  esto, 
Esto,  ut  nunc  multi,  dives  tibi,  pauper  amicis. 

Anseris  ante  ipsum  magni  jecur,  anseribus  par 
Altilis,  et  flavi  dignus  ferro  Meleagri 
Fumat  aper :  post  hunc  tradentur  tubera,  si  ver 
Tunc  erit  et  facient  optata  tonitrua  coenas 
Majores.     «  Tibi  habe  frumentum,"  AlUdius  inquit, 
"O  Libye:  disjunge  boves,  dum  tubera  mittas." 

Structorem  interea,  ne  qua  indignatio  desit,  120 

Saltantem  spectas  et  chironomunta  volanti 
Cultello,  donee  peragat  dictata  magistri 
Omnia.     Nee  minimo  sane  discrimine  refert, 
Quo  gestu  lepores  et  quo  gallina  secetur. 
Duceris  planta,  velut  ictus  ab  Hercule  Cacus, 
Et  ponere  foris,  si  quid  tentaveris  unquam 
Hiscere,  tanquam  habeas  tria  nomina.     Quando  propinat 
Virro  tibi  sumitque  tuis  contacta  labellis 
Pocula?  quis  vestrum  temerarius  usque  adeo,  quis 
Perditus,  ut  dicat  regi,  "  bibe?"     Plurima  sunt,  quae    130 
Non  audent  homines  pertusa  dicere  Isena. 

Quadringenta  tibi  si  quis  Deus  aut  similis  Dis 
Et  melior  fatis  donaret ;  homuncio,  quantus 
Ex  nihilo  fieres,  quantus  Virronis  amicus  1 
"  Da  Ttehio !  pone  ad  Trebium !     Vis,  frater,  ab  istia 
Hibus  V*     O  nummi,  vobi».hunc  praestat  honorem, 
VoB  estis  fratres.     Dominus  tamen  et  domini  rex 


1^ 


24 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS. 


m 


Si  vis  tu  fieri,  nullus  tibi  parvulus  aula 
Luserit  JEneas,  nee  filia  dulcior  illo : 
Jucundum  et  carum  sterilis  facit  uxor  amicum.  140 

Sed  tua  nunc  Migale  pariat  licet,  et  pueros  tres 
In  gremium  patris  fundat  simul :  ipse  loquaci 
Gaudebit  nido;  viridem  thoraca  jubebit 
Afferri,  minimasque  nuces,  assemque  rogatum, 
Ad  mensam  quoties  parasitus  venerit  infans. 
Vilibus  ancipites  fungi  ponentur  amicis, 
Boletus  domino ;  sed  quales  Claudius  edit 
Ante  ilium  uxoris,  post  quem  nil  araplius  edit. 
Virro  sibi  et  reliquis  Virronibus  ilia  jubebit 
Poma  dan,  quorum  solo  pascaris  odore:  .         150 

Qualia  perpetuus  Phaeacum  autumnus  habebat, 
Credere  quae  possis  surrcpta  sororibps  Afris ; 

Tu  scabie  frueris  mali,  quod  in  aggere  rodit, 

Qui  tegitur  parma  et  galea,  metuensque  flagelli 

Biscit  ab  hirsuta  jaculum  torquere  capella. 
Forsitan  impensae  Virronem  parcere  credas. 

Hoc  agit,  ut  doleas  :  nam  quaj  comoedia,  mimua 

Quis  melior  plorante  gula?     Ergo  omnia  fiunt, 

Si  nescis,  ut  per  lacrimas  effundere  bilem 

Cogaris,  pressoque  diu  stridere  molari.  160 

Tu  tibi  liber  homo  et  regis  conviva  videris : 

Captum  te  nidore  suae  putat  ille  culinai : 

Nee  male  conjectat.     Quis  enim  tarn  nudus,  ut  ilium 

Bis  ferat,  Etruscum  puero  si  contigit  aurum, 

Vel  nodus  tantum  et  signum  de  paupcre  loro  ? 

Spes  bene  coenandi  vos  decipit.     "Ecce,  dabit  jam 

Semesum  leporem  atque  aliquid  de  clunibus  apri : 

Ad  nos  jam  veniet  minor  altilis."     Inde  parato 

Intactoque  omnes  et  stricto  pane  tacetis. 

Ble  sapit,  qui  te  sic  utitur.     Omnia  ferre  170 

Si  potes,  et  debes.     Pulsandum  vertice  raso 

Praebebis  quandoque  caput,  n^  dura  timebis 

Flagra  pati,  his  epulis  et  tali  dignus  amico. 


D.  JUNII  JUVENALIS 

SATIRARUM 


LIBER  TERTIUS. 


SATIRA  VII. 

Et  spes  et  ratio  studiorum  in  Caesare  tantum : 
Solus  enim  tristes  hac  tempestate  Camenas 
Respexit,  quum  jam  celebres  notique  poetas 
Balneolum  Gabiis,  Romae  conducere  furnos 
Tentarent,  nee  focdum  alii,  nee  turpe  putarent 
Praecones  fieri ;  quum,  desertis  Aganippes 
Vallibus,  esuriens  migraret  in  atria  Clio. 
Nam  si  Pieria  quadrans  tibi  nullus  in  umbra 
Ostendatur,  ames  nomen  victumque  Machaerae, 
Et  vendas  potius,  commissa  quod  auctio  vendit 
Stantibus,  oenophorum,  tripodes,  armaria,  cistas, 
Alcithoen  Pacci,  Thebas  et  Terea  Fausti. 
Hoc  satius,  quam  si  dicas  sub  judice,  "  Vidi," 
Quod  non  vidisti.     Faciant  equites  Asiani 
Quanquam,  et  Cappadoces  faciant  equitesque  Bithyni, 
Altera  quos  nudo  traducit  G^lia  talo. 
Nemo  tamen  studiis  indignum  ferre  laborcm 
Cogetur  posthac,  nectit  quicunque  canoris 
Eloquium  vocale  modis,  laurumque  momordit. 
Hoc  agite,  O  juvenes:  circumspicit  et  stimulat  vos 
Materiamque  sibi  Ducis  indulgentia  quserit. 
Si  qua  aliunde  putas  rerum  exspectanda  tuarum 
Praesidia,  atque  ideo  croceae  membrana  tabellae 
Impletur,  lignorum  aliquid  posce  ocius  et,  quaa 

B 


10 


20 


26 


D.    JUNH    JUVENALIS 


nlTv  I 


w 


Componis,  dona  Veneris,  Telesine,  marito, 
Aut  elude  et  positos  tinea  pertunde  libellos. 
Frange  miser  calamos  vigilataque  proelia  dele, 
Qui  facis  in  parva  sublimia  carmina  cella, 
Ut  dignus  venias  hederis  et  imagine  macra, 
Spes  nulla  ulterior :  didicit  jam  dives  avarus 
Tantum  admirari,  tantum  laudare  disertos, 
Ut  pueri  Junonis  avem.     Sed  defluit  setaa' 
Et  pelagi  patiens  et  cassidis  atque  ligonis. 
Tajdia  tunc  subeunt  animos,  tunc  seque  suamqne 
Terpsicboren  odit  facunda  et  nuda  senectus. 

Accipe  nunc  artes,  ne  quid  tibi  conferat  iste, 
Quern  colis,  et  Musarum  et  Apollinis  sode  relicta. 
Ipse  facit  versus  atque  uni  cedit  Homero 
Propter  mille  annos :  et,  si  dulcedine  famro 
Succensus  recites,  maculosas  commodat  ades ; 
Hajc  longe  ferrata  domus  servire  jubetur, 
In  qua  soUicitas  imitatur  janua  portas.  ' 
Scit  dare  libertos  extrema  in  parte  sedentes 
Ordinis  et  magnas  comitum  disponere  voces. 
Nemo  dabit  regum,  quanti  subsellia  constent, 
Et  quae  conduct©  pendent  anabathra  tigillo, 
Qu«que  reportandis  posita  est  orchestra  cathedris. 
Nos  tamen  hoc  agimus  tenuique  in  pulvere  sulcos 
Ducimus  et  litus  steriH  versamus  aratro. 
Nam  si  discedas,  laqueo  tenet  ambitiosi 
Consuetudo  maU ;  tenet  insanabile  multos 
Scribendi  cacoethes,  et  agro  in  corde  senescit. 
Sed  vatem  egregium,  cui  non  sit  publica  vena, 
Qui  nihil  expositum  soleat  deducere,  nee  qui 
Communi  feriat  carmen  triviale  moneta, 
Hunc,  qualem  nequeo  monstrare  et  sentio  tantum, 
Anxietate  carens  animus  facit,  omnis  acerbi 
Impatiens,  cupidus  silvarum  aptusque  bibendis 
Fontibus  Aonidum.     Neque  enim  cantare  sub  antro 


80 


40 


50 


SATIRA    VII. 

rierio  thyrsumvc  potest  contingere  sana 
Paupertas  atque  aeris  inops,  quo  nocte  dieque 
Corpus  eget :  satur  est,  quum  dicit  Horatius,  Euce ! 
Quis  locus  ingenio,  nisi  quum  se  carmine  solo 
Vexant,  et  dominis  Cirrhaj  Nysaeque  feruntur 
Pectora  nostra,  duas  non  admittentia  curas? 
Magna;  mentis  opus,  nee  de  lodice  paranda 
Attonitae,  cumis  et  equos  faciesque  Deorum 
Aspicere,  et  qualis  Rutulum  confundat  Erinnys. 
Nam  si  Virgilio  puer  et  tolerabile  deesset 
Hospitium,  caderent  omnes  a  crinibus  hydri ; 
Surda  nihil  gemeret  grave  buccina.     Poscimus,  ut  sit 
Non  minor  antiquo  Rubrenus  Lappa  cofhumo, 
Cujus  et  alveolos  et  laenam  pignerat  Atreus. 
Non  habet  infelix  Numitor,  quod  mittat  amico: 
Quintilte  quod  donet,  habet ;  nee  defuit  illi, 
Unde  emeret  multa  pascendum  carne  leonem 
Jam  domitum :  constat  leviori  bellua  sumtu 
Nimirum,  et  capiunt  plus  intestina  poetae. 
Contentus  fama  jaceat  Lucanus  in  hortis 
Marmoreis :  at  Serrano  tenuique  Saleio 
Gloria  quantalibet  quid  erit,  si  gloria  tantum  est? 
Curritur  ad  vocem  jucundam  et  carmen  amicae 
Thebaidos,  lactam  fecit  quum  Statins  Urbem 
Promisitque  diem.     Tanta  dulcedine  captoa 
Afficit  ille  animos  tantaque  libidine  vulgi 
Auditur :  sed,  quum  fregit  subsellia  versu, 
Esurit,  intactam  Paridi  nisi  vendat  Agaven. 
nie  et  militias  multis  largitur  honorem, 
Semestri  vatum  digitos  circumligat  auro. 
Quod  non  dant  proceres,  dabit  histrio :  tu  Camerinos 
Et  Bareas,  tu  nobilium  magna  atria  curas? 
Prsefectos  Pelopea  facit,  Philomela  tribunos. 
Hand  tamen  invideas  vati,  quem  pulpita  pascunt. 
Quis  tibi  Maecenas  1  quis  nunc  erit  aut  Proculeius 


27 
60 


70 


80 


90 


u 


28 


D.   JUMI    JUVENALIS 


it 

i 


Ant  Fabius?  quis  Cotta  iterum?  quis  Lcntulus  alter* 

Tunc  par  ingcnio  pretium ;  tunc  utile  multis 

Pallere,  et  vinum  toto  nescire  Decembri. 
Vester  porro  labor  fecundior,  historiarnm 

Scriptores?  petit  hie  pins  tcmporis  atque  olci  plus: 

Namque  oblita  modi  miUesima  pagina  sui^t  100 

Omnibus,  et  multa  crcscit  damnosa  papyro. 

S.C  ingens  rerum  numenis  jubet  atque  operum  lex. 

QuiB  tamen  inde  scges?  terra  quis  fructus  apert** 
Quis  dabit  historico,  quantbm  daret  acta  legenti* 
bed  genus  ignavnm,  quod  lecto  gaudct  et  umbra' 

Die  igitnr,  quid  cansidicis  civilia  prastent 
Officia,  et  magno  comites  in  fascc  libelli  ? 
Ipsi  magna  sonant,  sed  tunc,  quum  creditor  audit, 
1  necipue,  vel  si  tetigit  latus  acrior  illo, 
Qui  venit  ad  dubium  grandi  cum  codices  nomcn.  IIA 

lunc  immcnsa  cari  spirant  mcndacia  foUes 
Conspuiturque  sinus.     Vcram  deprendere  messem 
•  hi  libet,  hmc  centum  patrimonia  causidicorum 
Parte  alia  solum  russati  pone  LacerniB. 
Conscdcre  Duces :  surgis  tu  pallidus  Ajax 
Dicturus  dubia  pro  Ubcrtate,  bubulco 

Judice.     Kumpe  miser  tensum  jecur,  nt  tibi  lasso 
*  igantur  vindes,  scalarum  gloria,  palma; 
Quod  Tocis  pretium?  siccus  petasunculus  et  vas 
Pelamydum,  aut  vetercs,  Afrorum  epimenia,  bulbi         120 
Aut  vmum  Tiberi  devectum,  quinque  lage„X 
S.  quater  egisti.     Si  contigit  aureus  unus, 
Lide  cadunt  partes,  ex  fcdere,  pragmaticorum. 
^ilio  dabitur,  quantum  licet,  et  melius  nos 
i«imus:  hnjus  enim  stat  currus  aineus,  alti 
Quadnjuges  in  vestibulis,  atque  ipse  feroci 
Bellatore  sedens  cur^atum  hastile  minatur 
Eminus,  et  statua  meditatin-  prmlia  lusca  " 
Sic  Pedo  conturbat,  Matho  deficit ;  cxitus  hie  est 


.  8ATIRA    VII. 


29 

130 


Tongilli,  magno  cum  rhinocerote  lavari 

Qui  solet,  et  vexat  lutulenta  balnea  turba, 

Pcrquc  forum  juvenes  longo  premit  assere  Medos, 

Emturus  pueros,  argentum,  murrhina,  villas : 

Spondet  enim  Tyrio  stlataria  purpura  filo. 

Et  tamen  est  illis  hoc  utile :  purpura  vendit 

Causidicum,  vendunt  ametbystina :  convenit  illis 

Et  strepitu  et  facie  majoris  vivere  census. 

Sed  finem  impensaj  non  scrvat  prodiga  Roma. 

Fidimus  eloquio  ?     Ciceroni  nemo  ducentos 

Nunc  dederit  nummos,  nisi  fulserit  annulus  ingens.        140 

Ilespicit  haec  primum,  qui  litigat,  an  tibi  servi 

Octo,  decem  comites,  an  post  te  sella,  togati 

Ante  pedes.     Idco  conducta  Paullus  agebat 

Sardonyche,  atque  idco  pluris,  quam  Cossus  agebat, 

Quam  Basilus.     Kara  in  tenui  facundia  panno. 

Quando  licet  Basilo  flentcm  produccre  matrem  ? 

Quis  bene  dicentem  Basilum  ferat  ?     Accipiat  te 

Gallia,  vel  potius  nutricula  causidicorum 

Africa,  si  placuit  mercedem  imponcre  linguae. 

Declamare  doces  ?     O  ferrea  pectora  Vetti,  150 

Quum  perimit  sa3vos  classis  numcrosa  tyrannos  I , 
Nam  quajcunque  sedens  modo  legerat,  haec  cadem  stans 
Proferet,  atque  eadem  cantabit  versibus  isdem. 
Occidit  miseros  crambe  repetita  magistros. 
Quis  color  et  quod  sit  causae  genus,  atque  ubi  summa 
Quaestio,  quae  veniant  diversa  parte  sagittae, 
Nosse  velint  omnes,  mercedem  solvere  nemo. 
"  Mercedem  appellas  ?  quid  enim  scio  ?"     Culpa  docentis 
Scilicet  arguitur,  quod  laeva  in  parte  mamillae 
Nil  salit  Arcadio  juveni,  cujus  mihi  sexta  160 

Quaque  die  miserum  dirus  caput  Hannibal  implet ; 
Quidquid  id  est,  de  quo  deliberat,  an  petat  Urbem 
A  Cannis,  an  post  nimbos  et  fulmina  cautus 
Circumagat  madidas  a  tempestate  cohortes. 


( 


■»"**" 


30 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


SATIRA   VII. 


"Quantum  vis  stipulare,  et  protinus  accipc  quod  do 

Ut  toties  lUum  pater  audiat."     Hajc  alii  sex  ' 

Vel  plures  uno  conclamant  ore  sophists, 

Et  veras  agitant'lites,  raptore  relicto; 

Fusa  venena  silent,  malus  ingratusquc  maritus, 

Et  quae  jam  veteres  sanant  mortaria  cajcos.  170 

Ergo  sibi  dabit  ipse  rudem,  si  nostra  movebunt 

Consilia,  et  vitas  diversum  iter  ingredietur, 

Ad  pugnam  qui  rhetorica  descendit  ab  umbra, 

Summula  ne  pereat,  qua  vilis  tessera  venit 

Frumenti :  quippe  haec  merces  lautissima.     Tenta 

Chrysogonus  quanti  doceat,  vel  PoUio  quanti 

Lautorum  pueros,  artem  scindes  Theodori. 

Balnea  sexcentis  et  pluris  porticus,  in  qua 

Gestetur  dominus,  quoties  pluit.     Anne  scrcnum 

Exspectet  spargatque  luto  jumenta  recenti  ?  iso 

Hic  potius:  namque  hie  munda)  nitet  ungula  mulae. 

Parte  alia  longis  Numidarum  fulta  columnis 

Surgat,  et  algentem  rapiat  ca3natio  solem. 

Quanticunque  domus,  veniet  qui  fercula  docte 

Componat;  veniet  qui  pulmentaria  condat. 

Hos  inter  sumtus  sestertia  Quintiliano, 

Ut  multum,  duo  sufficient :  res  nulla  minoris 

Constabit  patri,  quam  filius.     "  Undo  igitur  tot 

Qumtilianus  habet  saltus  r     Exempla  novorum 

Fatorum  transi.     Felix  et  pulcher  et  acer ;  190 

l^ehx  et  sapiens  et  nobilis  et  generosus, 

Appositam  nigrae  lunam  subtexit  aluta: 

Felix,  orator  quoque  maximus  et  jaculator  • 

Et  si  perfrixit,  cantat  bene.     Distat  enim,  qu» 

feidera  te  excipiant  modo  primos  incipientem 

Edere  vagitus  et  adhuc  a  matre  rubentem. 

Si  Fortuna  volet,  fies  de  rhetore  Consul : 

Si  volet  haec  eadem,  fies  de  Consule  rhetor 

Ventidius  quid  enim?  quid  Tullius?  amie  aliud,  quam 


31 

200 


Sidus  et  occulti  miranda  potentia  fati  1 

Servis  regna  dabunt,  captivis  fata  triumphos. 

Felix  ille  tamen  corvo  quoque  rarior  albo. 

Foenituit  multos  vanae  sterilisque  cathedrae, 

Sicut  Thrasymachi  probat  exitus  atque  Secundi 

Carinatis :  et  hunc  inopem  vidistis,  Athenae, 

Nil  prseter  gelidas  ausae  conferre  <jicutas. 

Di,  majorum  umbris  tenuem  et  sine  pondere  terram 

Spirantesque  crocos  et  in  uma  perpetuum  verf 

Qui  prseceptorem  sancti  voluere  parentis 

Esse  loco !     Metuens  virgae  jam  grandis  Achilles  210 

Cantabat  patriis  in  montibus :  et  cui  non  tunc 

Eliccret  risum  citharoedi  cauda  magistri  ? 

Bed  Rufum  atque  alios  caedit  sua  quemque  juventus, 

Rufum,  qui  toties  Ciceronem  Allobroga  dixit. 

Quis  gremio  Celadi  doctique  Palajmonis  affert 
Quantum  graibmaticus  meruit  labor?  et  tamen  ex  hoc 
Quodcunque  est  (minus  est  autem,  quam  rhetoris  aera) 
Discipuli  custos  praemordet  Acoenonetus, 
Et,  qui  dispensat,  frangit  sibi.     Cede,  Palaemon, 
Et  patere  inde  aliquid  decrescere,  non  aliter,  quam       220 

Institor  hibernoa  tegetis  niveique  cadurci ; 

Dummodo  non  pereat,  mediae  quod  noctis  ab  bora 

Sedisti,  qua  nemo  faber,  qua  nemo  sederet. 

Qui  docet  obliquo  lanam  deducere  ferro ; 

Dummodo  non  pereat  totidem  olfecisse  lucemas, 

Quot  stabant  pueri,  quum  totus  decolor  esset 

Flaccus  et  ha^reret  nigro  fuligo  Maroni. 

Rara  tamen  merces,  quae  cognitione  tribuni 

Non  egeat.     Sed  vos  saevas  imponitc  leges, 

Ut  praeceptori  verborum  regula  constet,  230 

Ut  legat  historias,  auctores  noverit  omnes, 

Tanquam  ungues  digitosque  suos :  ut  forte  rogatus, 

Dum  petit  aut  thermas  aut  Phoebi  balnea,  dicat 

Nutricem  Anchisae,  nomen  patriamque  novercae 


32 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Anchemoh ;  d.cat,  quot  Acestes  vixerit  annos, 
Quot  Siculus  Phrygibus  vini  donaverit  urnas. 
ij^gite,  ut  mores  teneros  ceu  poUice  ducat, 

Ut  s,  q„,s  ccra  vultum  facit ;  cxigitc,  ut  sit 

J^t  pater  ipsius  catus. 

"HsBc,"  inquit,  "cures  et,  quum  se  verterit  annus, 

Accipe,  victori  populus  quod  postulat,  auruniT 


240 


SATIRA   VIII. 


33 


SATIRA  VIII. 

Stemmata  quid  faciunt  ?  quid  prodest,  Pontice,  longo 
Sanguine  censeri,  pictosque  ostendere  vultus 
Majorum,  et  stantes  in  curribus  iEmilianos, 
Et  Curios  jam  dimidios,  humerosque  minorem 
Corvinum,  et  Galbam  auriculis  nasoque  carentem? 
Quis  fructuB,  generis  tabula  jactare  capaci 
[Corvinum,  posthae  multa  conting6re  virga] 
Fumosos  equitum  cum  dictatore  magistros, 
Si  coram  Lepidis  male  vivitur  ?  effigies  quo 
Tot  bellatorum,  si  luditur  alea  pemox 
Ante  Numantinos;  si  donnire  incipis  ortu 
Luciferi,  quo  signa  duces  et  castra  movebant? 
Cur  AUobrogicis  et  magna  gaudeat  ara 
Natus  in  Herculeo  Fabius  Lare,  si  cupidus,  si< 
Vanus,  et  Euganea  quantumvis  mollior  agna ; 
Si  tenerum  attritus  Catinensi  pumice  lumbum 
Squalentcs  traducit  avos  emtorque  veneni 
Frangenda  miseram  funestat  imagine  gentem*? 
Tota  licet  veteres  exoment  undique  cerae 
Atria,  nobilitas  sola  est  atque  unica  virtus. 
Paullus  vel  Cossus  vel  Drusus  moribus  esto ; 
Hos  ante  effigies  majorum  pone  tuorum ; 
Prsecedant  ipsas  illi  te  Consule  virgas. 
Prima  mihi  debes  animi  bona :  sanctus  haberi 
Justitiseque  tenax  factis  dictisque  mereris  1 
Agnosco  procerem.     Salve,  Gaetulice,  seu  tu 
Silanus,  quocunque  alio  de  sanguine,  rarus 
Civis  et  egregius  patriae  contingis  ovanti. 
Exclamare  libet,  populus  quod  clamat,  Osiri 
Invento.     Quis  enim  generosum  dixerit  hunc,  qui 
Indignus  genere  et  praeclafro  nomine  tantum 

B2 


I 


10 


20 


30 


34 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


I 


ill 


h  ' 


Insignis?     Nanum  cujusdam  Atlanta  vocamus, 
jEthiopem  cygnum,  pravam  extortamque  puellam 
Europen ;  canibus  pigris  scabieque  vetusta 
Levibus,  et  siccae  lambentibus  ora  lucernie, 
Nomen  erit  pardus,  tigris,  leo,  si  quid  adhuc  est, 
Quod  fremat  in  terns  violentius.     Ergo  cavebis 
Et  metues,  ne  tu  sic  Creticus  aut  Camerinus. 

His  ego  quem  monui  ?  tecum  est  mihi  sermo,  Rubelli 
Plaute.     Tumes  alto  Drusorum  stemmate,  tanquam       40 
Feceris  ipse  aliquid,  propter  quod  nobilis  esses, 
Et  te  conciperet  qux  sanguine  fulget  luli, 
Non  quo?  ventoso  conducta  sub  aggere  texit. 
"Vos  humiles,"  inquit,  "vulgi  pars  ultima  nostri. 
Quorum  nemo  queat  patriam  monstrare  parentis: 
Ast  ego  Cecropides !"     Vivas,  et  originis  hujus 
Gaudia  longa  feras :  tamen  ima  plebe  Quiritem 
Facundum  invenies ;  solet  hie  defendere  causas 
Nobilis  indocti ;  veniet  de  plebe  togata, 
Qui  juris  nodos  et  legum  anigmata^solvat.  fio 

Hie  petit  Euphraten  juvenis  domitique  Batavi 
Custodes  aquilas,  armis  industrius:  at  tu 

Nil  nisi  Cecropides,  truncoque  simiUimus  Herm«, 

NuUo  quippe  alio  vincis  discrimine,  quam  quod 

JIU  marmoreum  caput  est,  tua  vivit  imago. 

Die  mihi,  Teucrorum  proles,  animalia  muta 

Quis  generosa  putet,  nisi  fortia?  nempe  volucrem 

Sic  laudamus  equum,  faciU  cui  plurima  palma 

Fervet  et  exsultat  rauco  victoria  Circo. 

Nobilis  hie,  quocunque  venit  de  gramine,  cujus  60 

Clara  fuga  ante  alios  et  primus  in  lequore  pulvis: 

Sed  venale  pecus  Coryphai  posteritas  et 

Hirpini,  si  rara  jugo  victoria  sedit. 

Nil  ibi  majorum  respectus,  gratia  nulla 

Umbrarum :  dominos  pretiis  mutare  jubentur 

Exiguis,  trito  ducunt  epiredia  coUo 


SATIRA  VIII. 


35 


Segnipedes,  dignique  molam  versare  Nepotis. 

Ergo  ut  miremur  te,  non  tua,  privum  aliquid  da, 

Quod  possim  titulis  incidere,  prajter  honores, 

Quos  illis  damns  et  dedimus,  quibus  omnia  debes.  70 

Haec  satis  ad  juvenem,  quem  nobis  fama  super  bum 
Tradit  et  inflatum  plenumque  Nerone  propinquo : 
Karus  enim  ferme  sensus  communis  in  ilia 
Fortuna.     Sed  te  censeri  laude  tuorum, 
Pontice,  noluerim  sic,  ut  nihil  ipse  futurae 
Laudis  agas.     Miserum  est  aliorum  incumbere  famse, 
Ne  coUapsa  ruant  subductis  tecta  columnis. 
Stratus  humi  palmes  viduas  desiderat  ulmos. . 
Esto  bonus  miles,  tutor  bonus,  arbiter  idem 
Integer ;  ambiguae  si  quando  citabere  testis  80 

Incertaeque  rei,  Phalaris  licet  imperet,  ut  sis 
Falsus,  et  admoto  dictet  perjuria  tauro : 
Summum  crede  nefas  animam  prasferre  pudori 
Et  propter  vitam  vivendi  perdere  causas. 
Dignus  morte  pent,  coenet  licet  ostrea  centum 
Gaurana,  et  Cosmi  toto  mergatur  aheno. 
Exspectata  diu  tandem  provincia  quum  te 
Rectorem  accipiet,  pone  irae  fraena  modumque. 
Pone  et  avaritia; :  miserere  inopum  sociorum : 
Ossa  vides  regum  vacuis  exsucta  medullis.  90 

Respice,  quid  moneant  leges,  quid  curia  mandet, 
Praemia  quanta  bonos  maneant,  quam  fulmine  juste 
Et  Capito  et  Numitor  ruerint,  damnante  Senatu, 
Piratae  Cilicum.     Sed  quid  damnatio  confert, 
Quum  Pansa  eripiat,  quidquid  tibi  Natta  reliquit  ? 
Praeconem,  Chaerippe,  tuis  circumspice  pannis, 
Jamque  tace :  furor  est  post  omnia  perdere  naulum. 
Non  idem  gemitus  olim,  neque  vulnus  erat  par 
Damnorum,  sociis  florentibus  et  modo  victis. 
Plena  domus  tunc  omnis,  et  ingens  stabat  acervus         100 
Nummorum,  Spartana  chlamjs,  conchylia  Coa, 


36 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Et  cum  Parrhasii  tabulis  signisque  Myronis 
Phidiacum  vivebat  ebur ;  nee  non  Polycleti 
Multus  ubique  labor ;  rarae  sine  Mentore  mensje. 
Inde  Dolabella  est  atque  hinc  Antonius,  indc 
Sacrilegus  Veires :  referebant  navibus  altis 
Occulta  spolia  et  plures  de  pace  triumphos. 
Nunc  sociis  juga  pauca  bourn,  grex  parvus  equarum, 
Et  pater  armenti  capto  eripietur  agello ; 
Ipsi  deinde  Lares,  si  quod  spectabile  signum,  Ho 

Si  quis  in  ajdicula  Deus  unicus.     Haic  etenim  sunt 
Pro  summis :  nam  sunt  hscc  maxima.     Despicias  ta 
Forsitan  imbelles  Rhodios  unctamque  Corinthum : 
Despicias  merito.     Quid  resinata  juvcntus, 
Cruraque  totius  facient  tibi  levia  gentis? 
Horrida  vitanda  est  Hispania,  Gallicus  axis 
Dlyricumque  latus :  parce  et  messoribus  illis, 
Qui  saturant  urbem,  Circo  scenajque  vacantem. 
Quanta  autem  inde  feres  tam  dine  pncmia  culpje, 
Quum  tenues  nuper  Marius  discinxerit  Afros!  120 

Curandum  imprimis,  ne  magna  injuria  fiat 
Fortibus  et  miseris :  toUas  licet  omne,  quod  usquam  est 
Aun  atque  argenti,  scutum  gladiumque  rclinques, 
Et  jacula  et  galeam :  spoliatis  arma  supersunt. 
^  Quod  modo  proposui,  non  est  sententia:  verum 
Oredite  me  vobis  folium  recitare  Sibyllfie. 
Si  tibi  sancta  cohors  comitum,  si  nemo  tribunal 
Vendit  Acersecomes,  si  nullum  in  conjuge  crimen, 
Nee  per  conventus  et  cuncta  per  oppida  curvis 
Unguibus  ire  parat  nummos  raptura  Celjeno :  130 

Tunc  licet  a  Pico  numeres  genus,  altaque  si  to 
Nomina  delectant,  omnem  Titanida  pugnam 
Inter  majores  ipsumque  Promethea  ponas  ; 
Be  quocunque  voles  proavum  tibi  sumito  libro. 
Quod  si  praecipitem  rapit  ambitio  atquo  libido, 
Si  frangis  virgas  sociorum  in  sanguine,  si  te    ' 


SATIRA    VIII. 


37 


Delectant  hebetes  lasso  lictore  secures : 

Incipit  ipsorum  contra  te  stare  parentum 

Nobilitas,  claramque  facem  praeferre  pudendis. 

Omne  animi  vitium  tanto  conspectius  in  se  140 

Crimen  habet,  quanto  major  qui  peccat  habetur. 

Quo  mihi,  te  solitum  falsas  signare  tabellas 

In  templis,  quae  fecit  avus,  statuamque  parentis 

Ante  triumphalem  ?  quo,  si  nocturnus  adulter 

Tempora  Santonico  velas  adoperta  cucullo  ? 

Procter  majorum  cineres  atque  ossa  volucri 

Carpento  rapitur  pinguis  Lateranus,  et  ipse. 

Ipse  rotam  adstringi^  multo  sufflamine  Consul; 

Noctc  quidem :  sed  luna  videt,  scd  sidera  testes 

Intcndimt  oculos.     Finitum  tempus  honoris  150 

Quum  fuerit,  clara  Lateranus  luce  fiagellum 

Sumct,  ct  occursum  nunquam  trcpidabit  amici 

Jam  scnis,  ac  virga  prior  annuct,  atque  maniplos 

Sol  vet,  et  infundet  jumentis  hordea  lassis. 

Interea  dum  lanatas  robumque  juvencum 

More  Numae  casdit  Jovis  ante  altaria,  jurat 

Solam  Eponam  et  facies  olida  ad  prassepia  pictas. 

Sed  quum  per\'igiles  placet  instaurare  popinas, 

Obvius  assiduo  Syrophocnix  udus  amomo 

Currit,  Idumacae  Syrophoenix  incola  portae.  160 

Ilospitis  affectu  dominum  regemque  salutat, 

Et  cum  venali  Cyane  succinta  lagena. 

Defensor  culpae  dicet  mihi,  "  fecimus  et  nos 
Haec  juvenes."     Esto.     Desisti  nempe,  nee  ultra 
Fovisti  errorem.     Breve  sit,  quod  turpiter  audes ; 
Quaedam  cum  prima  resecentur  crimina  barba ; 
Indulge  veniam  pueris :  Damasi^pus  ad  illos 
Thermarum  caliees  inscriptaque  lintea  vadit, 
Maturus  bcllo,  Armeniae  Syriaeque  tuendis 
Amnibus,  et  Rheno  atque  Istro.    Praestare  Neronem     170 
Securum  valet  haec  aetas.     Mittc  ostia,  Caesar, 


t 


38 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Mitte :  sed  in  magna  legatum  quaere  popina; 

Invenies  aliquo  cum  percussore  jacentem, 

Permixtum  nautis  et  furibus  ac  fugitivis, 

Inter  camifices  et  fabros  sandapilarum, 

Et  resupinati  cessantia  tympana  Galli. 

^ua  ibi  libertas,  communia  pocula,  lectus 

Non  alius  cuiquam,  nee  mensa  remotior  uUi. 

Quid  facias  talem  sortitus,  Pontice,  servum? 

Nempe  in  Lucanos  aut  Tusca  ergastula  mittas.  180 

At  vos,  Trojugenae,  vobis  ignoscitis,  et  quaj 

Turpia  cerdoni,  Volesos  Brutumque  decebunt. 

Quid,  si  nunquam  adeo  foedis  adeoque4)udcndis 

Utimur  exemplis,  ut  non  pejora  supersint? 

Consumtis  opibus  vocem,  Damasippe,  locasti 

Sipario,  clamosum  ageres  ut  Phasma  Catulli. 

Laureolum  velox  etiam  bene  Lentulus  egit, 

Judice  me  dignus  vera  cruce.     Nee  tamen  'ipsi 

Ignoscas  populo:  populi  frons  durior  hujus, 

Qui  sedet  et  spectat  triscurria  patriciorum,'  190 

Planipedes  audit  Fabios,  ridere  potest  qui 

Mamercorum  alapas.     Quanti  sua  funera  vendant 

Quid  refert  ?     Vendunt  nullo  cogente  Nerone,       ' 

Nee  dubitant  celsi  praetoris  vendcre  ludis. 

Finge  tamen  gladios  inde,  atque  hinc  pulpita  pone  • 

Quid  satius  1     Mortem  sic  quisquam  exhorruit,  ut  sit 

Zelotjpus  Thymeles,  stupidi  collega  Corinthi  I 

Res  hand  mira  tamen,  citharcedo  Principe,  mimus 

Nobilis.     Haec  ultra  quid  erit,  nisi  Indus  I     Et  illud 

Dedecus  urbis  habes :  nee  mirmillonis  in  armis,  200 

Nee  cljpeo  Gracchum  pugnantem  aut  falce  supina. 

(Damnat  enim  tales  habitus;  sed  damnat  et  odit) 

Nee  galea  faciem  abscondit:  movet  ecce  tridentem, 

Postquam  librata  pendentia  retia  dextra 

Nequidquam  effudit;  nudum  ad  spectacula  vultum 

ii-ngit  et  tota  fugit  agnoscendus  arena. 


SATIRA    VIII.  39 

Credamus  tunicae,  de  faucibus  aurea  quum  se 

Porrigat  et  longo  jactetur  spira  galero. 

Ergo  ignominiam  graviorem  pertulit  omni 

Vulnere  cum  Graccho  jussus  pugnare  sequutor.  210 

Libera  si  dentur  populo  suffragia,  quis  tarn 
Perditus,  ut  dubitet  Senecam  praeferre  Neroni ; 
Cujus  supplicio  non  debuit  una  parari 
Simla,  nee  serpens  unus,  nee  culeus  unus  I 
Par  Agamemnonidae  crimen ;  sed  causa  facit  rem 
Dissimilem.     Quippe  ille  Deis  auctoribus  ultor 
Patris  erat  caesi  media  inter  pocula:  sed  nee 
Electrae  jugulo  se  polluit  aut  Spartani 
Sanguine  conjugii ;  nuUis  aconita  propinquis 
Miscuit,  in  scena  nunquam  cantavit  Orestes,  220 

Troica  non  scripsit.     Quid  enim  Verginius  armis 
Debuit  ulcisci  magis,  aut  cum  Vindice  Galba, 
Quod  Nero  tam  saeva  crudaque  tjrrannide  fecit  ? 
Ilajc  opera  atque  hae  sunt  generosi  Principis  artes^ 
Gaudentis  foedo  peregrina  ad  pulpita  cantu 
Prostitui,  Graiaeque  apium  meruisse  coronae. 
Majorum  effigies  habeant  insignia  vocis : 
Ante  pedes  Domiti  longum  tu  pone  Thyestae 
Syrma  vel  Antigones,  seu  personam  Menalippes, 
Et  de  marmoreo  citharam  suspende  colosso.  230 

Quid,  Catilina,  tuis  natalibus  atque  Cethegi        * 
Inveniet  quisquam  sublimius  ?     Arma  tamen  vos 
Noctuma  et  flammas  domibus  templisque  parastis, 
Ut  Braccatorum  pueri  Senonumque  minores ; 
Ausi,  quod  liceat  tunica  punire  molesta. 
Sed  vigilat  consul  vexillaque  vestra  coercet. 
Hie  novus  Arpinas,  ignobilis  et  modo  Komae 
Municipalis  eques,  galeatum  ponit  ubique 
Praesidium  attonitis,  et  in  omni  monte  laborat. 
Tantum  igitur  muros  intra  toga  contulit  illi  240 

Nominis  et  tituli,  quantum  non  Leucade,  quantum 


m 


40 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALIS. 


i 


III 


Thessaliae  campis  Octavius  abstulit  udo 

Caedibus  assiduis  gladio.     Sed  Roma  parentem, 

Roma  Patrem  Patriae  Ciceronem  libera  dixit. 

Arpinas  alius  Volscorum  in  monte  solebat 

Poscere  mercedes,  alieno  lassus  aratro; 

Nodosam  post  haec  frangebat  vertice  vitem, 

Si  lentus  pigra  muniret  castra  dolabra: 

Hie  tamen  et  Cimbros  et  summa  pericula  rerum 

Excipit,  et  solus  trepidantem  protegit  urbem ;  250 

Atque  ideo,  postquam  ad  Cimbros  stragemque  volabant 

Qui  nunquam  attigerant  majora  cadavera  corvi, 

Nobilis  ornatur  lauro  coUega  secunda, 

Plebeiae  Deciorum  animce,  plebeia  fuerunt 

Nomina:  pro  totis  legionibus  hi  tamen,  et  pro 

Omnibus  auxiliis,  atque  omni  pube  Latina, 

Sufficiunt  Dis  infernis  Temeque  parenti  : 

Pluris  enim  Deeii,  quam  quae  servantur  ab  illis. 

Andlla  natus  trabeam  et  diadema  Quirini 

Et  fasces  meruit,  regum  ultimus  iUe  bonorum.  260 

Prodita  laxabant  portarum  claustra  tjrannis 

ExsuUbus  juvenes  ipsius  Consulis,  et  quos 

Magnum  aliquid  dubia  pro  libertate  deceret, 

Quod  miraretur  cum  Coclite  Mucins,  et  qu» 

Imperii  fines,  Tiberinum,  virgo  natavit. 

Occulta  all  Patres  produxit  crimina  servus, 

Matronis  lugendus :  at  illos  verbera  justis 

Afficiunt  poenis  et  legum  prima  securis. 

Malo  pater  tibi  sit  Thersites,  dummodo  tu  sis 
iEacidffi  similis  Vulcaniaque  drma  capessas,  270  * 

Quam  te  Thersitae  similem  producat  Achilles. 
Et  tamen,  ut  longe  repetas  longeque  revolvas 
Nomen,  ab  infami  gentem  deducis  asylo. 
Majorum  primus  quisquis  fuit  ille  tuonim, 
Aut  pastor  fuit  aut  iUud,  quod  dicere  nolo. 


D.  JUNII  JUVENALIS 

^SATIRARUM 

LIBER  QUARTUS. 


SATIRA  X. 


Omnibus  in  terns,  quae  sunt  a  Gadibus  usque 

Auroram  et  Gangen,  pauci  dignoscere  possunt 

Vera  bona  atque  illis  multum  diversa,  remota 

Erroris  nebula.     Quid  enim  ratione  timemus 

Aut  cupimus  1  quid  tarn  dextro  pede  concipis,  ut  te 

Conatus  non  poeniteat  votique  peracti  ? 

Evertere  domos  totas  optantibus  ipsis 

Di  faciles ;  nocitura  toga,  nocitura  petuntur  . 

Militia ;  torrcns  dicendi  copia  multis 

Et  sua  mortifera  est  facundia ;  viribus  ille 

Confisus  periit  admirandisque  lacertis. 

Sed  plures  nimia  congesta  pecunia  cura 

Strangulat,  et  cuncta  exsuperans  patrimonia  census, 

Quanto  delphinis  balaena  Britannica  major. 

Temporibus  diris  igitur,  jussuque  Neronis, 
Longinum  et  magnos  Senecae  praedivitis  hortos 
Clausit,  et  egregias  Lateranorum  obsidet  aedes 
Tota  cohors :  rarus  venit  in  coenacula  miles. 
Pauca  licet  portes  argenti  vascula  puri, 
Nocte  iter  ingressus  gladium  contumque  timebis, 
Et  motae  ad  lunam  trepidabis  arundinis  umbram : 
Cantabit  vacuus  coram  latrone  viator. 
Prima  fere  vota  et  cunctis  notissima  templis 
Divitias,  crescant  ut  opes,  nt  maxima  toto 


10 


20 


42 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


i 


Nostra  sit  area  foro.     Sed  nuUa  aconita  bibuntur 
Fictilibus:  tunc  ilia  time,  quum  pocula  sumes 
Gemmata,  et  lato  Setinum  ardebit  in  auro. 
Jamne  igitur  laudas,  quod  de  sapientibus  alter 
Ridebat,  quoties  de  limine  moverat  unum         • 
Protuleratque  pedem ;  flebat  contrarius  alterl 
Sed  facilis  cuivis  rigidi  censura  cacbinni : 
'  ^JVIirandum  est,  unde  ille  oculis  suffecerit  humor. 
Perpetuo  risu  pulmonem  agitare  solebat 
Dcmocritus,  quanquam  non  esset  urbibus  illis 
Praetexta  ct  trabea?,  fasces,  lectica,  tribunal. 
Quid,  si  vidisset  praetorem  curribus  altis 
Exstantem,  et  medio  sublimem  in  pulvere  Circi, 
In  tunica  Jovis,  et  pictie  Sarrana  ferentem 
Ex  humeris  aula^a  toga^,  magna^que  coronie 
Tantum  orbem,  quanto  cervix  non  sufficit  ullat 
Quippe  tenet  sudans  banc  publicus,  et,  sibi  Consul 
We  placeat,  curru  servus  portatur  eodem. 
Ba  nunc  et  volucrem,  sceptro  qu^e  suipt  ebumo, 
lllmc  comicines,  hinc  pnccedentia  longi 
Agminis  officia,  et  niveos  ad  fnena  Quirites, 
Befossa  in  loculis  quos  sportula  fecit  amicos. 
Turn  quoque  materiam  risus  invenit  ad  ocnnes 
Occursus  hominum,  cujus  prudentia  monstrat 
Summos  posse  viros  et  magna  exempla  daturos 
Vervecum  in  patria  crassoque  sub  aere  nasci. 
Ridebat  curas,  nee  non  et  gaudia  vulgi, 
Interdum  et  lacrimas,  quum  Fortune  i'pse  minaci 
Mandaret  laqueum,  mediumque  ostendcret  unguem 

Ergo  supervacua  haec  aut  perniciosa  petuntur 
Propter  quae  fas  est  genua  incerare  deorum. 
Quosdam  pnecipitat  subjecta  potentia  magn^B 
InvidiaB ;  mergit  longa  atque  insignia  honorum 
^agma;  descendunt  statuaB  restemque  sequuntur. 
Ipsas  deinde  rotas  bigarum  impacta  securis 


SATIRA    X. 


80 


40 


50 


43 

60 


Caedit,  et  immeritis  franguntur  crura  caballis. 
Jam  stridunt  ignes,  jam  foUibus  atque  caminis 
Ardet  adoratum  populo  caput,  et  crepat  ingens 
Sejanus :  deinde  ex  facie  toto  orbe  secunda 
Fiunt  urceoli,  pelves,  sartago,  patellae. 
"  Pone  domi  lauros,  due  in  Capitolia  magnum 
Cretatumque  bovem :  Sejanus  ducitur  unco 
Spectandus !  gaudent  omnes.     Quae  labra !  quis  illi 
Vultus  erat !  nunquam,  di  quid  mihi  credis,  amavi 
Hunc  hominem."    "  Sed  quo  cecidit  sub  crimine  t  quisnam 
Delator?  quibus  indiciis,  quo  teste  probavit?"  70 

"  Nil  horym  :  verbosa  et  grandis  epistola  venit 
A  Capreis."    "  Bene  habet ;  nil  plus  interrogo.     Sed  quid 
oTurba  Remi  ?"     "  Sequitur  fortunam,  ut  semper,  et  odit 
Damnatos.     Idem  populus,  si  Nurtia  Tusco 
Favissct,  si  oppressa  foret  sccura  senectus 
Principis,  hac  ipsa  Sejanum  diceret  bora 
Augustum.     Jam  pridem,  ex  quo  suffragia  nuUi 
Vendimus,  eflfudit  curas.     Nam  qui  dabat  olim 
Imperium,  fasces,  legiones,  omnia,  nunc  se 
Continet,  atque  duas  tantum  res  anxius  optat,  80 

Pa^em  et  Circenses."     "  Perituros  audio  multos." 
"  Nil  dubium :  magna  est  fornacula :  pallidulus  ml 
Brutidius  meus  ad  Martis  fuit  obvius  aram. 
Quam  timeo,  victus  ne  poenas  exigat  Ajax, 
Ut  male  defensus !"    "  Curramus  praecipites  et, 
Dum  jacet  in  ripa,  calcemus  Caesaris  hostem." 
"  Sed  videant  servi,  ne  quis  neget  et  pavidum  in  juB 
Cervice  astricta  dominum  trahat."     Hi  sermones 
Tunc  de  Sejano,  secreta  haec  murmura  vulgi. 
Visne  salutari  sicut  Sejanus?  habere  90 

Tantundem,  atque  illi  summas  donare  curules, 
Blum  exercitibus  praE5ponere  ?  tutor  haberi 
Principis  angusta  Caprearum  in  rupe  sedentis 
Cum  grege  Chaldaeo  ?     Vis  certe  pila,  cohortes. 


f,: 


44 


D.  JUNir   JUVENALIS 


It 


l! 


Egregios  cquites  et  castra  domestica.     Quidni 

Haec  cupias?  et  qui  nolunt  occidere  quenquam, 

Posse  volunt.     Sed  qua3  pneclara  et  prospera  tantum 

Ut  rebus  lactis  par  sit  mcnsura  malorum? 

Hujus,  qui  trahitur,  praetextara  sumere  mavis, 

An  Fidenarum  Gabiorumque  esse  potestas,  100 

Et  de  mensura  jus  dicere,  vasa  minora 

Frangere,  pannosus  vacuis  jEdilis  Ulubris? 

Ei^o  quid  optandum  foret,  ignorasse  fateria 

Sejanum :  nam  qui  nimios  optabat  honorcs, 

Et  nimias  poscebat  opes,  numcrosa  parabat 

Excelsae  turns  tabulata,  unde  altior  esset 

Casus,  et  impulsae  pncceps  immane  ruinaj. 

Quid  Crassos,  quid  Pompeios  evertit  ?  et  ilium 

Ad  sua  qui  domitos  deduxit  flagra  Quirites* 

Summus  nempe  locus  nulla  non  arte  petitus,  no 

Magnaque  numinibus  vota  exaudita  malignis 

Ad  generum  Cereris  sine  ca^de  et  vulnere  pauci 

Descendunt  reges  et  sicca  morte  tyranni. 

Eloquium  ac  famam  Demosthenis  aut  Ciceronis 
Incipit  optare,  et  totis  Quinquatribus  optat, 
Quisquis  adhuc  uno  partam  colit  asse  Minervam 
Quem  sequitur  custos  angust^e  vemula  capsa).      ' 
Eloquio  sed  uterque  pertt  orator ;  utrumquo 
Largus  et  exundans  leto  dedit  ingenii  fons. 
Ingenio  manus  est  et  cervix  ««8a;  nee  unquam         *    120 
Sangume  causidici  maduerunt  rostra  pusilli. 
"  O  fortunatam  natam  me  Consule  Romam !" 
Antoni  gladios  potuit  contemnere,  si  sic 
Omnia  dixisset.     Ridenda  poemata  malo, 
Quam  te  conspicuae,  divina  Philippica,  fJmre, 
Volveris  a  prima  quae  proxima.     S^vus  et  ilium 
Exitus  eripuit,  quem  mirabantur  Athene 
Torrentem  et  pleni  moderantem  frmna  theatri. 
Bis  ille  adversis  genitus  fatoquo  Binistro, 


SATIRA   X. 


45 


Quem  pater,  ardentis  masssB  fuligine  lippus,  130 

A  carbone  et  forcipibus  gladiosque  parante 
Incude  et  luteo  Vulcano  ad  rhetora  misit. 
Bellorum  exuviae,  truncis  affixa  tropaeis 
Lorica,  et  fracta  de  casside  buccula  pendens, 
Et  curtum  temone  jugum,  victaeque  triremis  ' 
Aplustre,  et  summo  tristis  captivus  in  arcu, 
Ilumanis  majora  bonis  creduntur :  ad  hoc  se 
Komanus  Graiusque  ac  barbarus  induperator 
Erexit :  causas  discriminis  atque  laboris 
Indc  habuit.     Tanto  major  famae  sitis  est,  quam  140 

Virtutis.     Quis  enim  virtutem  amplectitur  ipsam, 
Praemia  si  toUas  ?     Patriam  tamen  obruit  olim 
Gloria  paucorum,  et  laudis  titulique  cupido 
Haesuri  saxis  cincrura  custodibus,  ad  quae 
Discutienda  valent  sterilis  mala  robora  ficus : 
Quando^uidem  data  sunt  ipsis  quoque  fata  sepulcris. 
Expendc  Hannibalem ;  quot  libras  in  duce  summo 
Invenies?  hie  est  quem  non  capit  Africa  Mauro 
Percussa  Oceano  Niloque  admota  tepenti, 
Rursus  ad  -^thiopum  populos  altosque  elephantos.        150 
Additur  imperils  Hispania :  Pyxehaeum 
Transilit.     Opposuit  natura  Alpemque  nivemque : 
Diducit  scopulos  et  montem  rumpit  aceto. 
Jam  tenet  Italiam :  tamen  ultra  pergere  tendit : 
"  Actum,"  inquit,  **  nihil  est,  nisi  Poeno  milite  portaa 
Frangimus  et  media  vexillum  pono  Subura." 
(O  qualis  facies  et  quali  digna  tabella, 
Quum  Gaetula  ducem  portaret  bellua  luscum!) 
Exitus  ergo  quis  est  ?     O  gloria !  vincitur  idem 
Nempe  et  in  exsilium  praeceps  fugit,  atque  ibi  magnus  160 
Mirandusque  cliens  sedet  ad  praetoria  regis. 
Donee  Bithyno  libeat  vigilare  tyranno. 
Finem  animae,  quae  res  humanas  miscuit  olim, 
Non  gladii,  non  saxa  dabunt,  nee  tela ;  sed  ille 


.-^^ 


\ 


46 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


m 


I 


Cannarum  vindcx  et  tanti  sanguinis  ultor, 

Annulus.     I,  demeus,  et  saevas  curre  per  Alpes, 

Ut  pueris  placejis  et  declamatio  fias ! 

Unus  Pellaeo  juveni  non  sufficit  orbis : 

-^tuat  infelix  angusto  limite  mundi, 

Ut  Gyari  clausus  scopulis  parvaque  Seripho :  170 

Quum  tamen  a  figulis  munitam  intraverit  urbem, 

Sarcophago  contentus  erit.     Mors  sola  fatetur, 

Quantula  sint  hominum  corpuscula.     Creditur  olim 

Velificatus  Athos,  et  quidquid  Graecia  mendax 

Audet  in  historia :  constratum  classibus  isdem 

Suppositumque  rotis  solidum  mare :  credimus  altos 

Defecisse  amnes,  epotaque  flumina  Medo 

Prandente,  et  madidis  cantat  quaj  Sostratus  alis. 

lUe  tamen  qualis  rediit  Salamine  relicta, 

In  Corum  atque  Eurum  solitus  sajvire  flagellis  180 

Barbaras,  JExAio  nunquam  hoc  in  carcere  passos, 

Ipsum  compedibus  qui  vinxerat  Ennosigseum? 

Mitius  id  sane :  quid  ?  non  et  stigmate  dignum 

Credidit?    Huic  quisquam  vellet  servire  DeorumI 

Sed  qualis  rediit?  nempe  una  nave,  cruentis 

Fluctibus,  ac  tarda  per  d^nsa  cadavera  prora. 

Has  toties  optata  exegit  gloria  poenas ! 

"Da  spatium  vitae,  multos  da,  Jupiter,  annosl" 
Ho8  recto  vultu  solum,  hoc  et  pallidus  optas. 
Sed  quam  continuis  et  quantis  longa  senectus  190 

Plena  malis !     Deformem  et  tetrum  ante  omnia  yvVjim 
Dissimilemque  sui,  deformem  pro  cute  pellera, 
Pendentesque  genas,  et  tales  aspice  rugas, 
Quales,  umbriferos  ubi  pandit  Tabraca  saltus. 
In  vetula  scalpit  jam  mater  simia  bucca. 
Plurima  sunt  juvenum  discrimina :  pulcrior  ilk 
Hoc,  atque  ille  alio ;  multum  hie  robustior  illo : 
Una  senum  facies,  cum  voce  trementia  membra, 
Et  jam  leve  caput  madidique  infautia  nasi. 


SATIRA    X. 


47 


Frangendus  misero  gingiva  panis  inermi :  200 

Usque  adeo  gravis  uxori  natisque  sibique, 

Ut  captatori  moveat  fastidia  Cosso. 

Non  eadem  vini  atque  cibi,  torpente  palato, 

Gaudia. 

Nam  quae  cantante  voluptas, 
Sit  licet  eximius,  citharoedo,  sitve  Seleucus, 
Et  quibus  aurata  mos  est  fulgere  lacema? 
Quid  refert,  magni  sedeat  qua  parte  theatri, 
Qui  vix  comicines  exaudiet  atque  tubarum 
Concentus  ?  clamore  opus  est,  ut  sentiat  auris,  210 

Quern  diciit  venisse  puer,  quot  nunciet  horas. 
Praeterea  minimus  gelido  jam  in  corpore  sanguis 
Febre  calet  sola;  circumsilit  a^mine  facto 
Morborum  omne  genus :  quorum  si  noraina  quaeras, 
Promtius  expediam, 

Quot  Themison  aegros  autumno  occiderit  uno, 
Quot  Basilus  socios,  quot  circumscripserit  Hirrus 
Pupillos ; 

Percurram  citius,  quot  villas  possideat  nunc, 
Quo  tondente  gravis  juveni  mihi  barba  sonabat.  2SJ0 

Ille  humero,  hie  lumbis,  hie  coxa  debilis ;  ambos 
Perdidit  ille  oculos  et  luscis  invidet ;  hujus 
Pallida  labra  cibum  accipiunt  digitis  alienis. 
Ipse  ad  conspectum  coenae  diducere  rictum 
Suetus,  hiat  tantum,  ceu  puUus  hirundinis,  ad  quern 
Ore  volat  pleno  mater  jejuna.     Sed  omni 
Membrorum  damno  major  dementia,  quae  nee 
Nomina  servorum,  nee  vultum  agnoscit  amici, 
Cum  quo  praeterita  coenavit  nocte,  nee  illos, 
Quos  genuit,  quos  eduxit.     Nam  codice  saevo  230 

Heredes  vetat  esse  suos ;  bona  tota  feruntur 
Ad  Phialen :  tantum  artificis  valet  halitus  oris. 
Ut  vigeant  sensus  animi,  ducenda  tamen  sunt 
Funera  natorum,  rogu»  aspiciendus  amatae 


I 


48 


D.   JUNII   JUVENALI3 


8ATIRA    X. 


49 


m 


m 


Conjugis  ct  fratris,  plenieque  sororibus  urnse. 

Haee  data  pcfena  diu  viventibus,  ut,  renovata 

Semper  clade  domus,  multis  in  luctibus  inque 

Perpetuo  moerore  et  nigra  veste  sencscant. 

Rex  Pylius,  magno  si  quidquam  credis  Homero, 

Exemplum  vita3  fuit  a  cornice  secundse.  240 

"Felix  nimirum,  qui  tot  per  secula  mortem 

Distulit,  atque  suos  jam  dextra  computat  annos, 

Quique  novum  toties  mustum  bibit."     Oro,  parumper 

Attendas,  quantum  de  legibus  ipse  queratur 

Fatorum,  et  nimio  de  stamine,  quum  videt  acris 

Antilochi  barbam  ardentem ;  quum  quaint  ab  omni, 

Quisquis  adest  socius,  cur  bajc  in  tempora  duret, 

Quod  facinus  dignum  tam  longo  admiserit  ajvo? 

Hajc  eadem  Peleus,  raptum  quum  luget  Achillem, 

Atque  alius,  cui  fas  Ithacum  lugere  natantem.  250 

Incolumi  Troja  Priamus  venisset  ad  umbras 

Assaraci,  magnis  solemnibus,  Uectorc  funus 

Portante,  ac  reliquis  fratrum  cervicibus,  inter 

Uiadum  lacrimas,  ut  primos  edere  planctus 

Cassandra  inciperet  scissaque  Polyxena  palla, 

Si  foret  exstinctus  diverso  tempore,  quo  non 

Coeperat  audaces  Paris  ajdificare  carinas. 

Longa  dies  igitur  quid  contulit?  omnia  vidit 

Eversa  et  flammis  Asiam  ferroquc  cadentem. 

Tunc  miles  tremulus  posita  tulit  arma  tiara,  260 

Et  ruit  ante  aram  summi  Jovis,  ut  vetulus  bos, 

Qui  domini  cultris  tenue  et  miserabile  collum 

Praebet,  ab  ingrato  jam  fastiditus  aratro. 

Exitus  ille  utcunque  hominis :  sed  torva  canine 

Latravit  rictu,  qua?  post  hunc  vixerat,  uxor. 

Festino  ad  nostros,  et  regem  transeo  Ponti, 

Et  Crcesum,  quem  vox  justi  facunda  Solonis 

Respicere  ad  Jongae  jussit  spatia  ultima  vita;. 

Exsilium  et  career,  Mintumarumque  paludes, 

Et  mendicatus  victa  Carthagine  pan  is  270 


Hinc  causas  habuere.     Quid  illo  cive  tulisset 

Natura  in  terris,  quid  Roma  beatius  unquam, ' 

Si,  circumduct©  captivorum  agmine  ct  omni 

Bellorura  pompa,  animam  exhalasset  opimam, 

Quum  de  Teutonic©  vellet  descendere  curru  ? 

Provida  Pompeio  dederat  Campania  febres 

Optandas ;  sed  multa;  urbes  et  publica  vota 

Vicerunt.     Igitur  Fortuna  ipsius  et  urbis 

Servatum  victo  caput  abstulit.     Hoc  cruciatu  280 

Lcntulus,  hac  pcena  caruit  ceciditque  Cethegus 

Integer,  et  jacuit  Catilina  cadavere  toto. 

Formam  optat  modico  pueris,  majore  puellis 
Murmure,  quum  Veneris  fanum  videt  anxia  mater, 
Usque  ad  delicias  votorum.     "  Cur  tamen,"  inquit, 
"  Corripias  ?     Pulcra  gaudet  Latona  Diana." 
Sed  vetat  optari  faciem  Lucretia,  qualem 
Ipsa  habuit :  cuperet  Rutilaj  Virginia  gibbum 
Accipere  atque  suam  Rutilae  dare.     Filius  autem 
Corporis  egrcgii  miseros  trepidosque  parentes 
Semper  habet.     Rara  est  adeo  concordia  formaj  290 

Atque  pudicitia;.     Sanctos  licet  horrida  mores 
Tradiderit  domus,  ac  veteres  imitata  Sabinos ; 
Prajtcrea  castum  ingenium  vultumque  modesto 
Sanguine  ferventem  tribuat  natura  benigna 
Larga  manu  :  (quid  enim  puero  conferre  potest  plus 
*  Custode  et  cura  natura  potentior  omni  1) 
Non  licet  esse  viros:  nam  prodiga  corruptoris 
Improbitas  ipsos  audet  tentare  parentes. 
"  Sed  casto  quid  forma  nocet  V*     Quid  profuit  immo 
Ilippolyto  grave  propositum  ?  quid  BcUerophonti  ?        300 
Erubuit  nempe  haec,  ceu  fastidita,  repulsa ; 
Nee  Sthcneboea  minus,  quam  Cressa,  excanduit,  et  sc 
Concussere  ambae.     Mulier  saevissima  tunc  est, 
Quum  stimulos  odio  pudor  admovet.     Elige,  quidaam 
Suadendum  esse  putes,  cui  nubcre  Caesaris  uxor 

C 


50 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALIS 


SATIRA   XI. 


5] 


Destinat.     Optimus  hie  et  formosissimus  idem 

Gentis  patricia;  rapitur  miser  exstinguendus 

Messalinae  oculis:  dudum  sedet  ilia  parato 

Flammeolo,  Tyriusque  palam  gcnialis  in  hortis 

Stemitur,  et  ritu  decics  centcna  dabuntur  310 

Antique:  veniet  cum  signatoribus  auspex. 

Haec  tu  secreta  et  paucis  commissa  putabas  ? 

Non  nisi  legitime  vult  nubere.     Quid  placeat,  die: 

Ni  parere  velis,  pereundum  erit  ante  lucernas : 

Si  scelus  admittas,  dabitur  mora  parvula,  dum  res 

Nota  urbi  et  populo  contingat  principis  aures. 

Dedecus  ille  domus  sciet  ultimus :  interea  tu 

Obsequere  imperio :  sit  tanti  vita  dierum 

Paucorum.     Quidquid  melius  leviusque  putaris, 

Praebenda  est  gladio  pulcra  haec  et  Candida  cervix.         320 

"  Nil  ergo  optabunt  homines  ?"     Si  consilium  vis, 
Permittes  ipsis  expendere  numinibus,  quid 
Conveniat  nobis,  rebusque  sit  utile  nostris. 
Nam  pro  jucundis  aptissiraa  quieque  dabunt  Di. 
Carior  est  illis  home,  quam  sibi.     Nos,  animorum 
Impulsu  et  cajca  magnaque  cupidine  ducti, 
Conjugium  petimus  partumquc  uxoris:  at  illis 
Notum,  qui  pueri  qualisque  futura  sit  uxor. 
Ut  tamen  et  poscas  aliquid,  voveasque  sacellis 
Exta,  et  candiduli  divina  tomacula  porci :  ZZ( 

Orandum  est,  ut  sit  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano. 
Fortem  posce  animum,  mortis  terrore  carentem, 
Qui  spatium  vitaj  extremum  inter  munera  ponat 
Naturae,  qui  ferre  queat  quoscunque  labores, 
Nesciat  irasci,  cupiat  nihil,  et  potiores 
Herculis  aerumnas  credat  saevosque  labores 
Et  Venere  et  ccenis  et  pluma  Sardanapali. 
Monstro  quod  ipse  tibi  possis  dare :  semita  certe 
Tranquillae  per  virtutem  patet  unica  vitoe. 
Nullum  numen  habes,  si  sit  prudentia :  nos  tc,  340 

Nos  facimus,  Fortuna,  Deam  coeloque  locamus. 


SATIRA  XL 

Atticus  eximie  si  coenat,  lautus  habetur: 
Si  Rutilus,  demens.     Quid  enim  majore  cachinno 
Excipitur  vulgi,  quam  pauper  Apicius?     Omnis 
Convictus,  thermae,  stationes,  omne  theatrum 
De  Rutilo.     Nam  dum  valida  ac  juvenalia  membra 
Sufficiunt  galeie,  dumque  ardens  sanguine,  fertur 
(Non  cogente  quidem,  sed  nee  prohibente  tribuno), 
Scripturus  leges  et  regia  verba  lanistj3e. 
Multos  porro  vides,  quos  sajpe  elusus  ad  ipsum 
Creditor  introitum  solet  exspectare  macelli, 
Et  quibus  in  solo  vivendi  causa  palato  est. 
Egregius  coenat  meliusque  miserrimus  horum, 
Et  cito  casurus  jam  perlucente  ruina. 
Interea  gustus  elementa  per  omnia  quaerunt, 
Nunquam  animo  pretiis  obstantibus :  interius  si 
Attendas,  magis  ilia  juvant,  quae  pluris  emuntur. 
Ergo  baud  difficile  est  perituram  arcessere  summam, 
Lancibus  oppositis  vel  matris  imagine  fracta, 
Et  quadringentis  nummis  condire  gulosum 
Fictile.     Sic  veniunt  ad  miscellanea  ludi. 
Refert  ergo,  quis  haec  eadem  paret :  in  Rutilo  nam 
Luxuria  est,  in  Ventidio  laudabile  nomen 
Sumit  et  a  censu  famam  trahit.     Ilium  ego  jure 
Despiciam,  qui  scit,  quanto  sublimior  Atlas 
Omnibus  in  Libya  sit  montibus,  hie  tamen  idem 
Ignoret,  quantum  ferrata  distet  ab  area 
Sacculus.     E  coelo  descendit  yviijdi  aeavrov, 
Figendum  et  memori  tractandum  pectore,  sive 
Conjugium  quaeras,  vel  sacri  in  parte  Senatus 
Esse  velis  (nee  enim  loricam  poscit  Achillis 
Thersites,  in  qua  se  traducebat  Ulixes 


10 


20 


30 


52 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


I  I'M 

I!  r:i  i 


Ancipitem),  seu  tu  magno  discrimine  causam 

Protegere  afiectas ;  te  consule,  die  tibi,  quia  sis. 

Orator  vehemens,  an  Curtius  et  Matbo  buccaj. 

Noscenda  est  mensura  sui  spectandaque  rebus 

In  summis  minimisque ;  etiam  quum  piscis  emetur, 

Ne  mullam  cupias,  quum  sit  tibi  gobio  tantum 

In  loculis.     Quis  enim  te,  deficiente  crumena, 

£t  crescente  gula,  manet  exitus,  sere  patemo 

Ac  rebus  mersis  in  ventrem,  fenoris  atquo  40 

Argenti  gravis  et  pecorum  agrorumque  capacem  ? 

Talibus  a  dominis  post  cuncta  novissimus  exit 

Annulus,  et  digito  mendicat  Pollio  nudo. 

Non  prsematuri  cineres,  nee  funus  acerbum 

Luxurise,  sed  morte  magis  metuenda  senectus. 

Hi  plerumque  gradus :  conducta  pccunia  Romas 

Et  coram  dominis  consumitur :  indo  ubi  paullum 

Nescio  quid  superest  et  pallet  fenoris  auctor, 

Qui  vertere  solum,  Baias  et  ostrea  currunt. 

Cedere  namque  foro  jam  non  est  deterius,  quam  50 

Esquilias  a  ferventi  migrare  Subura. 

Ille  dolor  solus  patriam  fugientibus,  ilia 

MoE^titia  est  caruisse  anno  Circensibus  uno. 

Sanguinis  in  facie  non*ba)ret  gutta :  morantur 

Pauci  ridiculum  fugientem  ex  urbe  Pudorem, 

Experiere  hodie,  numquid  pulcherrima  dictu, 
Persice,  non  praestem  vita  vel  moribus  et  re ; 
Sed  laudem  siliquas  occultus  ganeo ;  pultcs 
Coram  aliis  dictem  puero,  sed  in  aurc  placentas. 
Nam  quum  sis  conviva  mihi  promissus,  habebis  GO 

Evandrum,  venies  Tirynthius,  aut  minor  illo 
Hospes,  et  ipse  tamen  contingens  sanguine  coclum : 
Alter  aquiSy  alter  flammis  ad  sidcra  missus. 

Ik 

Fercula  nunc  audi  nullis  omata  maccllis. 
De  Tiburtino  veniet  pinguissimus  agro 
Haedulus  et  toto  gregc  mollior,  iuscius  lierba?, 


SATIRA    XI.  53 

Necdum  ausus  virgas  hurailis  mordere  salicti^ 

Qui  plus  lactis  habet,  quam  sanguinis ;  ct  montani 

Asparagi,  posito  quos  legit  villica  fuso. 

Grandia  pneterea  tortoquc  calcntia  foeno  70 

Ova  adsunt  ipsis  cum  matribus,  et  servatae 

Parte  anni,  quales  fuerant  in  vitibus,  uvae : 

Signinum  Syriumque  pirum,  de  corbibus  isdem 

J£mula  Picenis  et  odoris  mala  recentis, 

Nee  metuenda  tibi,  siccatum  frigore  postquam 

Autumnum  et  crudi  posuere  pericula  succi. 

Ilaic  olim  nostri  jam  luxuriosa  Senatus 

Coena  fuit.     Curius,  parvo  quas  Icgerat  horto, 

Ipse  focis  brevibus  ponebat  oluscula,  quae  nunc 

Squalidus  in  magna  fastidit  compede  fossor.  80 

Sicci  terga  suis,  rara  pendentia  crate, 

Moris  erat  quondam  festis  servare  diebus, 

Et  natalicium  cognatis  poncre  lardum, 

Accedente  nova,  si  quam  dabat  bostia,  came. 

Cognatorum  aliquis,  titulo  ter  consulis,  atque 

Castrorum  imperils  et  dictatoris  bonore 

Functus,  ad  has  epulas  solito  maturiu&  ibat, 

Erectum  domito  referens  a  monte  ligonem. 

Quum  tremcrcnt  autem  Fabios  durumque  Catonem 

Et  Scauros  et  Fabricios,  postremo  severos  90 

Censoris  mores  etiam  coUega  timeret ; 

Nemo  inter  curas  et  seria  duxit  habendum. 

Quails  in  Oceanl  fluctu  testudo  nataret, 

Clarum  Trojugenls  factura  ac  noblle  fulcrum : 

Sed  nudo  latere  et  parvls  frons  aerea  lectls 

Vile  coronati  caput  ostendebat  aselli, 

Ad  quod  lasclvi  ludebant  ruris  alumni. 

Tales  ei^o  clbi,  qualis  doraus  atque  supellex. 

Tunc  rudis,  et  Gralas  mlrarl  ncsclus  artes, 

Urbibus  eversls,  praedarum  in  parte  reperta  100 

Magnorum  artificum  frangebat  pocula  miles. 


!■ 


64 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


8ATIRA   XI. 


55 


Ut  phaleris  gauderet  equus,  cajlataquc  cassis 

Komuleae  simulacra  feme  mansuescerc  jussae 

Imperii  fato,  geminos  sub  rupe  Quirinos, 

Ac  Dudam  effigiem  clypeo  venientis  et  hasta 

Pcndentisque  Dei,  perituro  ostenderet  hosti. 

Argenti  quod  erat,  solis  fulgebat  in  armis. 

Ponebant  igitur  Tusco  farrata  catino  ; 

Omnia  tunc,  quibus  invideas,  si  lividulus  sis. 

Templorum  quoque  majestas  prajsentior,  et  vox  110 

Nocte  fere  media,  mediamquc  audita  per  urbem, 

Litore  ab  Oceani  Gallis  venientibus  et  Dis 

Officium  vatis  peragentibus,  his  monuit  nos. 

Hanc  rebus  Latiis  curam  prajstare  solebat 

Fictilis  et  nullo  violatus  Jupiter  auro. 

Ilia  domi  natas  nostraque  ex  arbore  mensas 

Tempora  viderunt :  hos  lignum  stabat  in  usus, 

Annosam  si  forte  nucem  dcjecerat  Eurus. 

At  nunc  divitibus  coenandi  nulla  voluptas, 

Nil  rhombus,  nil  dama  sapit,  putere  videntur  120 

Unguenta  atque  rosae,  latos  nisi  sustinet  orbes 

Grande  ebur,  et  m^gno  sublimis  pardus  hiatu, 

Dentibus  ex  illis,  quos  mittit  porta  Syenes 

Et  Mauri  celeres  et  Mauro  obscurior  Indus, 

Et  quos  deposuit  Nabatha?o  bellua  saltu. 

Jam  nimios  capitique  graves.     Hinc  surgit  orexis, 

Hinc  stomacho  bilis :  nam  pes  argenteus  illis, 

Annulus  in  digito  quod  ferreus.     Ergo  superbum 

Convivam  caveo,  qui  me  sibi  comparat,  ct  res 

Despicit  exiguas.     Adeo  nulla  uncia  nobis  130 

Est  eboris,  nee  tessella3,  nee  calculus  ex  hac 

Materia :  quin  ipsa  manubria  cultellorum 

Ossea :  non  tamen  his  ulla  unquam  opsonia  fiunt 

Hancidula,  aut  ideo  pejor  gallina  secatur. 

Sed  nee  structor  erit,  cui  cedere  debeat  omnis 

Pergula,  discipulus  Trypheri  doctoris,  apud  quem 


Sumine  cum  magno  lepus,  atque  aper,  et  pygargus, 

Et  Scythicae  volucres,  et  phoenicopterus  ingens^, 

Et  Gaetulus  oryx  hebeti  lautissima  ferro 

Caeditur,  et  tota  sonat  ulmca  cocna  Subura.  140 

Nee  frustum  capreae  subducere,  nee  latus  Afrae 

Novit  avis  noster  tirunculus,  ac  rudis  omni 

Tempore/*  et  exiguae  furtis  imbutus  ofellae. 

Plebeios  calices  et  paucis  assibus  emtos 

I'orrigct  incultus  puer  atque  a  frigore  tutus ; 

Non  Phryx  aut  Lycius,  non  a  mangone  petitus 

Quisquam  erit ;  in  magno  quum  posces,  posce  Latine. 

Idem  habitus  cunctis,  tonsi  rectique  capilli, 

Atque  hodie  tantum  propter  convivia  pexi. 

Pastoris  duri  est  hie  filius,  ille  bubulci :  150 

Suspirat  longo  non  visam  tempore  matrem, 

Et  casulam,  et  notos  tristis  desiderat  hasdos, 

Ingenui  vultus  puer  ingenuique  pudoris, 

Quales  esse  decet,  quos  ardens  purpura  vestit 

Hie  tibi  vina  dabit,  diffusa  in  montibus  illis, 

A  quibus  ipse  venit,  quorum  sub  vertice  lusit : 

Namque  una  atque  eadem  est  vini  patria  atque  ministri. 

Nostra  dabunt  multos  hodie  convivia  ludos : 

Conditor  Iliados  cantabitur,  atque  Maronis 

Altisoni  dubiam  facientia  carmina  palmam.  160 

Quid  refert,  tales  versus  qua  voce  legantur? 

Sed  nunc  dilatis  averte  negotia  curis, 
Et  gratam  requiem  dona  tibi,  quando  licebit 
Per  totam  cessare  diem :  non  fenoris  ulla 
Mentio. 

Protinus  ante  meum,  quidquid  dolet,  exue  limen : 
Pone  domum  et  servos  et  quidquid  frangitur  illis 
Aut  perit :  ingratos  ante  omnia  pone  sodales. 

Interea  Megalesiacae  spectacula  mappae, 
Idaeum  sollemne,  colunt,  similisque  triumph©  170 

Praeda  caballorum  praetor  sedet  ac,  mihi  pace 


ii 


f,i 


I'  1 


1'1 
.h 


56 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Immensae  nimiseque  licet  si  dicere  plebis, 

Totam  hodie  Romam  Circus  capit  et  fragor  aurcm 

Percutit,  cventum  viridis  quo  colligo  panni. 

Nam  si  deficeret,  mcestain  attonitamquc  videres 

Hanc  urbem,  veluti  Cannarum  in  pulvere  victis 

Consulibus.     Spectent  juvenes,  quos  clamor  et  audax 

Sponsio,  quos  cultae  decet  assedisse  puellae : 

Nostra  bibat  vemum  contracta  cuticula  solem, 

Effugiatque  togam.     Jam  nunc  in  balnea,  salva  180 

Fronte,  licet  vadas,  quanquam  solida  hora  supersit 

Ad  sextam.     Faccre  hoc  non  possis  quinque  dicbui 

Continuis,  quia  sunt  talis  quoque  taidia  vitae 

Magna.     Voluptates  commendat  rarior  usus. 


SATIRA    XII. 


67 


SATIRA  XII. 

Natali,  Corvine,  die  mihi  dulcior  haec  lux, 
Qua  festus  promissa  Deis  animalia  cespes 
Exspectat ;  niveam  Reginae  ducimus  agnam, 
Par  vellus  dabitur  pugnanti  Gorgone  Maura. 
Sed  procul  extensum  petulans  quatit  hostia  funem, 
Tarpeio  servata  Jovi,  frontemque  coruscat : 
Quippe  ferox-vitulus,  templis  maturus  et  arse, 
Spargendusque  mero,  quern  jam  pudet  ubera  matris 

„J)ucere,  qui  vexat  nascenti  robora  cornu. 
Si  res  ampla  domi  similisque  afFectibus  esset, 
Pinguior  Hispulla  traheretur  taurus,  et  ipsa 
Mole  piger,  nee  finitima  nutritus  in  herba, 
Lajta  sed  ostendens  Clitumni  pascua  sanguis 
Iret,  et  a  grandi  cervix  fcrienda  ministro, 
Obreditum  trepidaritis^dhuc  borrendaque  passi 
Nuper  et  incolumem  sese  mirantis  amici. 
Nam  pneter  pelagi  casus  ct  fulminis  ictus 
Evasit.     Densae  coelum  abscondere  tenebrae 
Nube  una,  subitusque  antennas  impulit  ignis, 
Quum  se  quisque  illo  percussum  credcret,  et  mox 
Attonitus  nullum  conferri  posse  putaret 
Naufragium  vclis  ardentibus.     Omnia  fiunt 
Talia,  tam  graviter,  si  quando  poetica  surgit 
Tempestas.     Genus  ecce  aliud  discriminis :  audi 
Et  miserere  iterum :  quanquam  sint  cetera  sortis 
Ejusdem :  pars  dira  quidem,  sed  cognita  multis, 
Et  quam  votiva  testantur  fana  tabella 

^  Plurima.     Pictores  quis  nescit  ab  Iside  pasci? 

^  Accidit  et  nostro  similis  fortuna  Catullo. 
Quum  plenus  fluctu  medius  foret  alveus,  et  jam, 
Alt^mum  puppis  latus  evertentibus  undis, 

C2 


10 


20 


80 


-W" 


1 


58 


D.   JUNII    JUVENALIS 


ii 


40 


Arbori  incertae,  nuUam  prudentia  cani 

Rectoris  quum  ferret  opem  :  deciderc  jactu 

Coepit  cum  ventis. 

"  Fundi  te,  quae  mea  sunt,"  dicebat,  "  cuncta,"  Catullus, 

PrJBcipitarc  volens  etiam  pulcherrima,  vestem 

Purpuream,  tcneris  quoque  Maecenatibus  aptam, 

Atque  alias,  quarum  generosi  graminis  ipsum 

Infecit  natura  pecus,  sed  et  egregius  fons 

Viribus  occultis  et  Boeticus  adjuvat  aer. 

Ille  nee  argentum  dubitabat  mittere,  lances 

Tartbenio  factas,  umae  cratera  capacem, 

Et  dignum  sitiente  Pholo  vel  conjugc  Fusci ; 

Addc  et  bascaudas  et  mille  escalia,  multum 

Caelati,  biberat  quo  callidus  emtor  Olynthi. 

Sed  quis  nunc  alius,  qua  mundi  parte,  quis  audet 

Argento  praeferrc  caput  rebusque  salutem  1 

Non  propter  vitam  faciunt  patrimonia  quidam, 
Sed  vitio  caeci  propter  patrimonia  vivunt. 
Jactatur  rerum  utilium  pars  maxima :  sed  ncc 

Damna  levant.     Tunc,  adversis  urgentibus,  illuc 
Decidit,  ut  malum  ferro  ftubmitteret ;  ac  se 

Explicat  anguatum ;  discriminis  ultima,  quando 

Praesidia  afferimus  navem  factura  minorem. 

I  nunc  et  ventis  animajta  committe,  dolato 

Confisus  ligno,  digitis  a  morte  remotus 

Quatuor,  aut  septem  si  sit  latissima  taeda ! 

Mox  cum  reticulis  et  pane  et  yentre  Jagenae 

Aspice  sumendas  in  tempestate  secures^ 

Sed  postquam  jacuit  planuoji  mare,  tempora  postquam    CO 

Prospera  vectoris  fatumque  .valentius  Euro 

Et  pelago ;  postquam  Parcae  meliora  benigna 

Pensa  manu  ducunt  hilares,  et  staminis  albi 

Lanificae,  modica  nee  multum  fortior  aura 

Yentus  adest ;  inopi  miscrabilis  arte  cucurrit 

Vestibus  extentis  et,  quod  superaverat  unum^ 


50 


SATIRA    XII.  59 

Velo  prora  suo.     Jam  deficientibus  Austris, 

Spes  vitae  cum  sole  redit :  turn  gratus  lulo, 

Atque  novercali  sedes  prajlata  Lavino, 

Conspicitur  sublimis  apex,  cui  Candida  nomen  70 

Scrofa  dedit,  laetis  Phrygibus  mirabile  sumen, 

Et  nunquam  visis  triginta  clara  mamillis. 

Tandem  intrat  positas  inclusa  per  aequora  moles 

Tyrrhenamque  Pharon  porrectaque  brachia  rursum, 

Quae  pelago  occurrunt  medio  longeque  relinquunt 

Italiam.     Non  sic  igitur  mirabere  portus, 

Quos  natura  dedit :  sed  trunca  puppe  magister 

Interiora  petit,  Baianas  pervia  cymbal, 

Tuti  stagna  sinus,  gaudent  ubi  vertice  raso 

Garrula  securi  narrare  pericula  nautse.  •      80 

Ite  igitur,  pueri.  Unguis  animisque  faventes, 

Sertaque  delubris  et  farra  imponite  cultris, 

Ac  molles  ornate  focos  glebamque  virentem! 

Jam  sequar  et,  sacro  quod  praestat  rite  peracto, 

Inde  domum  repetam,  graciles  ubi  parva  coronas 

Accipiunt  fragili  simulacra  nitentia  cera. 

Hie  nostrum  placabo  Jovem,  Laribusque  patemis 

Thura  dabo,  atque  omnes  violae  jactabo  colores. 

Cuncta  nitent;  longos  erexit  janua  ramos, 

Et  matutinis  operatur  festa  lucemis.  go 

Nee  suspecta  tibi  sint  haec.  Corvine :  Catullus, 
Pro  cujus  reditu  tot  pono  altaria,  parvos 
Tres  habet  heredes.     Libet  exspectare,  quis  aegram 
Et  elaudentem  oculos  gallinam  impendat  amico 
Tam  sterili.     Verum  haec  nimia  est  impensa :  cotumix 
Nulla  unquam  pro  patre  cadet.     Sentire  calorem 
Si  coepit  locuples  Gallita  et  Paccius  orbi. 
Legitime  fixis  vestitur  tota  tabeUis 
Porticus;  exsistunt  qui  promittant  hecatomben, 
Quatenus  hie  non  sunt  nee  venales  elephanti,  100 

Nee  Latio,  aut  usquam  sub  nostro  sidere  talis^ 


v 


v: 


\n 


60 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALIS 


Bellua  concipitur:  scd  furva  gente  pctita 

Arboribus  Rutulis  et  Tumi  pascitur  agro, 

Csesaris  annentum,  nulli  servire  paratum 

Private :  siquidem  Tyrio  parere  solebant 

Hannibali,  et  nostris  ducibus,  regique  Molosso, 

Horum  majores,  ac  dorso  ferre  cohortes, 

Partem  aliquam  belli,  et  euntem  in  prcelia  turrim. 

Nulla  igitur  mora  per  Novium,  mora  nulla  per  Istrum 

Pacuvium,  quin  illud  ebur  ducatur  ad  aras, 

Et  cadat  ante  Lares  Gallitae  victima,  sola 

Tantis  digna  Deis  et  captatoribus  horum. 

Alter  enim,  si  concedas  mactare,  vovebit 

De  grege  servorum  magna  et  pulchcrrima  quaeque^ 

Corpora;  vel  pueris  et  fiJbntibus  ancillarum 

Imponet  vittas,  et,  si  qua  est  nubilis  illi 

Iphigenia  domi,  dabit  banc  altaribus,  etsi 

Non  sperat  tragicae  furtiva  piacula  cervae. 

Laudo  meum  civem,  nee  comparo  testamento 

Mille  rates :  nam  si  Libitinam  evaserit  seger, 

Delebit  tabulas,  inclusus  carcere  nassae, 

Post  meritum  sane  mirandum,  atque  omnia  soli 

Forsan  Pacuvio  breviter  dabit.     Ille  superbus 

Incedet  victis  rivalibus.     Ergo  vides,  quam 

Grande  opera  pretium  faciat  jugulata  Mycenis. 

Vivat  Pacuvius,  quaeso,  vel  Nestora  totum ; 
Possideat,  quantum  rapuit  Nero ;  montibus  aurum 
Exsequet ;  nee  amet  quenquam,  nee  ametur  ab  ullo  I 


11© 


120 


D.  JUNn  JUVENALIS 

SATIRARUM 

LIBER  QUINTUS. 


SATIRA  Xin. 


ExEMPLO  quodcunque  malo  committitur,  ipsi 
Displicet  auctori.     Prima  est  baec  ultio,  quod  se 
Judice  nemo  nocens  absolvitur,  improba  quamvis 
Gratia  fallaci  Praetoris  vicerit  urna. 
Quid  sentire  putas  omncs,  Calvine,  recenti 
De  scelere  et  fidei  violatae  crimine  ?     Sed  nee 
Tam  tenuis  census  tibi  contigit,  ut  mediocris 
Jacturae  te  mergat  onus ;  nee  rara  videmus. 
Quae  patens.     Casus  multis  hie  cognitus,  ac  jam 
Tritus,  et  e  medio  fortunae  ductus  accrvo. 
Ponamus  nimios  gemitus :  flagrantior  aequo 
Non  debet  dolor  esse  viri,  ncc  vulnere  major. 
Tu  quamvis  levium  minimam  exiguamque  malorum 
Particulam  vix  ferre  potes,  spumantibus  ardens 
Visceribus,  sacrum  tibi  quod  non  reddat  amicus 
Depositum  ?  stupet  haec,  qui  jam  post  terga  reliquit 
Sexaginta  annos,  Fonteio  Consule  natus  t 
An  nihil  in  melius  tot  rerum  proficis  usu  ? 
Magna  quidem,  sacris  qua  dat  pras'cepta  libellig, 
Victrix  fortunae  sapientia :  ducimus  autem 
Hos  quoque  felices,  qui  ferre  incommoda  vitae, 
Nee  jactare  jugum,  vita  didicere  magistra. 
Qua  tam  festa  dies,  ut  cessct  prodere  furem, 
Perfidiam,  fraudes  atque  omni  ex  crimine  lucrum 


10 


20 


62 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Quassitum,  et  partes  gladio  vcl  pyxidc  nummos  ? 

Hari  quippe  boni:  numerus  vix  est  totidem,  quot 

Thebarum  portae  vel  divitis  ostia  Nili. 

Nona  aitas  agitur  pejoraquc  secula  ferri 

Temporibus,  quorum  sceleri  non  invcnit  ipsa 

Nomen  ct  a  nullo  posuit  natura  nietallo.  30 

Nos  hominum  Divumquc  fidem  clamore  ciemus, 

Quanto  Foesidium  laudat  vocalis  agentem 

Sportula.     Die,  senior  bulla  dignissime,  neseis 

Quas  habcat  Veneres  aliena  pecunia?  nescia 

Quern  tua  simplicitas  risum  vulgo  movcat,  quum 

Exigis  a  quoquam,  ne  pejeret  et  putet  uUis 

Esse  aliquod  numen  tcmplis  ara^quc  rubcnti  ? 

Quondam  hoc  indigena)  vivebant  more,  priusquam 

Sumeret  agrestem  posito  diadem  ate  falcem 

Satumus  fugiens,  tunc,  quum  virguncula  Juno,  40 

Et  privatus  adhuc  Idaiis  Jupiter  antris. 

Nulla  super  nubes  convivia  coelicolarum, 

Nee  puer  Iliacus,  forraosa  nee  Ilerculis  uxor 

Ad  cyathos,  et  jam  siccato  nectare  tergens 

Brachia  Vulcanus  Lipanea  nigra  taberna. 

Prandebat  sibi  quisque  Deus,  ncc  turba  Deorum 

Talis,  ut  est  hodie,  contentaque  sidera  paucis 

Numinibus  miserum  urgebant  Atlanta  minori 

Pondere.     Nondum  aliquis  sortitus  triste  profundi 

Imperium,  aut  Sicula  torvus  cum  conjuge  Pluton ;  50 

Nee  rota,  nee  Furiae,  nee  saxum  aut  vulturis  atri 

Poena ;  sed  infemis  hilares  sine  regibus  umbraj. 

Improbitas  illo  fuit  admirabilis  ajvo, 

Credebant  quo  grande  nefas  et  mortc  piandum, 

Si  juvenis  vetulo  non  assurrexerat  et  si 

Barbato  cuicumque  puer,  licet  ipse  videret 

Plura  domi  fraga  et  majores  glandis  acervos. 

Tam  venerabile  erat  proecedere  quatuor  annis, 

Primaque  par  adeo  sacrae  lanugo  senectae ! 


SATIRA    XIII.  (53 

Nunc,  si  depositum  non  infitietur  amicus,  60 

Si  reddat  veterem  cum  tota  airugine  follem 

Prodigiosa  fides  et  Tuscis  digna  libellis, 

Quajque  coronata  lustrari  debeat  agna. 

Egregium  sanctumquc  virum  si  cerno,  bimembri 

Hoc  monstrum  pucro  aut  miranti  sub  aratro 

Piscibus  inventis  et  feta3  comparo  mulae, 

Sollicitus,  tanquam  lapides  efFuderit  imber, 

Examenque  apium  longa  consederit  uva 

Culmine  delubri,  tanquam  in  mare  fluxerit  amnis 

Gurgitibus  miris  et  lactis  vortice  torrens.  70 

Intercepta  decern  quereris  sestertia  fraudc 

Sacrilega?     Quid  si  bis  centum  perdidit  alter 

Hoc  arcana  modo?  majorem  tertius  ilia 

Summam,  quam  patulaj  vix  eeperat  angulus  arcse  ? 

Tam  facile  et  pronum  est  superos  contemnere  testes. 

Si  mortalis  idem  nemo  sciat !     Aspice,  quanta 

Voce  neget ;  quae  sit  ficti  eonstantia  vultus. 

Per  solis  radios  Tarpeiaque  fulmina  jurat, 

Et  Martis  frameam  et  Cirrhaei  spicula  vatis, 

Per  calamos  venatricis  pharetramque  puellse,  80 

Perque  tuum,  pater  ^gaei  Neptune,  tridentem : 

Addit  et  Herculeos  arcus  hastamque  Minervae, 

Quidquid  habent  telorum  armamentaria  coeli. 

Si  vero  et  pater  est,  "  Comedam,"  inquit,  «  flebile  nati 

Sinciput  elixi  Pharioqyo  madentis  aceto." 

Sunt  in  Fortunae  qui  casibus  omnia  ponunt, 
Et  nullo  credunt  mundum  rectore  moveri, 
Natura  volvente  vices  et  lucis  et  anni, 
Atque  ideo  intrepidi  quaecunque  altaria  tangunt. 
Est  alius  metuens,  ne  crimen  poena  sequatur :  90 

Hie  putat  esse  Deos  et  pejerat,  atque  ita  secum : 
"  Decemat,  quodcumque  volet,  de  corpore  nostro 
Tsis,  et  irato  fcriat  mea  lumina  sistro, 
Dummodo  vel  c^cus  teneam,  quos  abnego,  nummos. 


64 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALI8 


Et  Phthisis  et  vomicae  putres  et  dimidium  cms 

Sunt  tanti  t    Pauper  locupletem  optare  podagram 

Nee  dubitet  Ladas,  si  non  eget  Anticyra  nee 

Arehigene.     Quid  enim  velocis  gloria  plantae 

Praestat,  et  esuriens  Pisaeae  ramus  olivae  t 

Ut  sit  magna,  tamen  certe  lenta  ira  Deorum  est.  100 

Si  curant  igitur  cunctos  punire  nocentes, 

Quando  ad  me  venicnt  *?  sed  et  exorabile  numen 

Fortasse  experiar :  solet  his  ignoscere.     Multi 

Committunt  eadem  diverso  crimina  fato : 

Ille  cnicem  sceleris  pretium  tulit,  hie  diadema." 

Sic  animum  dine  trepidum  formidine  culpae 

Confirmant.     Tunc  te  sacra  ad  delubra  vocantem 

Praecedit,  trahere  immo  ultro  ac  vexare  paratus. 

Nam  quum  magna  malae  superest  audacia  causae, 

Creditur  a  multis  fiducia.     Mimum  agit  ille,  110 

Urbani  qualem  fugitivus  scurra  Catulli : 

Tu  miser  exclamas,  ut  Stentora  vincere  possis, 

Vel  potius,  quantum  Gradivus  Homericus  :  "  Audis, 

Jupiter,  haec,  ncc  labra  moves,  quum  mittere  vocem 

Dcbueras  vel  marmoreus  vel  aheneus  ?  aut  cur 

In  carbone  tuo  charta  pi  a  thura  soluta 

Ponimus,  et  sectum  vituli  jecur  albaque  porci 

Omenta  ?     Ut  video,  nullum  discrimen  habendum  est 

Effigies  inter  vestras  statuamque  Vagelli." 

Accipe  quae  contra  valeat  solatia  ferre,  120 

Et  qui  nee  Cynicos,  nee  Stoica  dogmata  legit 
A  Cynids  tunica  distantia,  non  Epicurum 
Suspicit  exigui  laetum  plantaribus  horti. 
Curentur  dubii  medicis  majoribus  aegri : 
Tu  venam  vel  discipulo  committe  Philippi. 
Si  nullum  in  terns  tam  detestabile  factum 
Ostendis,  taceo ;  nee  pugnis  caedere  pectus 
Te  veto,  nee  plana  faciem  contundere  palma, 
Quandoquidem  accepto  claudenda  est  janua  damno. 


SATIRA    XIII.  g5 

Et  majore  domus  gemitu,  majore  tumultu  130 

Planguntur  nummi,  quam  funera.     Nemo  dolorem 

Fingit  in  hoc  casu,  vestem  diducere  summam 

Contentus,  vexare  oculos  humore  coacto. 

Ploratur  lacrimis  amissa  pecunia  veris. 

Sed  si  cuncta  vides  simili  fora  plena  querela 

Si,  decies  lectis  diversa  parte  tabellis, 

Vana  supervacui  dicunt  chirographa  ligni, 

Arguit  ipsorum  quos  litera  gemmaque  princeps 

Sardonychum,  loculis  quae  custoditur  ebumis : 

Ten',  O  delicias !  extra  communia  censes  140 

Ponendum  ?     Qui  tu  gallinae  filius  albae, 

Nos  viles  puUi  nati  infelicibus  ovis  1 

Rem  pateris  modicam  et  mediocri  bile  ferendam, 

Si  flectas  oculos  majora  ad  crimina.     Confer 

Conductum  latronem,  incendia  sulfure  c(Epta 

Atque  dolo,  primes  quum  janua  colligit  ignes  : 

Confer  et  hos,  veteris  qui  tollunt  grandia  templi 

Pocula  adorandaj  robiginis,  et  populorum 

Dona,  vel  antiquo  positas  a  rege  coronas. 

Haec  ibi  si  non  sunt,  minor  exstat  sacrilegus,  qui  150 

Kadat  inaurati  femur  Herculis  et  faciem  ipsam 

Neptuni ;  qui  bracteolam  de  Castore  ducat. 

An  dubitet,  solitus  totum  conflare  Tonantem? 

Confer  et  artifices  mercatoremque  veneni, 

Et  deducendum  corio  bovis  in  mare,  cum  quo 

Clauditur  adversis  innoxia  simia  fatis. 

Haec  quota  pars  scelerum,  quas  custos  Gallicus  urbis 

Usque  a  Lucifero,  donee  lux  occidat,  audit? 

Humani  generis  mores  tibi  nosse  volenti 

Sufficit  una  domus.     Paucos  consume  dies,  et  160 

Dicere  te  miserum,  postquam  illinc  veneris,  aude. 

Quis  tumidum  guttur  miratur  in  Alpibus  ?  aut  quis 

In  Meroe  crasso  majorem  infante  mamillam'? 

Caerula  quis  stupuit  Germani  lumina,  flavam 


66 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Caesariem  et  madido  torquentem  cornua  cirro  t 
Nempc  quod  ha?c  illis  natura  est  omnibus  una. 
Ad  subitas  Thracum  volucres  nubemque  sonoram 
Fygmaeus  parvis  currit  bellator  in  armis : 
Mox  impar  hosti  raptusque  per  aera  curvis 
Unguibus  a  sajva  fertur  grue.     Si  videas  hoc  170 

Gentibus  in  nostris,  risu  quatiare :  sed  illic, 
Quanquam  eadem  assidue  spectentur  prcelia,  *idet 
Nemo,  ubi  tota  cohors  pcde  non  est  altior  uno. 
"NuUane  perjuri  capitis  fraudisquc  nefandae 
Poena  erit?"     Abreptum  crcde  hunc  graviorc  catena 
Protinus,  et  nostro  (quid  plus  velit  ira  ?)  necari 
Arbitrio :  manet  ilia  tamen  jactura,  nee  unquam 
Depositum  tibi  sospes  erit :  sed  corpore  trunco 
Invidiosa  dabit  minimus  solatir  ^^anguis : 
At  vindicta  bonum  vita  jucundius  ipsa.  180 

Nempe  hoc  indocti,  quorum  pra^cordia  nullis 
Interdum  aut  levibus  videas  flagrantia  causis. 
Quantulacunque  adeo  est  occasio,  sufficit  irae : 
Chrysippus  non  dicet  idem,  nee  mite  Thaletis 
Ingenium,  dulcique  senex  vicinus  Hymetto, 
Qui  partem  accepta)  saiva  inter  vincla  cicutas 
Accusatori  noUet  daie.     Plurima  felix 
PauUatim  vitia  atque  en*ores  exuit  omnes, 
Prima  docet  rectum  Sapientia :  quippe  minuti 
Semper  et  infirmi  est  animi  exiguique  voluptas  190 

Ultio.     Continno  sic  coUige,  quod  vindicta 
Nemo  magis  gaudet,  quam  femina.     Cur  tamen  hos  tu 
Evasisse  putes,  quos  diri  conscia  facti 
Mens  habet  attonitos  et  surdo  verbere  cajdit 
Occultum  quatiente  animo  tortore  flagellum  ? 
Poena  autem  vehemens  ac  multo  sa^vior  illis, 
Quas  et  Caedicius  gravis  invcnit  aut  Khadamanthus, 
Nocte  dieque  suum  gestare  in  pectore  testem. 
Spartano  cuidam  respondit  Pythia  vates : 


I 


SATIRA    XIII. 

Haud  impunitum  quondam  fore,  quod  dubitaret 
Dciwsitum  retinere  et  fraudem  jure  tueri 
Jurando:  qu«rebat  enim,  qu»  numinis  esset 
Mens,  et  an  hoc  illi  facinus  suaderet  ApoUo' 
Eeddidit  ergo  metu,  non  moribus;  et  tamen  omnem 
Vocem  adyt.  d.gnam  templo  veramque  probavit 
Exstmctus  tota  pariter  cum  prole  domoque        ' 
Et.  quamvis  longa  deductis  gente,  propinquis. 
Has  patitur  p<enas  peccandi  sola  voluntas 
Nam  scelus  intra  se  taciturn  qui  cogitat  uUum, 
Fact,  cnmen  habet.     "  Cedo,  si  conata  per^git  r- 
Perpetua  anxietas  nee  mensa,  tempore  cessat!    " 
Faucibus,  ut  morbo,  siccis  interque  molares 
Diffich  crescente  cibo:  Setina  misellus 
Exspuu ;  Albani  veteris  pretiosa  senectus 
Disphcet ;  ostendas  melius,  densissima  ruga 
Coguur  m  frontem,  velut  acri  ducta  Falemo 
Nocte  brevem  si  forte  indulsit  cura  soporem, 
tt  toto  versata  toro  jam  membra  quiescunt, 
Contmuo  templum  et  violati  numinis  aras 
Et,  quod  pnccipuis  mentem  sudoribus  urgct 
To  videt  in  somnis;  tua  sacra  et  major  ima^o 
Humana  turbat  pavidum  cogitque  fatcri.      ° 
H.  sunt,  qui  trepidant  et  ad  omnia  fulgura  pallent 
^uum  tonat,  exanimes  primo  quoque  murmure  C(Bli; 
Non  quasi  fortuitus,  nee  rentorum  rabie,  sed 
Iratus  cadat  in  terras  et  judicet  ignis. 
Ilia  nihil  nocuit,  cura  graviore  timetur 
Proxima  tempestas,  velut  hoc  dilata  serene. 
Praterea,  lateris  vigili  cum  febre  dolorem 
Si  coepere  pati,  missum  ad  sua  corpora  morbum 
Infesto  credunt  a  numine ;  saxa  Deorum 
Haec  et  tela  putant.     Pecudem  spondere  sacello 
«alantem  et  Laribus  cristam  promittere  gaUi 
Non  audent:  quid  enim  sperarc  nocentibus  isoris 


87 
200 


210 


220 


230 


i8 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALIS 


Concessumt  vel  quae  non  dignior  hostia  vita? 

Mobilis  et  varia  est  ferme  natura  malorum. 

Quum  scelus  admittunt,  supcrest  constantia :  quiji  fas 

Atque  nefas,  tandem  incipiunt  scntire  peractis 

Criminibus.     Tamen  ad  mores  natura  recurrit 

Damnatos,  fixa  et  mutari  nescia.     Nam  quia  240 

Peccandi  finem  posuit  sibi  1  quando  recepit 

Ejectum  semel  attrita  de  fronte  ruborem  T 

Quisnam  hominum  est,  quem  tu  contentum  vidcris  uno 

Flagitio?     Dabit  in  laqueum  vestigia  noster 

Perfidus  et  nigri  patietur  careens  uncum, 

Aut  maris  -^gaei  rupem  scopulosque  frequcntes 

Exsulibus  magnis.     Poena  gaudebis  amara 

Nominis  invisi  tandemque  fatebere  laetus, 

Nee  surdum,  nee  Tiresiam  quenquam  esse  Deorum. 


SATIRA    XIV. 


69 


SATIRA  XIV. 

Plurima  sunt,  Fuscine,  et  fama  digna  sinistra 

Et  nitidis  maculam  haesuram  figentia  rebus, 

Quae  monstrant  ipsi  pueris  traduntque  parentes. 

Si  damnosa  senera  juvat  alea,  ludit  «t  heres 

Bullatus,  parvoque  eadem  movet  anna  fritillo. 

Nee  melius  de  se  cuiquam  sperare  propinquo 

Concedet  juvenis,  qui  radere  tubera  terrae, 

Boletum  condire  et  eodem  jure  natantes 

Mergere  ficedulas  didicit,  nebulone  parente 

Et  cana  monstrante  gula.     Quum  Septimus  annus  10 

Transient  puero,  nondum  omni  dente  renato, 

Barbatos  Hcet  admoveas  miUe  inde  magistros, 

Hinc  totidem,  cupiet  lauto  ccenare  paratu 

Semper,  et  a  magna  non  degenerare  culina. 

Mitem  animum  et  mores  modicis  en-oribus  aequos    ' 

Pnecipit,  atque  animas  servorum  et  corpora  nostra 

Materia  constare  putat  paribusque  dementis  * 

An  s^vire  docet  Rutilus,  qui  gaudet  acerbo 

Plagarum  strepitu  et  nullam  Sirena  flagellis 

Comparat,  Antiphates  trepidi  Laris  ac  PolTphemus,       20 

1  ura^feUx,  quoties  aliquis  tortore  vocato 

Uritur  ardenti  duo  propter  lintea  ferro  1 

Quid  suadet  juveni  lastus  stridore  catena, 

Quem  mire  afficiunt  inscripta  ergastula,  career 
Rusticus  ? 

Sic  natura  jubet :  velocius  et  citius  nos 

Comimpunt  vitionim  exempla  domestica,  magnis 

Quum  subcunt  animos  auctoribus.     Unus  et  alter 

Forsitan  hac  spemant  juvenes,  quibus  arte  benigna 

Et  meHore  luto  finxit  pracordia  Titan  :  3q 

Sed  reliquos  fugienda  patrum  vestigia  ducunt, 


I 


u 


i 


1 


70 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Et  monstrata  diu  veteris  trahit  orbita  culpa. 
Abstineas  igitur  daninandis:  bujus  cnim  vel 
Una  potens  ratio  est,  ne  crimina  nostra  sequantur 
Ex  nobis  geniti :  quoniam  docilcs  imitandis 
Turpibus  ac  pravis  omnes  sumus,  et  Catilinam 
Quocunquc  in  populo  videas,  quocunque  sub  axe : 
Sed  nee  Brutus  crit,  13ruti  nee  avunculus  usquam. 
Nil  dietu  foedum  visuque  haie  limina  tangat, 
Intra  quae  puer  est. 

Maxima  debetur  puero  reverentia.     Si  quid 
Turpe  paras,  ne  tu  pueri  eontemscris  annos, 
Sed  peecaturo  obstet  tibi  filius  infans. 
Nam  si  quid  dignum  Censoris  feeerit  ira 
Quandoque,  et  similem  tibi  so  non  eorpore  tantum 
Nee  vultu  dederit,  morum  quoque  filius,  et  qui 
Omnia  detenus  tua  per  vestigia  peccet : 
Corripies  nimirum  et  castigabis  aeerbo 
Clamor^  ac  post  hajc  tabulas  mutare  parabis ! 
Unde  tibi  frontem  libertatcraque  parentis, 
Quum  facias  pejora  senex  vacuumque  cerebro 
Jam  pridem  caput  hoc  ventosa  cucurbita  quadrat  t 

Hospite  venturo,  cessabit  nemo  tuorum. 
"  Verre  pavimentum,  nitidas  ostende  columnas, 
Arida  cum  tota  descCndat  aranea  tela ; 
' Hie  leve  argentum,  vasa  aspera  tergeat  alter:" 
Vox  domini  furit  instantis  virgamque  tenentis. 
Ergo  miser  trepidas,  ne  stercore  focda  canino 
Atria  displiceant  oculis  venientis  amici, 
Ne  perfusa  luto  sit  porticus  (et  tamen  uno 
Semodio  scobis  haec  emendat  servulus  unus) : 
Illud  non  agitas,  ut  sanctam  filius  omni 
Aspiciat  sine  labe  domum  vitioque  carentemt 
Gratum  est,  quod  patriae  civem  populoque  dedisti, 
Si  facis,  ut  patriae  sit  idoneus,  utilis  agris, 
Utilis  et  bellorum  et  pacis  rebus  agcndis. 


40 


50 


60 


8ATIRA    XIV. 


71 


80) 


Plurimum  enim  intererit,  quibus  artibus  et  quibus  hunc  tu 
Moribus  instituas.     Serpente  ciconia  puUos 
Nutrit  et  invcnta  per  devia  rura  lacerta: 
Illi  eadem  sumtis  quajrunt  animalia  pinnis.  70 

r  Vultur,  jumento  et  canibus  crucibusque  relictis, 

Ad  fetus  properat,  partemque  cadaveris  affert. 
Hie  est  ergo  cibus  magni  quoque  vulturis  et  se 
Pascentis,  propria  quum  jam  facit  arbore  nidos. 
Sed  leporem  aut  capream  famula3  Jovis  et  generosae 
In  saltu  venantur  aves :  hinc  prajda  cubili 
Ponitur ;  inde  autem,  quum  se  matura  levarit 
Progenies  stimulantc  fame,  festinat  ad  illam, 
Quam  primum  proedam  rupto  gustaverat  ovo. 

iEdificator  crat  Cetronius  et  modo  curvo 
Litore  Caieta?,  summa  nunc  Tiburis  arce, 
Nunc  Praenestinis  in  montibus  alta  parabat 
Culmina  villarum,  Graecis  longeque  petitis 
Marmoribus,  vincens  Fortunaj  atque  Herculis  a^dem: 
Ut  spado  vincebat  Capitolia  nostra  Posides. 
Dum  sic  ergo  habitat  Cetronius,  imminuit  rem, 
Fregit  opes,  nee  parva  tamen  mensura  relictse 
Partis  erat :  totam  banc  turbavit  filius  amens, 
Dum  meliore  novas  attollit  marmore  villas. 

Quidam  sortiti  metuentem  sabbata  patrem,  qq 

Nil  praeter  nubes  et  coeli  numen  adorant, 
Nee  distare  putant  humana  came  suillam, 
Qua  pater  abstinuit ; 
Romanas  autem  soliti  contemnere  leges, 
Judaicum  ediscunt  Jt  servant  ac  metuunt  jus,     " 
Tradidit  arcano  quodcunque  volumine  Moses. 
Sed  pater  in  causa,  cui  ^eptima  quseque  fuit  lux 
Ignava,  et  partem  vita3  non  attigit  uUam. 

Sponte  tamen  juvenes  imitantur  cetera ;  solam 
Inviti  quoque  avaritiam  exercere  jubentur.  iqq 

Fallit  enim  vitium  specie  virtutis  et  umbra, 


I 


^^ 


72 


D.  JUNH    JUVENALIS 


1 


Quum  sit  triste  habitu  vultuquc  ct  veste  scverum. 

Nee  dubie  tanquam  frugi  laudator  avarus, 

Tanquam  parcus  homo,  et  rerum  tutela  suarum 

Certa  magis,  quam  si  fortunas  servet  easdem 

Hesperidum  serpens  aut  Ponticus.     Adde  quod  hunc,  de 

Quo  loquor,  egr^um  populus  putat  acquirendi 

Artificem :  quippe  his  crescunt  patrimonia  fabris! 

Sed  crescunt  quocunque  modo  majoraque  fiunt 

Incude  assidua  scmperque  ardentc  camino.  110 

Et  pater  ergo  animi  felices  credit  avaros, 

Qui  miratur  opes,  qui  nulla  excmpla  beat! 

Pauperis  esse  putat :  juvenes  hortatur,  ut  illam 

Ire  viam  pergant,  et  eidcm  incumbere  scctaj. 

Sunt  quaedam  vitiorum  elementa :  his  protinus  illoe 

Imbuit  et  cogit  minimas  ediscere  sordes. 

Mox  acquirendi  docct  insatiabile  votum. 

Servorum  ventres  modio  castigat  iniquo, 

Ipse  quoque  esuriens :  neque  cnim  omnia  sustinct  unquam 

Mucida  cajrulei  panis  consumere  frusta,  120 

Hestemum  solitus  medio  servare  minutal 

Septembri,  nee  non  differre  in  tempora  cajnae 

Alterius  conchem  aestivi  cum  parte  laccrti 

Signatam,  vel  dimidio  putrique  siluro, 

Filaque  sectivi  numerata  includerc  porri. 

Invitatus  ad  haee  aliquis  de  ponte  negabit. 

Sed  quo  divitias  haec  per  tormenta  coactas, 

Quum  furor  baud  dubius,  quum  sit  manifesta  phrenesis, 

Ut  locuples  moriaris,  egentis  vivcre  fato  ? 

Interea  pleno  quum  turget  sacculus  ore,  130 

Crescit  amor  nummi,  quantum  ipsa  pecunia  crevit ; 

Et  minus  banc  optat  qui  non  habct»     Ergo  paratur 

Altera  villa  tibi,  quum  rus  non  sufHcit  unum, 

Et  proferre  libet  fines,  majorque  videtur 

Et  melior  vicina  seges :  mercaris  et  banc  ct 

Arbusta  et  densa  montem  qui  canet  oliva. 


SATIRA    XIV. 


73 


Quorum  si  pretio  dominus  non  vincitur  uUo 
Nocte  boves  macri  lassoque  famelica  collo 
Jumenta  ad  virides  hujus  mittuntur  aristas; 
Nee  prius  inde  domum,  quam  tota  novalia  ssevos  liQ 

In  venues  abeant,  ut  credas  falcibus  actum. 
Dicere  vix  possis,  quam  multi  talia  plorent, 
Et  quot  venales  injuria  fecerit  agros. 
Sed  qui  sermones !  quam  foedaj  buccina  famse ! 
"  Quid  nocet  h^c  r  inquit.     «  Tunicam  mihi  lato  lupini, 
Quam  si  me  toto  laudet  vicinia  pago, 
Exigui  ruris  paucissima  farra  secantem." 
Scilicet  et  morbis  et  debilitate  carebis, 
Et  luctum  et  curam  effugies,  et  tempora  vitae 
Longa  tibi  post  haec  fato  meliore  dabuntur,  150 

Si  tantum  eulti  solus  possederis  agri. 
Quantum  sub  Tatio  populus  Romanus  arabat. 
Mox  etiam  fractis  aetate  ac  Punica  passis 
ProeUa,  vel  Pjrrhum  immanem,  gladiosque  Molossos, 
Tandem  pro  multis  vix  jugera  bina  dabantur 
Vubieribus.     Merces  haec  sanguinis  atque  laboris 
Nullis  visa  unquam  meritis  minor,  aut  ingratae 
Curta  fides  patriae.     Saturabat  glebula  talis 
Patrem  ipsum  turbamque  casae,  qua  feta  jacebat 
Uxor,  et  infantes  ludebant  quatuor,  unus  Iqq 

Vemula,  tres  domini ;  sed  magnis  fratribus  horum 
A  scrobe  vel  sulco  redeuntibus,  altera  coena 
Amplior  et  grandes  fumabant  pultibus  ollae. 
Nunc  modus  hie  agri  nostro  non  suffieit  horto. 
Inde  fere  seelerum  causae ;  nee  plura  venena    ' 
Miscuit,  aut  ferro  grassatur  saepius  uUum 
Humanae  mentis  vitium,  quam  saeva  cupido 
Immodici  census :  nam  dives  qui  fieri  vult, 
Et  cito  vult  fieri.     Sed  quae  reverentia  legum, 
Quis  metus  aut  pudor  est  unquam  properantis  avari  ?    170 
"  Vivite  content!  casulis  et  collibus  istis, 

D 


74 


D.  JUNH   JUVENALIS 


O  pueri !"     Marsus  diccbat  et  Hernicns  olim 

Vestinusque  scnex ;  '*pancra  quaeranius  aratro, 

Qui  satis  est  mensis:  laudant  hoc  nuraina  runs. 

Quorum  ope  et  auxilio  gratic  post  munus  aristae 

Contingunt  homini  veteris  fastidia  quercus. 

Nil  vetitum  fecisse  volet,  quem  non  pudet  alto 

Per  glaciem  perone  tegi,  qui  summovet  Euros 

Pellibus  inversis.     Peregrina  ignotaque  nobis 

Ad  scelns  atque  nefas,  quaecunque  est,  purpura  ducit/'  180 

Haec  illi  vetercs  prajcepta  minoribus:  at  nunc 
Post  finem  autumni  media  de  nocte  supinum 
Clamosus  juvenem  pater  excitat:  «  Accipe  ceras, 
Scribe,  puer,  vigila,  causas  age,  periege  rubraa 
Majorum  leges,  aut  vitera  posce  libello. 
Sed  caput  intactum  buxo  narcsque  pilosas 
Annotet,  et  grandes  miretur  Laelius  alas. 
Dime  Maurorum  attegias,  castella  Brigantum, 
Ut  locupletem  aquilam  tibi  sexagesimus  annus 
Afferat :  aut,  l«ngos  castrorum  ferre  labores  190 

Si  piget,  et  trepidum  solvunt  tibi  cornua  ventrem 
Cum  lituis  audita,  pares,  quod  vendere  possis 
Pluris  dimidio,  nee  te  fastidia  mercis 
ITllius  subeant  ableganda?  Tiberim  ultra, 
Neu  credas  ponendum  aliquid  discriminis  inter 
Unguenta  et  corium.     Lucri  b6nu8  est  odor  ex  re 
Qualibet.     Ilia  tuo  sententia  semper  in  ore 
Versetur,  Dis  atque  ipso  Jove  digna,  poetse : 
Unde  habeas,  qua^rit  nemo :  sed  oportet  habere." 
Hoc  monstrant  vetulaj  pueris  repentibus  assae,  200 

Hoc  discunt  omnes  ante  alpha  et  beta  puell». 
Talibus  instantem  monitis  quemcunque  parentem 
Sic  possem  affari :  "  Die,  o  vanissime,  quis  te 
Festinare  jubet  1  meliorem  pra^sto  magistro 
Discipulum.     Securus  abi :  vinceris,  ut  Ajax 
PrsBteriit  Telamonem,  ut  Pelea  vicit  Achilles. 


8ATIRA   XIV. 


220 


Parcendum  est  teneris ;  nondum  implevere  meduUas 

Mature  mala  nequitiae.     Quum  pectere  barbam 

Coeperit,  et  longi  mucronem  admittere  cultri 

Falsus  erit  testis,  vendet  perjuria  summa 

Exigua,  Cereris  tangens  aramque  pedemque. 

Elatam  jam  crede  nurum,  si  limina  vestra 

Mortifera  cum  dote  subit.     Quibus  ilia  premetur 

Per  somnum  digitis!  nam  qu^  terraque  marique 

Acquirenda  putas,  brevior  via  conferet  illi 

Nullus  enim  magni  sceleris  labor."     « H.c  ego  nunquam 

Mandavi,"  dices  ohm,  "  nee  talia  suasi." 

Mentis  causa  malaj  tamen  est  et  origo  penes  te 

Nam  quisquis  magni  census  prsecepit  amorem 

Et  laevo  monitu  pueros  producit  avaros, 

[Et  qui  per  fraudes  patrimonia  conduplicare] 

Dat  libertatem,  et  totas  effundit  habenas 

Curriculo:  quem  si  revoces,  subsistere  nescit 

Et  te  contemto  rapitur  metisque  relictis         ' 

Nemo  satis  credit  tantum  delinquere,  qJantum 

I  ermittas :  adeo  indulgent  sibi  latius  ipsi. 

Quum  dicis  juveni,  stultum,  qui  donet  amico. 

Qui  paupertatem  levet  attollatque  propinqui- 

Et  spohare  doces  et  circumscribere  et  omni    ' 

Crimme  divitias  acquirere,  quarum  amor  in  te 

Dilexit  Thebas,  si  Gnecia  vera,  Menceceus : 
In  quorum  sulcis  legiones  dentibus  anguis 
Cum  clypeis  nascuntur,  et  horrida  bella  capessunt 
Contmuo,  tanquam  et  tubicen  surrexerit  una 
^rgo  ignem,  cujus  scintillas  ipse  dedisti, 
Flagrantem  late  et  rapientem  cuncta  videbis. 
Nee  tibi  parcetur  misero,  trepidumque  magistrum 
In  cavea  magno  fremitu  leo  toilet  alumnul 

Exspectare  colus.     Morteris  stamine  nondum 


75 


210 


230 


240 


' '  i 


'W  ' 


76 


D.  JUNII   JUVENALIS 


Abrupto.     Jam  nunc  obstas  et  vota  moraris, 

Jam  torquet  juvenem  longa  et  cervina  scnectus. 

Ocius  Archigenen  quaere,  atque  eme  quod  Mithridates 

Composuit,  si  vis  aliam  decerpere  ficum 

Atque  alias  tractare  rosas.     Medicamen  habendum  est, 

Sorbere  ante  cibum  quod  debeat  et  pater  et  rex. 

Monstro  voluptatem  egregiam,  cui  nulla  theatra, 
N^ulla  aequare  queas  praetoris  pulpita  lauti, 
Bi  spectes,  quanto  capitis  discrimine  constent  250 

Incrementa  domus,  aerata  multus  in  area 
Fiscus,  et  ad  vigilem  ponendi  Castora  nummi, 
Ex  quo  Mars  Ultor  galeam  qnoque  perdidit,  et  res 
Non  potuit  servare  suas.     Ergo  omnia  Flone 
Et  Cereris  licet  et  Cybeles  aulaca  relinquas : 
Tanto  majores  humana  negotia  ludi. 

An  magis  oblectant  animum  jactata  petauro 
Corpora,  quique  solet  rectum  descendere  funem, 
Quam  tu,  Corycia  semper  qui  puppe  moraris 
Atque  habitas,  Coro  semper  toUendus  et  Austro,  260 

Perditus  ac  vilis  sacci  mercator  olentis; 
Qui  gaudes  pingue  antiquse  de  litore  Cretae 
Passum,  et  municipes  Jovis  advexisse  lagenas  1 
Hie  tamen  ancipiti  iigens  vestigia  planta 
Victum  ilia  mercede  parat,  bruraamque  famemque 
Ilia  reste  cavet :  tu  propter  mille  talenta 
Et  centum  villas  temerarius.     Aspice  portus 
Et  plenum  magnis  trabibus  mare ;  plus  hominum  est  jam 
In  pelago ;  veniet  classis,  quocunque  vocarit 
Spes  lucri,  nee  Carpatbium  Gaetulaque  tantum  270 

.^uora  transiliet,  sed,  longe  Calpe  relicta, 
Audiet  HerciUeo  stridentem  gurgite  solem. 
Grande  operae  pretium  est,  ut  tenso  foUe  reverti 
Inde  domum  possis,  tumidaque  superbus  aluta, 
Oceani  monstra  et  juvenes  vidisse  marinos. 
Non  unus  mentes  agitat  furor.    Die  sororii 


A 


SATIRA    XIV. 


77 


In  raanibus  vultu  Eumenidum  terretur  et  igni. 
Hie  bove  percusso  mugire  Agamomnoiia  credit 
Aut  Ithacum.     Parcat  tunicis  licet  atque  laccrnis 
Cunitoris  cgct  qui  navem  mercibus  implct  '        280 

Ad  summum  latus,  et  tabula  distinguitur  unda 
Quum  sit  causa  mali  tanti  et  discriminis  hujns  ' 
Concisum  argentum  in  titulos  faciesque  minutas 

Occurrunt  nubes  et  fulgura:  "solvite  funem  " 

Frumenti  dominus  clamat  piperisque  coemti- 

"Nil  color  hie  coeli,  nil  fascia  nigra  minatur; 

^tivum  tonat."     Infelix  hac  forsitan  ipsa 

Nocte  cadet  fractis  trabibus,  fluctuque  premctur 

Obrutus,  et  zonam  la;va  morsuque  tcnebit. 

Sed  cujus  votis  modo  non  suffecerat  aurum,  290 

Quod  Tagus  et  rutila  volvit  Pactolus  arena, 

Frigida  sufficient  velantes  inguina  panni 

Exiguusque  cibus,  mersa  rate  naufragus  assem 

Dum  rogat,  et  picta  se  tempestate  tuetur. 

Tantis  parta  malis  cura  majore  metuque 
Servantur.     Misera  est  magni  custodia  census. 
Dispositis  pnedives  I.amis  vigilare  cohortem 
Servorum  noctu  Licinus  jubet,  attonitus  pro 
Electro  signisque  suis  Phrygiaquo  columna, 
Atque  ebore  ct  lata  testudinc.     Dolia  nudi  SOO 

Non  ardent  Cynici ;  si  fregeris,  altera  fiet 
Cras  domus,  aut  eadem  plumbo  commissa  manebit 
f>ensit  Alexander,  testa  quum  vidit  in  ilia 
Magnum  habitatorera,  quanto  felicior  hie,  qui 
Nil  cuperet,  quam  qui  totum  sibi  posceret  orbem, 
1  assurus  gestis  a;quanda  pericula  rebus. 
NuUum  numon  babes,  si  sit  prudentia :  nos  te, 
Nos  facimus,  Fortuna,  Beam.     Mensura  tamen  qu»         " 
Sufflcat  census,  si  quis  me  consulat,  edam  : 
In  quantum  sitis  atque  fames  et  frigora  poscunt,  810 

Quantum,  Epicure,  tibi  parvis  suffecit  in  hortis. 


I 


i-m'-'*-'' 


78 


D.   JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Quantum  Socratici  ceperunt  ante  penates. 
Nunquam  aliud  natura,  aliud  sapicntia  dicit 

Acribus  exemplis  videor  te  claudere.     Misce 
Ergo  aliquid  nostris  dc  moribus :  cffice  sunimam, 
Bis  septem  ordinibus  quam  lex  dignatur  Othonis, 
Ilaec  quoque  si  rugam  trahit  extenditquc  labellum, 
Sume  duos  Equites,  fac  tertia  quadringenta. 
Si  nondum  implevi  gremium,  si  panditur  ultra, 
Nee  Croesi  fortuna  unquam,  nee  Persica  regna 
Sufficient  animo,  nee  divitiae  Narcissi, 
Indulsit  Caesar  cui  Claudius  omnia,  cujus 
Paruit  imperiis,  uxorem  occidere  jussus. 


820 


SATIRA    XV. 


79 


SATIRA  XV. 
Quis  nescit,  Volusi  Bithynice,  qualia  demens 
^gyptus  portenta  colat  ?     Crocodilon  adorat 
Pars  hajc,  ilia  pavet  saturam  serpen tibus  ibin. 
Effigies  sacri  nitet  aurea  cercopitheci, 
Dimidio  magiciE  resonant  ubi  Memnone  chordae, 
Atque  vetus  Thebe  centum  jacet  obruta   portis. 
Ulic  aeluros,  hie  piscem  fluminis,  illic 
Oppida  tota  canem  venerantur,  nemo  Dianam. 
Porrum  et  cjepe  nefas  violare  et  frangcre  morsu. 
O  sanctas  gentes,  quibus  hac  nascuntur  in  hortis  10 

Numina !     Lanatis  animalibus  abstinet  omnis 
Mensa;  nefas  illic  fetum  jugulare  capellae: 
Carnibus  humanis  vesci  licet.     Attonito  quum 
Tale  super  coenam  facinus  narraret  Ulixes 
Alcinoo,  bilem  aut  risum  fortasse  quibusdam 
Moverat,  ut  mendax  aretalogus.     "  In  mare  nemo 
Hunc  abicit,  saeva  dignum  veraquc  Charybdi, 
Fingentem  immanes  La^stiygonas  atque  Cjclopas? 
Nam  citius  Scyllam  vel  concurrentia  j^axa 
Cjanea,  plenos  et  tempestatibus  utrcs  20 

Crediderim,  aut  tenui  percussum  verbere  Circes 
Et  cum  remigibus  grunnisse  Elpenora  porcis. 
Tarn  vacui  capitis  populum  Phajaca  putavit?" 
Sic  aliquis  merito  nondum  ebrius,  et  minimum  qui 
De  Corcyraea  temetum  duxerat  urna  : 
Solus  enim  hjBc  Ithacus  nullo  sub  teste  canebat. 
Nos  miranda  quidem,  sed  nuper  consule  Junio 
Gesta  super  caliche  referemus  moenia  Copti, 
Nos  vulgi  scelus  et  cunctis  graviora  cothumis. 
Nam  scelus,  a  Pyrrha  quamquam  omnia  syrmata  volvas,  30 
Nullus  apud  tragicos  populus  facit.     Accipe,  nostro 
l>ira  quod  exemplum  feritas  produxerit  aivo. 


K 


\1 


li^ 


80 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


Inter  finitimos  vetus  atque  antiqua  simultas, 
Immortale  odium  et  nunquam  sanabile  vulnus 
Ardet  adhuc,  Ombos  et  Tentyra.     Summus  utrinque 
Inde  furor  vulgo,  quod  numina  vickiorura 
Odit  uterque  locus,  quum  solos  credat  habendos 
Esse  Deos,  quos  ipse  colit.     Sed  tempore  festo 
Alterius  populi  rapienda  occasio  cunctis 
Visa  inimicorum  primoribus  ac  ducibus,  ne  40 

Laetum  Lilaremque  diem,  ne  magnae  gaudia  coenae 
Sentirent,  positis  ad  templa  et  com  pita  mensis 
Pervigilique  toro,  quem  nocte  ac  luce  jacentem 
Septimus  interdum  sol  invenit.     Horrida  sane 
-^Igyptus ;  sed  luxuria,  quantum  ipse  notavi, 
Barbara  famoso  non  cedit  turba  Canopo. 
Adde,  quod  et  facilis  victoria  de  madidis  et 
Blaesis  atque  mero  titubantibus.     Inde  virorum 
Saltatus  nigro  tibicinc,  qualiacunque 
Unguenta  et  flores  multajque  in  frontc  coronaj :  60 

Hinc  jejunum  odium.     Sed  jurgia  prima  sonare 
Incipiunt  animis  ardentibus  :  liaec  tuba  rixa3. 
Dein  clamore  pari  concurritur,  et  vice  teli 
Saevit  nuda  manus :  paucae  sine  vulnere  malae ; 
Vix  cuiquam  aut  nulli  toto  certamine  nasus 
Integer.     Aspiccres  jam  cuncta  per  agmina  vultus 
Dimidios,  alias  facies  et  biantia  ruptis 
Ossa  genis,  plenos  oculorum  sanguine  pugnos. 
Ludere  se  credunt  ipsi  tamen  et  pueriles 
Exercere  acies,  quod  nulla  cadavera  calcent :  60 

Et  sane  quo  tot  rixantis  millia  turbae. 
Si  vivunt  omnes?     Ergo  acrior  impetus,  et  jam 
Saxa  inclinatis  per  humum  quaesita  lacertis 
Incipiunt  torquere,  domestica  seditioni 
Tela;  nee  bunc  lapidem,  quales  et  Tumus  et  Ajax, 
Vel  quo  Tydides  percussit  pondere  coxam 
-^jieae ;  sed  quem  valeant  emittere  dextrae 


SATIRA    XV. 


81 


70 


mis  dissimiles  et  nostro  tempore  natje. 
Nam  genus  hoc  vivo  jam  decrescebat 'Homero. 
Terra  malos  homines  nunc  educat  atque  pusillos- 
Ergo  Deus,  quicunque  aspexit,  ridet  et  odit. 

A  diverticulo  repetatur  fabula.     Postquam 
Subsidiis  aucti,  pars  altera  promere  ferrum 
Audet,  et  infestis  pugnam  instaurare  sagittis- 
Terga  fuga  celeri  praestantibus  omnibus,  instant 
Qui  vicina  colunt  umbrosse  Tentyra  palmse. 
Labitur  hinc  quidam,  nimia  formidine  cursum 
PnBCipitans,  capiturque:  ast  ilhmi  in  plurima  sectum 
J^rusta  et  particulas,  ut  multis  mortuus  unus 
Sufficeret,  totum  corrosis  ossibus  edit  gg 

Victrix  turba :  nee  ardenti  decoxit  aeno 
Aut  verubus :  longum  usque  adeo  tardumque  putavit 
J^xspectare  focos,  contenta  cadavere  crudo. 
Hie  gaudere  libet,  quod  non  violaverit  icrnem 
Quem  summa  coeli  raptum  de  parte  Prometheus 
Donavit  terris.     Elemento  gratulor,  et  te 
Exsultare  reor.     Sed  qui  mordere  cadaver 
Sustinuit,  nil  unquam  hac  carne  libentius  edit 
Nam  scelere  in  tanto  ne  qu^ras  et  dubitcs,  an 
1  nma  voluptatem  gula  senserit.     Ultimus  autem. 
Qui  stetit  absumto  jam  toto  corpore,  ductis 
Per  terram  digitis,  aliquid  de  sanguine  gustat. 
Vascones,  ha^c  fama  est,  alimentis  talibus  olim 
1  roduxere  animas:  sed  res  diversa,  sed  iUic 
Fortune  invidia  est  bellorumque  ultima,  casus 
^xtremi,  longaj  dira  obsidionis  egcstas. 
Hujus  enim,  quod  nunc  agitur,  miserabile  debet 
Exempium  esse  cibi :  sicut  modo  dicta  mihi  gens 
Post  omnes  herbas,  post  cuncta  animalia,  quidquid 
Cogebat  vacui  ventris  furor,  hostibus  ipsis 
I-allorem  ac  maciem  et  tenues  miscrantibus  artus. 
Membra  ahena  fame  lacerabant,  esse  parati 

D2 


90 


100 


82 


D.  JUNII    JUVENALIS 


SATIRA    XV. 


!||| 


i 


Et  sua.     Quisnam  hominum  veniam  dare,  quisve  Deorum 

Viribus  abnuerit  dira  atque  immania  passis, 

Et  quibus  illorum  poterant  ignoscere  manes, 

Quorum  corporibus  vescebantur?     Melius  nos 

Zenonis  praecepta  monent;  nee  enim  omnia,  quaedam 

JPro  vita  facienda  putat.     Sed  Cantaber  undo 

Stoicus,  antiqui  praesertim  aetate  Metelli? 

Nunc  totus  Graias  nostrasque  habet  orbis  Atheoas.        110 

Gallia  causidicos  docuit  facunda  Britannos : 

De  condu£endo  loquitur  jam  rhetore  Thule. 

Nobilis  ille  tamen  populus,  quern  diximus,  et  par 

Virtute  atque  fide,  sed  major  clade,  Saguntus 

Tale  quid  excusat.     Macotide  saevior  ara 

JEgTptus :  quippe  ilia  nefandi  Taurica  sacri 

Inventrix  homines  (ut  jam,  quae  carmina  tradunt, 

Digna  fide  credas)  tantum  immolat,  ultcrius  nil 

Aut  gravius  cultro  timet  hostia.     Quis  modo  casus 

Impulit  bos  ?  quae  tanta  fames  infestaque  vallo  120 

Arma  coegerunt  tam  detestabile  monstrum 

Audere  ?     Anne  aliam,  terra  Memphitide  sicca, 

Invidiam  facercnt  nolenti.  surgere  Nilo  1 

Qua  nee  terri biles  Cimbri,  ncc  Bri tones  unquaro, 

Sauromataeque  truces  aut  immanes  Agatbjrrsi, 

Hac  saevit  rabie  imbelle  et  inutile  vulgus, 

Parvula  fictilibus  solitum  dare  vela  phaselis, 

Et  brevibus  pictae  remis  incumberc  testae. 

Nee  poenam  sceleri  invenies,  nee  digna  parabis 

Supplicia  his  populis,  in  quorum  mente  pares  sunt        130 

Et  similes  ira  atque  fames.     Mollissima  corda 

Humano  generi  dare  se  natura  fatetur, 

Quae  lacrimas  dedit :  haec  nostri  pars  optima  sensus. 

Plorare  ergo  jubet  casum  lugentis  amici 

Squaloremque  rei,  pupillum  ad  jura  vocantem 

Circumscriptorem,  cujus  manantia  fletu 

Ora  puellares  faciunt  incerta  capilli. 

Naturae  imperio  gemimus,  quum  funus  adultae 


83 


Virginis  occun-it,  vel  ten-a  clauditur  infans, 

Et  minor  ignc  rogi.     Quis  enim  bonus  et  face  dignus    140 

Arcana,  qualem  Cereris  vult  esse  siicerdos, 

Ulla  aliena  sibi  credat  mala  ?     Separat  hoc  nofi 

A  grege  mutorum,  atque  ideo  venerabile  soli 

Sortiti  ingenium,  divinorumque  capaces 

Atque  exercendis  capiendisque  artibus  apti, 

Sensum  a  coclesti  demissum  traximus  arce, ' 

Cujus  cgent  prona  et  terram  spectantia.     Mundi 

Principio  indulsit  communis  conditor  illis 

Tantum  animas,  nobis  animum  quoque,  mutuus  ut  nos 


,11 


Affectus  petere  auxilium  ct  priestare  jubcret, 
Dispcrsos  trahere  in  populum,  migrare  vetJto 
De  nemore  et  proavis  habitatas  linqupre  silvas; 
^dificare  doraos,  Laribus  conjungerc  nostris    ' 
Tectum  aliud,  tutos  vicino  limine  somnos 
Ut  collata  daret  fiducia ;  protegere  armis 
Lapsum,  aut  ingenU  nutantem  vulnere  civem, 
Communi  dare  signa  tubn,  defendier  isdem 
Turribua,  atque  una  portarum  clave  teneri. 
Sed  jam  seipcntum  major  concordia:  parcit 
€ognatis  maculis  similis  fera.     Quando  leoni 
Fortior  eripuit  vitam  leo?  quo  nemore  unquam 
Exspiravit  apcr  majoris  dentibus  apri  ? 
Indica  tigris  agit  rabida  cum  tigride  pacem 
Pcrpetuam:  sajvis  inter  se  convenit  ursis. 
Ast  homini  ferrum  letale  incude  nefanda 
Produxisse  parum  est;  quum  rastra  et  sarcula  tantum 
AssueU  coquere,  ct  marris  ac  vomcrc  lassi    " 
Ncscierint  primi  gladios  extendere  fabri. 
Aspicimus  populos,  quorum  non  sufficit  iraj 
Occidisse  aliquem;  sed  pectora,  brachia,  vultum 
Credidennt  genus  esse  cibi.     Quid  diceret  ergo, 
Vei  quo  non  fugeret,  si  nunc  ha^c  monstra  videret 
^ythagoras,  cunctis  animalibus  abstinuit  qui 
Tanquam  homine  et  ventri  indulsit  non  omne  legumen^ 


150 


160 


170 


f 


I 


i;^ 


a 


84 


D.   JUNII    JUVENALI8 


SATIRA  XVL 

Quis  numerare  queat  felicis  prsemia,  Galle, 
MilitiaB?     Nam  si  subeuntur  prospera  castra, 
Me  pavidum  excipiat  tironem  porta  secundo 
Sidere.     Plus  etenim  fati  valet  hora  bcnigni, 
Quam  si  nos  Veneris  coramendet  epistola  Marti 
Et  Samia  genitrix  qua)  dclectatur  arena. 

Commoda  tractemus  primum  communia :  quorum 
Haud  minimum  illud  erit,  ne  te  pulsare  togatus 
Audeat ;  immo  etsi  pulsetur,  dissimulet,  nee 
Audeat  excussos  prietori  ostendere  dentes,  10 

Et  Digram  in  facie  tumidis  livoribus  offam, 
Atque  oculum,  medico  nil  promittentc,  rclictum. 
Bardaicus  judex  datur  ha?c  punire  volenti, 
Calceus  et  grandes  magna  ad  subsellia  sura?, 
Legibus  antiquis  castrorum  et  more  Camilli 
Servato,  miles  ne  vallum  lltiget  extra 
Et  procul  a  signis.     Justissima  Centurionum 
Cognitio  est  igitur  de  milite;  nee  mihi  deerit 
Ultio,  si  justae  defertur  causa  querela). 
Tota  cohors  tamen  est  ijiimica,  omnesque  manipli  20 

Consensu  magno  efficiunt,  curabilis  ut  sit 
Vindicta  et  gravior  quam  injuria.     Dignum  crit  ergo 
Declamatoris  mulino  corde  Vagelli, 
Quum  duo  crura  habeas,  offendere  tot  caligas,  tot 
Millia  clavorum.     Quis  tam  procul  absit  ab  urbo 
Praeterea?  quis  tam  Py lades,  molcm  aggeris  ultra 
Ut  veniat?     Lacrimae  siccentur  protinus,  et  se 
Excusaturos  non  sollicitemus  amicos. 
Da  testem,  judex  quum  dixerit ;  audeat  illc, 
JS^escio  quis,  pugnos  qui  vidit,  dicere,  Vidi?  30 

Et  credara  dignum  barba,  dignumquc  capillis 


SATIRA    XVI. 


85 


Majorum.     Citius  falsum  producere  testem 
Contra  paganuui  possiiJ,  quam  vera  loquentem 
Contra  fortunam  armati  contraque  pudorem. 

Praemia  nunc  alia  atque  alia  emolumenta  notemus 
Sacramentorum.     Convallem  ruris  aviti 
Improbus  aut  campum  mihi  si  vicinus  ademit 
Et  sacrum  effodit  medio  de  limite  saxum, 
Quod  mea  cum  patulo  coluit  puis  annua  libo ; 
Debitor  aut  suintos  pergit  non  recldere  nummos,  40 

Vana  supervacui  dicens  chirographa  ligni : 
Exspectandus  erit,  qui  litcs  inchoet,  annus 
Totius  populi :  sed  tunc  quoque  mille  ferenda 
Taedia,  mille  monc ;  totics  subsellia  tantum 
Sternuntur ;  tum  facundo  ponentc  lacernas 
Cajdicio,  et  Fusco  jam  micturiente,  par.-ti 
Digredimur:  lentaque  fori  pugnamus  arena. 
Ast  illis,  quos  arma  tegunt  et  balteus  ambit, 
Quod  placitum  est  ipsis,  prsestatur  tempus  agendi, 
Nee  res  atteritur  longo  sufflamine  litis.  50 

Solis  pKcterea  (estandi  militibus  jus 
Vivo  patre  datur:  nam,  qua)  sunt  parta  labore 
Militia),  placuit  non  esse  in  corpore  census, 
Omne  tenet  cujus  regimen  pater.     Ergo  Coranum 
Signorum  comitem,  castrorumque  aera  merentem, 
Quamvis  jam  ti-emulus,  capiat  pater.     Hunc  favor  aequus 
Provehit,  et  pulcro  reddit  sua  dona  labori. 
Ipsius  certe  ducis  hoc  referre  videtur, 
Ut,  qui  fortis  erit,  sitlelicissimus  idem, 
Ut  laeti  phaleris  omncs  ct  torquibus  omneg,  60 


t 


r; 


A.  PERSII  FLACCI 


S  A  T  I  R  iE 


I 


f. 


A.  PERSII  FLACCI 


SATIRE. 


PROLOGUS. 

Nec  fontc  labra  prolui  caballino, 
Nee  in  bicipiti  somniasse  Parnasso 
Memini,  ut  repente  sic  poeta  prodirem : 
Helicon idasque  pallidamque  Pirenen 
Illis  remitto,  quorum  imagines  lambunt 
Iledei-a^  sequaces :  ipse  semipaganus 
Ad  sacra  vatum  carmen  aflfero  nostrum. 
Quis  expedivit  psittaco  suum  %a7pe, 
Picasque  docuit  verba  nostra  conari? 
Magister  artis  ingenique  largitor 
Venter,  negatas  artifex  sequi  voces. 
Quod  si  dolosi  spes  refulserit  nummi, 
Corvos  poetas  et  poetridas  picas 
Cantare  credas  Pegaseium  nectar. 


10 


90 


PERSn 


SATIRA  I. 

O  euros  kominum  f  o  quantum  est  in  rebus  inane  f 
"Quisleget  haecr    Min*  tu  istud  ais?    *«Nemo  hercule!" 
Nemo  ? 

"  Vel  duo,  vel  nemo ;  turpe  et  miserabile  !'*    Quare? 
Ne  mihi  Polydamas  et  Troiades  Labeonem 
Praetulerint  ?     Nugse.     Non,  si  quid  turbida  Roma 
Elevet,  accedas,  exaraenve  iraprobum  in  ilia 
Castiges  trutina ;  ncc  te  quaesiveris  extra ! 
Nam  Romas  quis  non  ...  ?  ah,  si  fas  dicere  . .  . !     Sed  fas 
Tunc,  quum  ad  canitiem  et  nostrum  istud  vivere  triste    10 
Aspexi,  ac  nucibus  facimus  quaecunque  relictis, 
Quum  sapimus  patruos ;  tunc,  tunc  ignoscite.     Nolo : 
(Quid  faciam)?  sed  sum  petulanti  splene  cachinno. 
Scribimus,  inclusus  numeros  ille,  Lie  pede  liber, 
Grande  aliquid,  quod  pulmo  animae  pnelargus  anhelet. 
Scilicet  haec  populo,  pexusque  togaquc  recenti 
Et  natalitia  tandem  cum  sardonyche  albus, 
Sede  leget  celsa,  liquido  quum  plasmate  guttur 
Mobile  colluerit,  patranti  fractus  ocello. 
Hie  neque  more  probo  vidcas  nee  voce  serena  20 

Ingentes  trepidare  Titos,  quum  carmina  lumbum 
Intrant,  et  tremulo  scalpuntur  ubi  intima  versu. 
Tun',  vetule,  auriculis  alienis  coUigis  escas  1 
Auriculis,  quibus  et  dicas  cute  perditus,  ohe ! 
Quo  didicisse,  nisi  hoc  fermentum  et  qua;  semel  intus 
Innata  est,  rupto  jecore,  exierit  caprificus? 
En  pallor,  seniumque !     O  mores !  usque  adcone 
Scire  tuum  nihil  est,  nisi  te  scire  hoc  sciat  alter  t 
"At  pulchrum  est  digito  monstrari  et  dicier,  hie  est! 
Ten'  cirratorum  centum  dictata  fuisse  30 

Pro  nihilo  pendas  f     Ecce  inter  pocula  quserunt 


SATIRA   I.  91 

Romulidae  saturi,  quid  dia  poemata  narrent. 

Hie  aliquis,  cui  circum  humeros  hyacinthina  laena  est 

Rancidulum  quiddam  balba  do  nare  loquutus, 

Phyllidas,  Hypsipylas,  vatumet  plorabile  si  quid, 

Eliquat,  ac  tenero  supplantat  verba  palato. 

Assensere  viri.     Nunc  non  cinis  ille  poetre 

Felix?  non  levior  cippus  nunc  imprimit  ossa? 

Laudant  convivae :  nunc  non  e  manibus  illis, 

Nunc  non  e  tumulo  fortunataque  fa  villa  40 

Nascentur  violas?"    "Rides,"  ait,  "et  nimis  uncis 

Naribus  indulges,  an  erit  qui  velle  recuset 

Os  populi  meruisse,  et  cedro  digna  loquutus, 

Linquere  nee  scombros  metuentia  carmina,  nee  thus?" 

Quisquis  es,  O,  modo  quem  ex  adverso  dicere  feci, 
Non  ego,  qmim  scribo,  si  forte  quid  aptius  exit, 
Quamquam  haec  rara  avis  est,  si  quid  tamen  aptius  exit, 
Laudari  metuam  :  neque  enim  mihi  cornea  fibra  est : 
Sed  recti  finemque  cxtrcmumque  esse  recuso 
Euge  iuum  et  belle.     Nam  belle  hoc  excute  totum :  50 

Quid  non  intus  habet?     Non  hie  est  Ilias  Acci 
Ebria  veratro?  non,  si  qua  elegidia  crudi 
Dictarunt  proceres  1  non,  quicquid  denique  lectis 
Scribitur  in  citreis!     Calidum  scis  ponere  sumen, 
Scis  comitem  horridulum  trita  donare  laccrna, 
Et,  Verum,  inquis,  amo  ;  verum  mihi  dicite  de  me. 
Qui  potet     Vis  dicam?  nugaris,  quum  tibi,  calve, 
Pinguis  aqualiculus  protenso  sesquipede  extet. 
O  Jane,  a  tergo  quem  nulla  ciconia  pinsit. 
Nee  manus  auriculas  imitari  mobilis  albas,  60 

Nee  linguae,  quantum  sitiat  canis  Appula,  tantum ! 
Vos,  o  patricius  sanguis,  quos  vivere  fas  est 
Occipiti  caeco,  posticae  occurrite  sann.x ! 

Quis  populi  sermo  est?  quis  eiiim,  nisi  carmina  moUi 
Nunc  demum  numero  fluere,  ut  per  leve  severos 
Effundat  junctura  ungues?  scit  tendere  versma 


I 


i 


I    : 


M 


i 


92 


PERSII 


Non  secus  ac  si  oculo  nibricam  dirigat  uno. 
Sive  opus  in  mores,  in  luxum  et  prandia  regum 
Dicere,  res  grandes  nostro  dat  Musa  poetae. 

Ecce  modo  heroas  sensus  afferre  docemus  70 

Nugari  solitos  Grsece,  nee  ponere  lucum 
Artifices,  nee  rus  saturum  laudare,  ubi  corbes 
Et  focus  et  porci  et  fumosa  Palilia  focno; 
(Unde  Remus,  sulcoque  terens  dentalia,  Quinti, 
Quum  trepida  ante  boves  dictatorem  induit  uxor, 
Et  tua  aratra  domum  lictor  tulit).     Euge,  poeta! 

Est  nunc  Briseis  quern  venosus  liber  Acci, 
Sunt  quos  Pacuviusque  et  verrucosa  moretur 
Antiopa,  '' cmimnis  cor  luctijicabile  fulta.'' 
Hos  pueris  monitus  patres  infundere  lippos  80 

Quum  videas,  quaerisne,  unde  hajc  sartago  loqaendi 
Venerit  in  linguas ;  unde  istud  dedecus,  in  quo 
Trossulus  exsultat  tibi  per  subsellia  levis? 
Nilne  pudet  capiti  non  posse  pericula  cano 
Pellere,  quin  tepidura  hoc  optes  audire,  decenierf 
Fur  es,  ait  Pedio.     Pedius  quid?  crimina  rasis 
Librat  in  antithetis,  doctus  posuisse  figuras. 

Laudatur:  bellumhoc!  hoc  bellum? 

Men'  moveat?  quippe  et,  cantet  si  naufragus,  asscm 

Protulerim  ?  cantas,  quum  fracta  te  in  trabe  pictum       OC 

Ex  humero  portas  ?     Verum,  nee  nocte  paratum, 

Plorabit  qui  me  volet  incurvasse  querela. 

"  Sed  numeris  decor  est  et  junctura  addita  crudis. 

Claudere  sic  versum  didicit  Berecyntius  Atys, 

Et  qui  caeruleum  dirimebat  Nerea  delphin ; 

Sic  costam  longo  subduximus  Apennino. 

Arma  virum,  nonne  hoc  spumosum  et  cortice  pingui, 

Ut  ramale  vetus,  pra'grandi  subere  coctum  ?" 

Quidnam  igiturtenerum,  et  laxa  cervice  legendum? 

Torva  Mimalloneis  impkrwU  comua  bombisy  IQQ 

Et  rt^tum  vitulo  caput  ablatura  superbo 


SATIRA    I. 


93 


Bassans,  et  Ij/ncem  Mamas  fleocura  corymbis  ^ 

Euion  ingeminat :  reparabilis  assonat  Echo. 

Haec  fierent,  si  testiculi  vena  uUa  patemi 

Viveret  in  nobis?  summa  delumbe  saliva 

Hoc  natat ;  in  labris  et  in  udo  est  Maenas  et  Atys ; 

Nee  pluteum  cajdit,  nee  demorsos  sapit  unguis. 
"  Sed  quid  opus  teneras  mordaci  radere  vero 
,  Auriculas?  vide  sis,  ne  majorum  tibi  forte 

Limina  frigescant :  sonat  hie  de  nare  canina  110 

Littera."     Per  me  quidem  sint  omnia  protinus  alba; 

Nil  moror.     Euge!  omnes,  omnes  bene  mine  eritis  res! 

Hoc  juvat  ?     Hie,  inquis,  veto  quisquam  faxit  oletum. 

Pinge  duos  angues :  pueri,  sacer  est  locus. 

Discedo.     Secuit  Lucilius  urbem, 

Te,  Lupe,  te,  Muci,  et  genuinum  fregit  in  illis: 

Omne  vafer  vitium  ridenti  Flaccus  amico 

Tangit,  et  admissus  circum  praecordia  ludit, 

Callidus  excusso  populum  suspendere  naso : 

Men*  mutire  nefas  ?  nee  clam,  nee  cum  scrobe,  nusquam. 

Hie  tamen  infodiam.     Vidi,  vidi  ipse,  libelle :  120 

Auriculas  asini  Mida  rex  habet.     Hoc  ego  opertum, 

Hoc  ridere  meum,  tam  nil,  nulla  tibi  vendo 

Liade.     Audaci  quicunque  afflate  Cratino, 

Iratum  Eupolidem  praegrandi  cum  sene  palles, 

Aspioe  et  haec,  si  forte  aliquid  decoctius  audis. 

Inde  vaporata  lector  mihi  ferveat  aure, 

Non  hie,  qui  in  crepidas  Graiorum  ludere  gestit, 

Sordidus,  et  lusco  qui  possit  dicere,  Lusce, 

Sese  aliquem  credens,  Italo  quod  honore  supinus  130 

Fregerit  heminas  Arreti  aedilis  iniquas ; 

Nee  qui  abaco  numeros,  et  secto  in  pulvere  metaa 

Scit  risisse  vafer,  multum  gaudere  paratus. 

Si  cynico  barbam  petulans  nonaria  vellat.  * 

Hig  mane  edictum,  post  prandia  Callirhoen  do. 


^f 


fl 


lit 


94 


PERSII 


10 


SATIRA  n. 
Himc,  Macrine,  diem  numcra  meliore  lapiUo, 
Qui  tibi  labentes  apponit  candidus  annos ; 
Funde  merum  Genio.     Non  tu  prece  poscis  emaci, 
Quae  nisi  seductis  nequeas  committere  Divis. 
At  bona  pars  procerum  tacita  libabit  acerra 
Hand  cuivis  promtum  est  murmurque  humilesque  susurros 
lollere  de  templis,  et  aperto  vivere  voto? 
Mens  bona,  fama,  fides,  ba^c  clare  et  ut  audiat  hospes: 
^la  sibi  introrsum  et  sub  lingua  immurmurat :  «  O  si 
Ebulliat  patrui  pneclarum  funus !  et,  O  si 
Sub  rastro  crepet  argenti  mihi  seria,  dextro 
Hercule!  pupillumve  utinam,  quem  proximus  herea 
topello,  expungam !  namque  et  scabiosus,  et  acri 
Bile  tumet.     Nerio  jam  tertia  ducitur  uxor »" 
Haec  sancte  ut  poscas,  Tibcrino  in  gurgite  memis 
M^e  caput  bis  terque,  et  noctem  flumine  pumas. 

Heus  age,  responde;  minimum  est  quod  scire  laboro: 
De  Jove  quid  sentis?  estne  ut  pra.ponere  cures 
Hunc  cuiquam  ?     «  Cuinam  1  vis  Staio  f  an  scilicet  ha.res, 
Quis  potior  judex,  puerisve  quis  aptior  orbis » 
Hoc  igitur,  quo  tu  Jovis  aurem  impellere  tentas, 
Ihcagedum  Staio:  proh  Jupiter!  o  bone,  clamet, 
Jupiter !  at  sese  non  clamet  Jupiter  ipse' 
Ignovisse  putas,  quia,  quum  tonat,  ocius  ilex 
Sulfure  discutitur  sacro,  quam  tuque  domusque. 
Am  quia  non  fibris  ovium  Ei^ennaque  jubente 
Tnste  jaces  lucis  evitandumque  bidental, 
Iddrco  stolidam  praebet'tibi  vellere  barbam 
Jupiter?  aut  quidnam  est,  qua  tu  njercede  Deorum 
Emens  auriculas?  pulmone  et  lactibus  unctis^^ 
Ecce  avia,  aut  metuens  Divum  matertera,  cunis 


20 


30 


SATIRA    II.  95 

Exemit  puerum,  frontemque  atque  uda  labella 

Infami  digito  et  lustralibus  ante  salivis 

Expiat,  urentes  oculos  inhibere  perita. 

Tunc  manibus  quatit,  et  spem  macram  supplice  vote 

Nunc  Licini  in  campos,  nunc  Crassi  mittit  in  sedes. 

Hunc  optent  gencrum  rex  et  regina ;  puellae 

Hunc  rapiant ;  quicquid  calcaverit  hie,  rosa  fiat  I 

Ast  ego  nutrici  non  mando  vota ;  negato, 

Jupiter,  hajc  illi,  quamvis  te  albata  rogarit.  40 

Poscis  opem  nervis  corpusque  fidele  senectse. 
Esto  age :  sed  grandes  patinae  tucetaque  crassa 
Annuere  his  superos  vetuere  Jovemque  morantur. 
Rem  struere  exoptas  caeso  bove,  Mercuriumque 
Arcessis  fibra :  da  fortunare  Penates, 
Da  pccus  et  grcgibus  fetum  !     Quo,  pessime,  pacto, 
Tot  tibi  quum  in  flammas  junicum  omenta  liquescant? 
Et  tamen  hie  extis  et  opimo  vincere  ferto 
Intendit :  "  Jam  crescit  ager,  jam  crescit  ovilo, 
Jam  dabitur,  jam,  jam !"  donee  deceptus  et  exspes  50 

Nequicquam  fundo  suspiret  nummus  in  imo. 
Si  tibi  crateras  argenti  incusaque  pingui 

Auro  dona  feram,  sudes  et  pectore  Isevo 

Excutiat  guttas  laetari  praetrepidum  cor. 

Hinc  illud  subiit,  auro  sacras  quod  ovato 

Perducis  facies :  nam  fratres  inter  ahenos 

Somnia  pituita  qui  purgatissima  mittunt 

Praecipui  sunto,  sitque  illis  aurea  barba. 
Aurum  vasa  Numae  Satumiaque  impulit  sera, 

Vestalesque  urnas  et  Tuscum  fictile  mutat.  ^0 

O  curvae  in  terras  animse  et  ccelestium  inanes? 

Quid  juvat  hoc,  templis  nostros  immittere  mores, 

Et  bona  Dis  ex  hac  scelerata  ducera  pulpa? 

Haec  sibi  corrupto  casiam  dissolvit  olivo, 

Haec  Calabrum  coxit  vitiato  murice  vellus 

Haec  baccam  conchae  rasisse,  et  stringere  venaa 


:& 


lidta 


96 


PERSII 


Ferventis  massae  crudo  de  pulvere  jussit. 
Peccat  et  haec,  peccat :  vitio  tamen  utitur.     At  vos 
Dicite,  pontifices,  in  sacro  quid  facit  aurum  ? 
Nempe  hoc  quod  Veneri  donatae  a  virgine  pupp®. 
Quin  damus  id  Superis,  de  magna  quod  dare  lance 
Non  possit  magni  Messalaj  lippa  propago ; 
Compositum  jus  fasque  animo,  sanctosque  recessus 
Mentis,  et  incoctum  generoso  pectus  honesto? 
Haec  cedo,  ut  admoveam  templis,  et  farre  litabo. 


70 


SATIRA   III. 


97 


» 


SATIRA  in. 

Nempe  hoc  assidue :  jam  clarum  mane  fenestras 
Intrat  et  angustas  extendit  lumine  rimas, 
Stertimus,  indomitum  quod  despumare  Falemum 
Sufl&ciat,  quinta  dum  linea  tangitur  umbra. 
**  En  quid  agis  ?  siccas  insana  Canicula  messes 
Jamdudum  coquit,  et  patula  pecus  omne  sub  ulmo  est 
Unus  ait  comitum.     "Verumne?  itanel  ocius  adsit 
Hue  aliquis !  nemon'  f  *     Turgescit  vitrea  bilis, 
Finditur,  Arcadia;  pecuaria  ruder«  dicas. 

Jam  liber  ct  bicolor  positis  membrana  capillis,  10 

Inque  manus  chartae  nodosaquc  venit  arundo. 
Tunc  queritur,  crassus  calamo  quod  pendeat  humor, 
Nigra  quod  infusa  vanescat  sepia  lymj)ha ; 
Dilutas  queritur  geminet  quod  fistula  guttas. 

O  miser !  inque  dies  ultra  miser,  huccine  rerum 
Venimus  ?   at  cur  non  potius,  teneroque  columbo 
Et  similis  regum  pueris,  pappare  minutum 
Foscis,  et  iratus  mammae  lallare  recusas? 
"An  tali  studeam  calamo?"     Cui  verba?  quid  istas 
Succinis  ambages  ?  tibiluditur;  effluis  amens.  20 

Contemnerc :  sonat  vitium  percussa,  maligne 
Respondet  viridi  non  cocta  fidelia  limo. 
Udum  et  molle  lutum  es,  nunc,  nunc  properandus  et  acri 
Fingendus  sine  fine  rota.     Sed  rure  patemo 
Est  tibi  far  modicum,  purum  et  sine  labe  salinum ; 
(Quid  metuas  ?)  cultrixque  foci  secura  patella  est ; 
Hoc  satis?  an  deceat  pulraonem  rumpere  ventis, 
Stemmate  quod  Tusco  ramum  millesime  ducis, 
Censoremque  tuum  vel  quod  trabeate  salutas? 
Ad  populum  phaleras :  ego  te  intus  et  in  cute  novi.         80 
Non  pudet  ad  morem  discincti  vivere  Nattae  ? 

E 


1 


Vf9 


PKRSII 


SATIRA    III. 


99 


Sed  Btupet  hie  vitio,  et  fibris  increvit  opimnm 
Pingue ;  caret  culpa,  nescit,  quid  perdat,  ct  alto 
Demersus  summa  rursus  non  buUit  in  unda. 

Magne  pater  Divum,  saevos  punire  tyrannoB 
Haud  alia  ratione  velis,  quum  dira  libido 
Movent  ingenium  ferventi  tincta  veneno : 
Virtutem  videant  intabescantque  relicta. 
Anne  magia  Sicoli  gemuerunt  aera  juvenci, 
Aut  magis  auratis  pendens  laquearibus  ensis 
Putpureas  subter  cervices  terruit,  Imus, 
Imus  prsecipites,  quam  si  sibi  dicat,  et  intus 
Palleat  infelix  quod  proxima  nesciat  uxor? 

Ssepe  oculos,  memini,  tangebam  parvus  olivo, 
Grandia  si  nollem  moritnri  verba  Catonis 
Discere,  non  sano  mnltum  laudanda  magistro, 
Quae  pater  addnctis  sudans  audiret  amicis. 
Jure  etenim  id  summuro,  quid  dexter  senio  ferret 
Scire,  erat  in  voto ;  damnosa  canicula  quantum 
Kaderet ;  angustae  coUo  non  fallier  orcae ; 
Neu  quis  callidior  buxum  torquere  flagello. 

Hand  tibi  inexpertum  curvos  deprenderc  mores, 
Quaeque  docet  sapiens  braccatis  illita  Medis 
Porticus;  insomnis  quibus  et  detonsa  juventus 
Invigilat,  siliquis  et  grandi  pasta  polenta ; 
Et  tibi,  quae  Samios  diduxit  litera  ramos, 
Surgentem  dextro  monstravit  limite  callem ; 
Stertis  adhue,  laxumque  caput,  coropage  soluta, 
Oscitat  hesternum,  dissutis  undiquc  malis. 
Est  aliquid  quo  tcndis,  ct  in  quod  dirigis  arcum? 
An  passim  sequeris  corvos  testaque  lutoquc 
Securus  quo  pes  ferat,  atquc  ex  tempore  vivis? 

Helleborum  frustra,  cum  jam  cutis  aegra  tumebit, 
Poscentes  videas :  venienti  occurrite  morbo ! 
Et  quid  opus  Cratero  raagnos  promittere  montest 
Discite,  O  miseri,  et  causas  cognoscite  rerum. 


40 


50 


60 


^ 


r 


Quid  sumus,  aut  quidnam  victuri  gignimur ;  ordo 

Quis  datus,  et  metae  qua  mollis  flexus  et  unde ; 

Quis  modus  argento,  quid  fas  optare,  quid  asper 

Utile  nummus  habet ;  patriae  carisque  propinquia  70 

Quantum  elargiri  deceat ;  quem  te  Deus  esse 

Jussit,  et  humana  qua  parte  locatus  es  in  re. 

Disce,  neque  invideas,  quod  multa  fidelia  putet 

In  locuplete  penu,  defensis  pinguibus  Um>)ris, 

Et  piper  et  pernae,  Marsi  monumenta  clientis ; 

Majnaque  quod  prima  nondum  defecerit  orca. 

Hie  aliquis  de  gente  hircosa  Centurionum 
Dicat :  "  Quod  sapio,  satis  est  mihi ;  non  ego  euro 
Esse  quod  Arcesilas  aerumnosique  Solones, 
Obstipo  capite  et  figentes  lumine  terram,  80 

Murmura  quum  seeum  et  rabiosa  silentia  rodunt, 
Atque  exporrecto  trutinantur  verba  labello, 
-^Egroti  veteris  meditantcs  somnia,  gigni 
Dc  nihilo  nihil,  in  nihilum  nil  posse  reverti. 
Hoe  est,  quod  palles?  cur  quis  non  prandeat,  hoc  est?" 
His  populus  ridet,  multumque  torosa  juventus 
Ingeminat  tremulos  naso  crispante  eachinnos. 

Inspice ;  nescio  quid  trepidat  mihi  pectus,  et  segris 
Faucibus  exsuperat  gravis  halitus;  inspice,  sodesi 
Qui  dicit  medico,  jussus  requiescere,  postquam  90 

Tertia  eompositas  vidit  nox  currere  venas, 
De  majore  domo,  modicum  sitiente  lagena, 
Lenia  loturo  sibi  Surrentina  rogavit. 
Heus,  bone,  tu  puUes !     «  Nihil  est."    Videas  tamen  istud, 
Quicquid  id  est:  surgit  tacite  tibi  lutea  pellis. 
"  At  tu  detenus  palles ;  ne  sis  mihi  tutor ; 
Jam  pridem  hune  sepeli ;  tu  restas."     Perge,  tacebo. 
Turgidus  hie  epulis  atque  albo  ventre  lavatur, 
Gutture  sulfureas  lentum  exhalante  mephites. 
Sed  tremor  inter  vina  subit,  calidumque.  trientem  100 

Excutit  e  manibus,  dentes  crepuere  retecti, 


l! 


I 


100 


FEnsii 


Uncta  cadnnt  laxis  tunc  pulmentaria  labris. 
Hinc  tuba,  candelic,  tandemque  beatulus  alto 
Compositus  lecto,  crassisque  lutatus  amomis, 
In  portam  rigidos  calces  extcndit :  at  ilium 
Hestemi  capite  induto  subiere  Quirites. 

Tange,  miser,  venas  et  pone  in  pcctore  deztram, 
"Nil  calet  hie;"  summosquc  pedes  attingc  manusque, 
"  Non  frigent."     Visa  est  si  forte  pecunia,  sivo 
Candida  vicini  subrisit  molle  puella, 
Cor  tibi  rite  salitt     Fositum  est  algente  catino 
Durum  olus,  et  populi  cribro  decussa  farinn, 
Tentemus  fauces :  tenero  latet  ulcus  in  ore 
Putre,  quod  baud  deceat  plebeia  raderc  beta. 
Alges,  quum  excussit  membris  timor  albus  aristas; 
Nunc  face  supposita  ferrescit  sanguis,  ct  ira 
Scintillant  oculi,  dicisque  facisquc,  quod  ipso 
Non  sani  esse  bominis  non  sanus  jurct  Orestei. 


110 


8ATIRA    IV. 


101 


10 


SATIRA  IV. 
Rem  populi  tractas?  (barbatum  h»c  cr«de  magistrum 
Dicere,  sorbitio  toUit  quem  dim  cicut^),  T 

Quo  fretus,  die,  o  magni  pupiUe  Pericli. 
bcilicet  ingenium  et  rerum  prudentia  velox 
Ante  piles  venit;  dicenda  tacendaque  caUes! 
J!.rgo  ubi  commota  fervet  plebecula  bile 
Fert  animus  calid*  fecisse  silentia  turb4 
^^estatemanus:  quid  deinde  loqueret     Quirftes, 
Hoc,  puto,  non  justum  est;  illud  male,  rectius  illud. 
Scs  cten.m  justum  gemina  suspendere  lance 
Anopuis  hbra,;  rectum  discernis,  „bi  inter 
Curva  subit,  vel  quum  fallit  pede  regula  varo, 
Et  pons  es  nigrum  vitio  prtefigcrc  theta. 
Qum  tu  igitur,  summa  nequicquam  peUe  decorus, 
Ante  d.em  blando  caudam  jactarc  popeUo 
Bcsmis,  Anticyras  melior  sorbcre  meracas» 
Qua.  t.b.  summa  boni  est  1     Uncta  vixisse  patella 
S>efflper,  et  assiduo  curata  cuticula  sole 
Exspecta,  baud  aiiud  respondeat  h»c  anus.    I  „„„c  • 

r)moma.hes  ego  sum,"  suffla;  "sum  candidus."   Esto,  20 
Dum  ne  detenus  sapiat  pannucea  Baucis, 
Quum  bene  discincto  cantaverit  ocima  vem». 
Ut  nemo  in  sese  tentat  descendere,  nemo. 

feed  pra«»dentis  spectator  manticatei^o' 
Qu^sieris,  Nostin'  Vectidi  pr^ia  ?    «  Cuius  ^" 
D.ves  arat  Curibus  quantum  non  milvus  oben-et. 

Hunc  ms,  hnnc  Dis  iratis,  Genioque  sinistro! 
Qu.,  quandoque  jugum  pertusa  ad  compita  S<nt 
fc^note  veterem  metuens  deradere  limum       °  ' 
Ingemit,  Hoc  bene  sit!  tunicatum  cum  sale  morfens      30 


102 


PERSII 


8ATIRA   V. 


103 


h 


Caepe  et,  farrata  pueris  plaudentibus  olla, 
Pannosam  faecem  morientis  sorbet  aceti  *?" 

At  si  unctus  cesses  et  figas  in  cute  solem, 
Est,  prope  te  ignotus  cubito  qui  tangat,  et  acre 
Dcspuat  in  mores, 

"  Quinque  palaestritac  licet  haec  plantaria  vellant, 
Non  tai^n  ista  filix  ullo  mansuescit  aratro." 

Caedimus,  inque  vicem  praebemus  crura  sagittis. 
Vivitur  hoc  pacto ;  sic  novimus !     Ilia  subter 
Caecum  vulnus  babes :  sed  lato  balteus  auro 
Praitegit.     Ut  mavis,  da  verba  et  decipe  nerves, 
Si  potes.     "  Egregium  quum  me  vicinia  dicat, 
Non  credam  *?"     Viso  si  palles  improbe  nummo, 
Si  Puteal  multa  cautus  vibice  flagellas : 
Nequicquam  populo  bibulas  donaveris  aures. 
Respue,  quod  non  es ;  toUat  sua  munera  cerdo ; 
Tecum  liabita ;  noris,  quam  sit  tibi  curta  supellex. 


40 


S  ATIR  A  V. 

Vatibus  hie  mos  est,  centum  sibi  poscere  voces, 
Centum  ora  et  linguas  optare  in  carmina  centum, 
Fabula  seu  moesto  ponatur  hianda  tragoedo, 
Vulnera  seu  Parthi  ducentis  ab  inguine  ferrum. 

"  Quorsum  haec  ?  aut  quantas  robusti  carminis  ofhia 
Ingeris,  ut  par  cit  centeno  gutture  niti  ? 
Grande  loquuturi  nebulas  Helicone  legunto. 
Si  quibus  aut  Prognes,  aut  si  quibus  olla  Thyestae 
Fervebit,  saepe  insulso  coenanda  Glyconi. 
Tu  neque  anhelanti,  coquitur  dum  massa  camino,  10 

Folle  premis  ventos,  nee  clause  murmure  raucus 
Nescio  quid  tecum  grave  comicaris  inepte. 
Nee  stloppo  tumidas  intendis  rumpere  buccas : 
Verba  togas  sequeris  junctura  callidus  acri. 
Ore  teres  modico,  pallentes  radere  mores 
Doctus  et  ingenuo  culpam  dcfigere  ludo. 
Hinc  trahe  quae  dicas,  mensasque  relinque  Mycenis 
Cum  capite  et  pedibus,  plcbeiaque  prandia  noris." 

Non  cquidem  hoc  studeo,  bullatis  ut  mihi  nugis 
Pagina  turgescat  dare  pondus  idonea  fumo-  20 

Secret!  loquiraur :  tibi  nunc,  hortante  Camena, 
Excutienda  damus  praecordia,  quantaque  nostrae 
Pars  tua  sit,  Comute,  animae,  tibi,  dulcis  amice, 
Ostendisse  juvat,     Pulsa,  dignoscere  cautus 
Quid  solidum  crepet,  et  pictae  tectoria  linguae. 
His  ego  centenas  ausim  deposcere  voces 
Ut,  quantum  mihi  te  sinuoso  in  pectore  fixi, 
Vocq  traham  pura,  totumque  hoc  verba  resignent. 
Quod  tetet  arcana  non  enarrabile  fibrrf. 

Quum  primum  pavido  custos  milii  purpura  cessit,       30 
Bullaque  succinctis  laribus  donata  pependit ; 


104 


PERSII 


SATIRA    V. 


105 


Quum  blandi  comites  totaque  irapunc  Subura 

Permisit  sparsisse  oculos  jam  candibus  umbo ; 

Quumque  iter  ambiguum  est,  et  vitae  nescius  error 

Diducit  trepidas  ramosa  in  compita  mentes, 

Me  tibi  supposui :  teneros  tu  suscipis  annos 

Socratico,  Cornute,  sinu ;  tunc  fallere  sellers 

Apposita  intortos  extendit  regula  mores, 

Et  premitur  ratione  animus  vincique  laborat, 

Artificemque  tuo  ducit  sub  pollice  vultum.  40 

Tecum  etenim  longos  memini  consumere  soles, 

Et  tecum  primas  epulis  decerpere  noctes. 

Unum  opus  et  requiem  pariter  disponimus  ambo, 

Atque  verecunda  laxamus  seria  mensa. 

Non  equidem  hoc  dubites,  amborum  foidcre  certo 

Consentire  dies  et  ab  uno  sidere  duci  : 

Nostra  vel  aequ^  suspendit  tempora  libra 

Parca  tenax  veri,  seu  nata  fidelibus  bora 

Dividit  in  geminos  concordia  fata  duorum, 

Satumumve  gravem  nostro  Jove  frangimus  una :  60 

Nescio  quod,  certe  est,  quod  me  tibi  temperat,  astrum. 

Mille  hominum  species  et  rerum  discolor  usus ; 
Velle  suum  cuique  est,  nee  voto  vivitur  uno. 
Mercibus  hie  Italis  mutat  sub  sole  recenti 
Eugosum  piper  et  pallentis  grana  cumini ; 
Hie  satur  irriguo  mavult  turgescere  somno ; 
Hie  Campo  indulget ;  hunc  alea  decoquit : 
Sed  quum  lapidosa  chiragra 
Fregerit  articulos  veteris  ramalia  fagi, 
Tunc  crassos  transisse  dies  lucemque  palustrem,  60 

Et  sibi  jam  miseri  vitam  ingcmuere  relictam. 
At  te  noctumis  juvat  impallescere  chartis  : 
Cultor  enim  juvcnum  purgatas  inseris  aures 
Fruge  Cleanthea,  petite  hinc  juvenesque  senesque     • 
Finem  animo  certum  serisque  viatica  canis ! 
«  6raa  hoc  fiet."     Idem  eras  fiet     «  Quid?  quasi  magnum 


Nempe,  diem  donas  !*'     Sed  quum  lux  altera  venit. 

Jam  eras  hestemum  heu !.  consumsimus :  ecce  aliud  eras 

Egerit  hos  annos,  et  semper  paulum  erit  ultra. 

Nam  quamvis  prope  te,  quamvis  temone  sub  uno  70 

Vertentem  sese  frustra  sectabere  canthum, 

Quum  rota  posterior  curras  et  in  axe  secundo. 

Libertate  opus  est : '  non  hac,  qua,  quisque  Velina 
Publius  emeruit,  scabiosum  tesserula  far 
Possidet.     Hcu  steriles  veri,  quibus  una  Quiritem 
Vertigo  facit !  hie  Dama  est  non  tressis  agaso, 
Vappa  et  lippus,  ct  in  tenui  farragine  mendax. 
Verterit  hunc  dominus,  momento  turbinis  exit 
Marcus  Dama.     Papae !     Marco  spondente  recusas 
Credere  tu  nummos?     Marco  sub  judice  palles?      '        80 
Marcus  dixit,  ita  est :  assigna,  Marce,  tabellas. 
"  HaiC  mera  libertas !  hoc  nobis  pilea  donant !  *    * 

An  quisquam  est  alius  liber,  nisi  ducere  vitam 
Cui  licet,  ut  voluit?  licet  ut  volo  vivere:  non  sum 
Liberior  Bruto  V*     Mendose  colligis,  inquit 
Stoicus  hie  aurem  mordaci  lotus  aceto ; 
Hoc,  rcliqua  accipio,  licet  ut  volo  vivere,  toUe. 
"  Vindicta  postquam  mens  a  prajtore  recessi. 
Cur  mihi  lion  liceat  jussit  quodcunque  voluntas, 
Excepto  si  quid  Masuri  rubrica  vetavit  t"  90 

Disce,  sed  ira  cadat  naso  rugosaque  sanna, 
Dum  vetcres  avias  tibi  de  pulmone  revello. 
Non  pnctoris  erat  stultis  dare  tenuia  rerum 
Officia,  atque  usum  rapidae  permittere  vitas. 
Sambucam  citius  caloni  aptaveris  alto. 
Stat  contra  ratio  ct  secretam  gannit  in  aurem, 
Ne  liceat  facere  id,  quod  quis  vitiabit  agendo. 
Publica  lex  hominum  naturaquc  continet  hoc  fas, 
Ut  teneat  vetitos  inscitia  debilis  actus. 
Diluis  helleborum,  certo  compescere  puncto  100 

Nescius  cxamen  :  vetat  hoc  natura  medendi. 

E2 


106 


PERSII 


SATIRA   V. 


107 


Navem  si  poscat  sibi  peronatus  arator 

Luciferi  rudis,  exclamet  Melicerta  perisse 

Frontem  de  rebus :  tibi  recto  vivere  talo 

Ars  dedit?  et  veri  speciem  dignoscere  callee, 

Ne  qua  subaerato  mendosum  tinniat  auro? 

Quaeque  sequenda  forent,  quseque  evitanda  yicissim. 

Ilia  prius  creta,  mox  hsec  carbono  notasti  ? 

Es  modicus  voti,  presso  lare,  dulcis  amicis? 

Jam  nunc  astringas,  iam  nunc  granaria  laxes:  110 

Inque  luto  fixum  possis  transcendere  nummum, 

Nee  glutto  sorbere  salivam  Mercurialem  ? 

"  Hajc  mea  sunt,  teneo,"  quum  vere  dixeris,  esto 
Liberque  ac  sapiens  praetoribus  et  Jove  dextro: 
Sin  tu,  quum  fueris  nostras  panlo  ante  farinae, 
Pelliculam  veterem  retines,  et  fronte  politus 
Astutaim  vapido  servas  sub  pectore  vulpem : 
Qua3  dederam  supra,  repeto,  funemque  reduco :  .  . 

Ni  tibi  concessit  ratio,  digitum  exsere,  peccas : 
Et  quid  tam  parvum  ?     Sed  nuUo  thure  litabis,  120 

Haereat  in  stultis  brevis  ut  semuncia  recti. 
Haec  miscere  nefas ;  nee,  quum  sis  cetera  fossor, 
Tres  tantum  ad  numeros  satyrum  moveare  Bathylli. 
**  Liber  ego."     Unde  datum  hoc  sumis,  tot  subdite  rebus? 
An  dominum  ignoras,  nisi  quern  vindicta  relaxat  t 
I  puer,  et  strigiles  Crispini  ad  balnea  defer, 
Si  increpuit,  ccssas  nugator?  servitium  acre 
Te  nihil  impellit,  nee  quicquam  extrinsecus  intrat, 
Quod  nervos  aj^itet :  sed  si  intus  et  in  jecore  acgro 
Nascuntur  donnni,  qui  tu  impunitior  exis  130 

Atque  hie,  quem  ad  strigiles  scutica  et  metus  egit  herilist 

Mane  piger  stertis.     Surge,  inquit  Avaritia ;  heia 
Surge.    Negas,  instat.  Surge,  inquit.    "Non  queo.**    Sui^ 
**  Et  quid  agam  ?"     Rogitas?  sapcrdas  advehe  Ponto, 
Castoreum,  stuppas,  ebenum,  thus,  lubrica  Coa ; 
Toile  recens  primus  piper  e  sitientc  camelo. 


Verte  aliquid ;  jura.     "  Sed  Jupiter  audiet."     Eheu ! 

Varo,  regustatum  digito  terebrare  salinum 

Contentus  perages,  si  vivere  cum  Jove  tendis. 

Jam  puer  it  pellem  succinctus  et  oenophorum  aptus.      140 

Ocius  ad  navem !     Nihil  obstat,  quin  trabe  vasta 

.^aeum  rapias,  nisi  soUers  luxuria  ante 

Seductum  moneat :  Quo  deinde,  insane,  ruis  ?  quo  ? 

Quid  tibi  vis?  calido  sub  pectore  mascula  bills 

Intumuit,  quam  non  -extinxerit  urna  cicutae. 

Tun'  mare  transilias  ?  tibi,  torta  cannabe  fulto, 

Ccena  sit  in  transtro,  Veientanumque  rubellum 

Exhalet  vapida  laesum  pice  sessilis  obba  ? 

Quid  petis  ?  ut  nummi,  quos  hie  quincunce  modesto 

Nutrieras,  peragant  avidos  sudare  deunces  ?  150 

Indulge  Genio,  carpamus  dulcia ;  nostrum  est, 

Quod  vivis :  cinis  et  Manes  et  fabula  fies  ; 

[Vive  memor  leti,  fugit  hora,  hoc  quod  loquor  inde  est] 

En  quid  agis  ?  duplici  in  diversum  scinderis  hamo ; 
Hunccine,  an  hunc  sequeris?     Subeas  altemus  oportet 
Ancipiti  obsequio  dominos,  altemus  oberres : 
Neo  tu,  quum  obstiteris  semcl,  instantique  negaris 
Parere  imperio,  Rupi  jam  vincula,  dicas. 
Nam  et  luctata  canis  nodum  abripit :  attamen  illi, 
Quum  fugit,  a  collo  trahitur  pars  longa  catenae.  160 

Dave,  cito,  hoc  crcdas  jubeo,  finife  dolores 
Praeteritos  mcditor  (crudum  Chasrestratus  unguem 
Abrodens  ait  hacc).     An  siccis  dedecus  obstem 
Cognatis  ?     An  rem  patrian!  rumorc  sinistro 
Limen  ad  obscenum  frangam,  dum  Chrysidis  udas 
Ebrius  ante  fores  extincta  cum  face  canto  1 
Euge,  puer,  sapias,  Dis  depellentibus  agnam 
Pcrcutc.     Sed,  censen',  plorabit,  Dave,  relicta? 
Nugaris :  solca,  puer,  objurgabcre  rubra. 
Ne  trcpidare  veils  atque  arctos  rodcre  casses.  170 

Nunc  ferus  et  violens:  at  si  vocct,  baud  mora,  dicas. 


108 


PERSII 


SATIRA   VI. 


109 


II 

y 


Quidnam  igitur  feciam  ?  ne  nunc,  quum  arcessat  ct  ultro 
Supplicet,  accedam  ?     Si  totus  et  integer  illinc 
Exieras,  ne  nunc.     Hie,  hie  quern  quaerimus,  hie  est, 
Non  in  festuca,  lictor  quam  jactat  ineptus* 
Jus  habet  iJle  sui  palpo,  quem  ducit  hiantem 
Cretata  ambitio?     Vigila  et  cicer  ingere  large 
Rixanti  populo,  nostra  ut  Floi-alia  possint 
Aprici  meminisse  senes.     Quid  pulcrius?     At  quum 


/ 


Herodis  venere  dies,  unctaque  fenestra 
Dispositae  pinguem  nebulam  vomuere  lucerao9 
Portantes  violas,  rubnimque  amplexa  catinum 
Cauda  natat  thunni,  tumet  alba  fidelia  vino : 
Labra  moves  tacitus,  recutitaque  sabbata  palles. 
Tunc  nigri  lemures  ovoque  pericula  rupto, 
Tunc  grandes  Galli  et  cum  sistro  lusca  sacerdos 
Incussere  Deos  inflantes  corpora,  si  non 
Praedictum  ter  mane  caput  gustaveris  alii. 
Dixeris  haec  inter  varicosos  Centuriones, 
Continuo  crassum  ridet  Vulfenius  infrens. 
Et  centum  Graecos  curto  centusse  licetur. 


180 


190 


SATIRA  VI. 

Admovtt  jam  bruma  foco  te,  Basse,  Sabinot 

Jamne  Ijra  et  tetrico  vivunt  tibi  pectine  chordae? 

Mire  opifex,  numeris  veterum,  primordia  rerum 

Atque  marem  strepitum  fidis  intendisse  Latinae, 

Mox  juvenes  agitare  jocis  et  pollice  honesto 

Egrcgius  lusisse  senes.     Mihi  nunc  Ligus  ora 

Intepet,*hibematque  meum  mare,  qua  latus  ingens 

Dant  scopuli,  et  multa  litus  se  valle  receptat. 

Lunai  portum  est  operce  cogjwscere,  cives! 

Cor  jubet  hoc  Enni,  postquam  destertuit  esse  10 

Moeonides  Quintus,  pavone  ex  Pjthagoreo. 

Hie  ego  securus  vulgi  et  quid  pra3paret  Auster 

Infelix  pecori,  securus  et  angulus  ille 

Vicini  nostro  quia  pinguior ;  etsi  adeo  omnes 

Ditescant  orti  pejoribus,  usque  recusem 

Curvus  ob  id  minui  senio,  aut  coenare  sine  uncto, 

Et  signum  in  vapida  naso  tetigisse  lagena. 

Discrepct  hinc  alius.     Geminos,  horoscope,  varo 

Producis  Genio :  solis  natalibus  est  qui 

Tingat  olus  siccum  muria  vafer  in  calice  empta,  20 

Ipse  sacrum  irrorans  patinai  piper;  hie  bona  dente 

Grandia  magnanimus  pcragit  puer.     Utar  ego,  utar, 

Nee  rhombos  ideo  libertis  ponere  lautus, 

Nee  tenuem  sollers  turdarum  nosse  salivam. 

Messe  tenus  propria  vive,  et  granaria,  fas  est, 

Emole :  quid  metuas  ?  occa,  ct  seges  altera  in  hcrba  est. 

Asi  vocat  officium  ;  trabe  rupta,  Bruttia  saxa 

Prendit  amicus  inops,  remque  omnem  surdaque  vota 

Condidit  lonio:  jacet  ipse  in  litorc  et  una 

Ingentes  de  puppe  Dei,  jamque  obvia  mergis  30 

Costa  ratis  lacene.     Nunc  et  de  cespite  vivo 


til 


no 


FERSII 


SATIRA   VI. 


Ill 


i 


Frange  aliquid,  largire  inopi,  nc  pictus  oberret 
Caerulea  in  tabula.     Sed  ccenam  funeris  heres 
Negliget  iratus,  quod  rem  curtaveris ;  umae 
Ossa  inodora  dabit,  seu  spirent  cinnama  surdum, 
Seu  ceraso  peccent  casia;,  nescire  paratus. 
Tune  bona  incolumis  minuas  ?     Et  Bestius  urget 
Doctores  Graios :  "  Ita  fit,  postquam  sapere  urbi 
Cum  pipere  et  palm  is  venit  nostrum  hoc  maris  expers, 
Fcenisecae  crasso  vitiarunt  unguine  pultes."  40 

Haec  cinere  ulterior  metuas !     At  tu,  meus  heres, 
Quisquis  ens,  paulum  a  turba  seductior  audi. 
O  bone,  num  ignoras  ?  missa  est  a  Cassare  laurus 
Insignem  ob  cladem  Germanae  pubis,  ct  aris 
Frigidus  excutitur  cinis ;  ac  jam  postibus  arma, 
Jam  chlamydcs  regum,  jam  lutea  gausapa  captis 
Essedaque,  ingentesquo  locat  Caesonia  Bhenos. 
Dis  igitur  Genioque  duels  centum  paria  ob  res 
Egregie  gestas  induco ;  quis  vetat  ?  aude ; 
Vae,  nisi  cohnives !     Oleum  artocreasque  popello  50 

Largior ;  an  prohibes  ?  die  clare !     "  Non  adeo,"  inquis : 
"Exossatus  ager  juxta  est."     Age,  si  mihi  nulla 
Jam  reliqua  ex  amitis,  patruelis  nulla,  proneptis 
Nulla  manet  patrui,  sterilis  matertcra  vixit. 
Deque  avia  nihilum  superest,  accedo  Bovillas 
Clivumque  ad  Virbi,  prajsto  est  mihi  Manius  heres. 
"  Progenies  terrae  1"     Quaere  ex  me,  quis  milii  quartus 
Sit  pater :  baud  prompte,  dicam  tamen  ;  addc  ctiam  unum, 
Unum  etiam  ;  Terras  est  jam  filius :  et  mihi  ritu 
Manius  hie  generis  prope  major  avunculus  exit.  CQ 

Qui  prior  es,  cur  me  in  decursu  lampada  poscis  ? 
Sum  tibi  Mcrcurius ;  venio  Deus  hue  ego,  ut  illo 
Pingitur:  an  renuis?  vin*  tu  gaudere  relictis? 
Deest  aliquid  summae  ;  minui  mihi :  sed  tibi  totum  est, 
Quicquid  id  est.     Ubi  sit,  fuge  quaerere,  quod  mihi  quon- 
dam 


Legarat  Tadius,  neu  dicta  repone  patema : 

"Faenoris  accedat  merces  ;  hinc  exime  sumtus!" 

"Quid  reliquum  est?"     Reliquum?  nunc,  nunc  impensius 


unge. 


Un«^e,  puer,  caules.     Mihi  festa  luce  cOquatur 

Urtica  et  fissa  fumosum  sinciput  aure, 

Ut  tuus  iste  nepos  fiat  satur  anseris  extist 

Mihi  trama  figurae 

Sit  reliqua :  ast  illi  tremat  omento  popa  venter? 

Vende  animam  lucro :  mercare  atque  excute  solers 
Omne  latus  mundi,  ne  sit  praestantior  alter 
Cappadocas  rigida  pingues  plausisse  catasta. 
Rem  duplica.     Feci:  jam  triplex,  jam  mihi  quarto. 
Jam  decies  redit  in  rugam.     Depunge,  ubi  sistam. 
Inventus,  Chrysippe,  tui  finitor  acervi. 


70 


80 


r'l 


I 

r' 


Ij 


Hi 


f  jritj^qpig'--  t'^ir^  •-^yF"»g:^'''"pg'~  , 


NOTES. 


SATIRE  I. 

ARGUMENT. 

Tms  satire  seems,  from  several  incidental  circumstances,  to  have 
been  produced  subsequently  to  most  of  them,  and  was  probably 
drawn  up  after  the  author  had  determined  to  collect  and  publish 
his  works,  as  a  kind  of  introduction.  It  must  have  been  made  pub- 
lic, at  all  events,  after  A.D.  100,  the  third  year  of  Trajan,  for  in  that 
year  Marius  Priscus  (see  v.  39,  seq.)  was  condemned. 

He  abruptly  breaks  silence  with  an  impassioned  complaint  of  the 
importunity  of  bad  writers  in  reciting  their  productions,  and  with  a 
resolution  of  retaliating  upon  them ;  and,  after  ridiculing  their  friv- 
olous taste  in  the  choice  of  their  subjects,  he  declares  his  own  inten- 
tion of  devoting  himself  to  satire.  After  exposing  the  corruption 
of  men,  the  profligacy  of  women,  the  luxury  of  courtiers,  the  base- 
ness of  informers  and  fortune-hunters,  the  treachery  of  guardians, 
and  the  peculation  of  officers  of  state,  he  censures  the  general  pas- 
sion for  gambling,  the  avarice  and  gluttony  of  the  rich,  and  the  mis- 
erable poverty  and  subjection  of  their  dependents ;  and  after  some 
bitter  reflections  on  the  danger  of  satirizing  living  villainy,  he  con- 
cludes with  a  resolution  to  attack  it  under  the  mask  of  departed 
names.     (Evans.) 


1-2.  Semper  ego  auditor  tantum  ?  Supply  ero.  "  Shall  I  ever  be 
a  hearer  only  ?"  t.  €.,  a  listener  merely  to  others  while  reciting  their 
productions.  An  abrupt  commencement,  in  true  satiric  tone.  Ego 
being  expressed  is  meant  to  be  emphatic. — Nunquamne  reponam. 
"  Shall  I  never  pay  back?"  i.  e.,  in  kind,  by  reading  my  own  produc- 
tions. A  metaphor  taken  from  the  repaying  of  a  debt.- — Baud  The- 
slide  Codri.  ♦'  With  the  Theseis  of  the  hoarse-bawling  Codrus  ;"  t.  e., 
of  Codrus  rendered  actually  hoarse  by  the  frequent  and  loud  read- 
inrr  of  his  \iTetched  poem  on  the  exploits  of  Theseus.    It  was  too 


'■;!>v";fi'T--^<v»rj» 


( 


'i\ 


116 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  I. 


long  to  be  finished  in  one  or  two  recitations.  Hence  toties.  As  re- 
gards the  form  Theslis,  compare  that  of  the  yEneis  of  Virgil. — 
Codri.  We  have  retained  here  the  ordinary  reading.  Jahn  and 
others,  however,  give  Cordiy  which  is  certainly  the  usual  Latin  form ; 
but  the  MSS.  are  against  it.  Perhaps  the  same  individual  is  meant 
who  is  alluded  to  in  Sat.  iii.,  184. 

3-6.  Togatas.  "His  comedies."  Supply ya6u/«5.  In  the^aftw- 
la  togatce  the  plot  and  characters  were  Roman,  the  name  being  de- 
rived from  the  toga,  or  main  article  of  Roman  attire.  In  the  palliataSf 
80  called  from  the  Greek  pallium,  the  plot  and  characters  were  Gre- 
cian. The  prcetextatce  were  not  so  much  tragedies  as  historical 
plays. — Elegos.  "  His  love-sick  ditties.**  Literally,  "  his  elegies." 
The  ekgi  were  small  poems  on  mournful  or  tender  subjects,  in  alter- 
nate hexameters  and  pentameters. — Ingens  Telejilms.  *'  Bulky  Te- 
lephus.*'  Some  prolix  and  stupid  play,  having  for  its  subject  the 
well-known  legend  of  Telephus,  king  of  Mysia,  who  was  wounded  by 
the  spear  of  Achilles  and  cured  by  its'  rust. — Aut  summi  plena,  &c. 
*'  Or  Orestes,  the  margin  of  the  manuscript  already  full  to  the  very 
edge,  written  also  on  the  back,"  &c.  Another  almost  interminable 
play  on  the  legend  of  Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon  and  Clytajmnes- 
tra,  who  slew  his  guilty  mother,  and  was  driven  mad,  in  conse-* 
quence,  by  the  Furies. — Margine  libri,  &c.  The  ancients  usually 
wrote  on  only  one  side  of  the  paper  or  parchment,  leaving  a  margin 
more  or  less  broad.  When  they  wrote  also  on  the  back,  as  in  the 
present  instance,  the  works  were  called  Opisthogruphi,  and  were  said 
to  be  written  "  aversa  charta.^ 

7-8.  QiMm  mihi.  Because  these  themes  have  been  so  incessantly 
dinned  into  his  ears. — Lucus  Mortis.  We  have  our  choice  here  of 
three  localities  :  either  the  grove  sacred  to  Mars,  near  Alba,  where 
Rhea  Silvia  brought  forth  Romulus  and  Remus  ;  or  a  grove  of  Mars 
on  the  Appian  Way,  where,  according  to  the  old  scholiast,  poets  were 
accustomed  to  recite ;  or  the  grove  of  this  same  deity  in  Colchis, 
from  an  oak  in  which  the  golden  fleece  was  suspended.  Heinrich 
declares  in  favor  of  the  last ;  but  the  first  is  most  probable,  as  being 
a  strictly  national  theme,  connected  with  the  legend  of  the  origin  of 
Rome. — jEoliis  vicimtm  rupibus  antrum,  &c.  By  the  "  ^olian  rocks'* 
are  meant  the  Lipari  Islands,  in  one  of  which  JEolus  reigned.  The 
"  cave  of  Vulcan"  is  the  adjacent  ^tna,  not,  as  some  think,  the  isl- 
and of  Hiera  (now  Volcano),  one  gf  the  Lipari  group. 

9-11.  Quid  agant  venti.  "What  the  winds  may  be  doing."  Al- 
luding to  some  tedious  didactic  poem  on  the  power  and  agency  of 
the  winds  by  land  and  sea.    Some  think  the  reference  is  to  a  poem 


i 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


IIT 


on  the  legend  of  Boreas  carrying  off  Orithyia. — Quas  torqueat  jEacus 
umbras.     "^Vhat  shades  -^acus  may  be  torturing,"  i.  c,  torturing 
into  a  confession  of  their  guilt.     JEacus,  in  the  world  below,  sat  in 
judgment  on  the  shades  from  Europe.     The  allusion  is  to  some 
poem  on  the  scenes  and  punishments  of  the  other  world. — Alius. 
Observe  the  irony.     The  matter  is  so  trite  and  hackneyed  that  there 
is  no  need  even  of  mentioning  the  well-known  name  of  Jason ;  he 
is  merely  called  "  another." — Furtivoe  aurum  pelliculcE.     "  The  gold 
of  the  stolen  skin,"  t.  c,  the  golden  fleece.     Pelliculce,  contemptu- 
ously for  velleris. — Quantas  jaculetur,  &c.     Alluding  to  the  conflict 
between  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae.     Monychus,  one  of  the  former, 
greatly  distinguished  himself  by  hurling  whole  trees  at  the  foe. — 
Mvnychus.     A  very  appropriate  name  for  a  Centaur,  being  derived 
from  fiuvoq  (Doric  for  fiovoq),  "  single,"  and  ovuf,  "  a  hoof;"  or  else 
formed  by  syncope  from  fiov6wxoq,  and  meaning  "  of  solid  (or  un- 
cloven)  hoof,"  as  an  epithet  of  the  horse. 

12-14.  Frontonis  platani.  Julius  Fronto  was  a  munificent,  though 
not,  perhaps,  a  very  discriminating  patron  of  literature.  He  was  - 
thrice  consul,  and  once  a  colleague  of  Trajan,  A.D.  97.  His  man- 
sion is  here  indicated  as  the  scene  of  recitation,  surrounded  by  plane- 
trees,  for  the  sake  of  coolness  and  shade. —  Convulsaque  marmora  cla- 
mant. "And  the  (inlaid)  marbles,  actually  shaken  by  the  din,  loud- 
ly re-echo,"  t.  c,  they  echo  forth  these  hackneyed  themes  in  long  and 
loud  reverberations. — Marmora.  The  walls  were  inlaid  or  incrust- 
ed  with  marble.  Compare  the  secta  marmora  of  Lucan  (10,  114). 
Some  erroneously  think  that  tessellated  pavements  are  meant. — 
Rvpta.  "  Split."  Poetic  exaggeration,  like  convulsa  in  the  pre- 
vious line. — Exspectes  eadem,  &c.  The  cacocthes  scribendi  has  be- 
come a  regular  epidemic.  Compare  Horace,  Epist.  it,  1,  117: 
"  Scribimus  indocti  doctique  poemata  passim." 

15-18.  Et  nos  ergo  manum,  &c.  "We  too,  therefore,  have  with- 
drawn our  hand  from  beneath  the  ferule,'*  i.  c,  we  too  have  been 
at  school.  Tlie  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows :  Since  therefore  all, 
whether  good  or  bad,  wTite  poems,  I  too,  who  have  been'  at  school, 
to  learn  the  arts  of  poetry  and  declamation,  and  who  am  thus  one 
of  the  educated,  will  do  the  same  thing. — Et  nos  consilium  dedimus, 
&c.  Boys  were  taught  rhetoric  and  declamation  at^the  Roman 
schools  by  having  a  thesis  proposed,  on  which  they  were  to  take  op- 
posite sides.  The  subject  which  Juvenal  had  to  handle  was  of  the 
deliberative  kind,  namely,  whether  Sulla  ought  to  have  laid  down 
the  dictatorship,  and  retired  to  private  life,  or  to  have  continued  at 
tke  head  of  the  Roman  state.    It  may  be  supposed  to  have  been 


118 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  I. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  I. 


119 


' 


couched  in  the  foUowing  form :  DeUberat  Sulla,  an  dictatwam  depo^ 
not,  Juvenal  espoused  the  affirmative.  SuUa  did  resign  his  dicta- 
torship, and  died  the  following  year.— PcnVwrrc.  "  Destined  in  some 
way  or  other  to  be  wasted,"  i.  c,  in  being  written  on  by  some  one 
or  other. 

19-21.  Hoc  campo.  The  field  of  satire  is  meant.  The  meta- 
phor is  taken  from  the  chariot  races  at  the  Circensian  games.— 
Magnus  AurunccB  alumnus.  Lucilius  is  meant,  who  first  gave  a  regu- 
lar and  artistic  form  to  Roman  satire.  He  was  a  native  of  Suessa 
Aurunca,  in  Latium.— ^^  phcidi  rationem  adnnttitis.  "And  with 
kindly  feelings  are  prepared  to  listen  to  reason." 

22-23.  Patncios  omnes,  &c.     "When  a  single  individual  vies  in 
wealth  with  the  whole  body  of  patricians."     Some  indiridual  is  here 
meant  who  had  risen  from  a  low  line  of  life  to  the  possession  of  im- 
mense riches,  by  turning  informer,  as  well  as  by  other  detestable 
arts.    The  commentators  take  pains  to  ascertain  the  individual,  but 
without  much  success.    According  to  some,  Juvenal  has  in  view  a 
certain  Licinius,  a  barber  and  freed  man  of  Augustus,  while  others 
think  that  he  means  Cinnamus,  on  whom  we  have  an  epigram  in 
Martial  (vii.,  64).-Prot'oce^     The  verb  provocare  properly  means 
"  to  challenge  to  a  conflict,"  as  here,  a  conflict  of  riches.— Q«o  ton- 
denu,  gravis,  &c.     "  Who  clipping  it,  my  beard,  grown  exuberant 
unto  me  while  m  early  manhood,  was  accustomed  to  resound  "  »  e 
who  used  to  trim  my  beard  when  I  was  a  young  man.    Some,  less 
correctly,  give  gravis  here  the  meaning  of  "troublesome." 
J^^^Q'  Pars  NiliaccE  plebis.      "One  of  the  very  rabble  of  the 
Nile,"  i.e.,  a  fellow  from  the  very  dregs  of  the  populace  of  Egypt. 
--Vema  Canopi.    "A  bom  slave  of  Canopus."    Not  only  a  slave 
but  a  slave  bom  of  a  slave.     And,  what  is  still  worse,  a  native  of 
Canopus,  one  of  the  most  dissolute  places  in  all  Egypt.    Canopus 
was  a  short  distance  to  the  east  of  Alexandrea.— Oi^imtw.    Thia 
man  rose  under  Nero  from  the  condition  of  a  slave  to  riches  and 
honours.    His  connection  with  that  monster  recommended  him  sub- 
sequently  to  Domitian,  with  whom  also  he  seems  to  have  been  in 
high  favour.  — Tyrta*  humero  revocante  lacemas.     "His   shoulder 
every  moment  hitching  up  his  scariet  cloak."    The  cloak  was  a 
costly  one  of  Tyrian  purple,  and  an  ample  one,  as  indicated  by  the 
plural.    The  parvenu  allows  it  every  moment,  however,  to  slip  oflT 
his  shoulder,  and  drag  on  the  ground,  as  if  to  show  his  careless  in- 
difference for  riches.-  VentikL     "  Airs."    He  waves  his  hand  slow- 
ly to  and  fro,  in  order  to  cool,  as  it  were,  his  summer  ring,  and 
manages,  at  the  same  time,  to  display  the  gem  to  public  view.    The 


ii 


Romans  had  become  so  effeminate  as  to  wear  a  lighter  ring  in  sum- 
mer. Even  this  summer  ring,  however,  Crispinus  finds  oppressively 
hot. 

28-34.  Iniquce  urbis.  "Of  this  iniquitous  city."  Heinrich  takes 
iniquoi  here  in  the  sense  of  nonjerendce  or  intolerahilis.  Some  ren- 
der it  "  unfair,"  t.  e.,  unjust  in  its  opinion  of  men  and  things.  But 
this  wants  force. — Tam  ferreus.  "  So  steeled  in  bosom." — Nova 
lectica,  ^*The  bran-new  litter."  Matho  had  been  starving  as  a 
lawyer,  but  had  now,  on  a  sudden,  become  very  wealthy  as  an  in- 
former. Hence  the  double  hit  in  causidicus  and  nova.  The  lectica, 
or  litter,  resembled  somewhat  an  Oriental  palanquin.  It  was  fitted 
up  with  a  bed  or  mattress,  and  also  with  a  pillow  to  support  the 
head,  so  that  a  person  could  read  or  write  in  it  with  ease.  It  was 
carried  by  means  of  poles,  supported  on  the  shoulders  of  slaves. — 
Pkna  ipso.  "  Full  of  his  important  self."  An  allusion,  not  to  cor- 
pulence, as  some  think,  but  to  the  haughty  airs  of  an  upstart. — 2>e- 
lator.  No  one  in  particular  is  meant.  The  blow  is  aimed  at  the 
class  of  informers  generally. — De  nobilitate  comesa.  The  nobility 
were  impoverished,  not  only  by  the  exactions  of  the  prince,  but  also 
by  the  large  sums  which  they  were  compelled  to  pay  to  the  dreaded 
informers. — Massa.  The  allusion  is  to  Bsebius  Massa,  who  was  a 
notorious  informer  in  the  reign  of  Domitian.  He  and  Metius  Ca- 
ms, another  informer,  mentioned  immediately  after,  are  compelled 
to  propitiate  an  informer  still  more  powerful  than  themselves. — 
Palpat.  "  Coaxes."  A  metaphor  taken  from  patting  and  coaxing 
a  horse. — Et  a  trepido,  &c.»  "And  Thymele  sent  secretly  by  the 
trembling  Latinus."  Latinus,  a  celebrated  mime-player  in  the  time 
of  Domitian,  and  a  favourite  of  that  emperor,  is  also  compelled  to 
propitiate  the  powerful  informer,  and  secretly  sends  to  him,  with 
rich  presents,  his  wife  Thymele,  also  celebrated  as  a  female  per- 
former of  mimes. 

35-40.  Jecur.  The  ancients  considered  the  liver  as  the  seat  of 
the  passions. — Spoliator  pupiUi  prostantis.  "The  plunderer  of  Jiis 
ward  reduced  (in  consequence)  to  a  life  of  infamy."  The  guardian 
defrauds  and  plunders  his  ward,  and  the  latter,  impoverished  in 
means  and  corrupted  in  principles,  is  driven  for  support  to  an  infa- 
mous course  of  life. — Inani  judicvo.  "  By  an  unavailing  sentence." 
Literally,  an  "  empty"  one,  i.  c,  one  that  leaves  him  still  in  posses- 
sion of  a  large  portion  of  his  ill-gotten  gains.  The  allusion  is  to 
Marius  Priscus,  proconsul  of  Africa,  who  was  tried  in  the  third 
year  of  Trajan  for  extortion  in  his  province,  and  condemned  to  dis- 
gorge into  the  public  treasury  700,000  sesterces  (about  127,000), 


L 


120 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  I. 


'i 


4-t 


and  also  banished  from  Italy.  The  penalty  was  a  mere  trifle  com- 
pared with  the  vast  sums  which  he  had  accumulated,  and,  what  was 
still  worse,  the  province  got  no  portion  of  the  penalty. — Infamia, 
Part  of  the  punishment  for  extortion  was  the  kind  of  infamia  called 
intestabiiitas. — Ab  octava  bibit.  "  Begins  to  carouse  from  the  eighth 
hour."  Two  o'clock,  according  to  our  mode  of  computing.  The 
ninth  hour  (three  o'clock)  was  the  earliest  time  at  which  the  tem- 
perate dined.  Marius,  however,  begins  an  hour  earlier. — Et/ndtur 
Dis  iratis.  "And  derives  enjoyment  from  the  angry  gods,  i.  c, 
laughs  at  them. —  Victrix.  "  Though  victorious  in  thy  suit."  Fic- 
trix  is  a  forensic  term,  applied  to  the  province  as  having  succeeded 
against  Marius.  —  Ploras.  The  province,  after  being  put  to  the 
trouble  and  expense  of  a  prosecution,  obtains  no  real  remuneration, 
but  is  left  to  deplore  her  losses. 

41-44.  Venusina  digna  lucema.  "Worthy  of  the  Venusiaian 
lamp,"  »*.  c,  of  the  satiric  pen,  and  the  caustic  lucubrations  of  a 
Horace.  Vennsium,  or  Venusia,  in  Apulia,  was  Horace's  native 
place.  As  regards  the  employment  of  the  term  lucema,  compare 
the  language  of  Horace  himself:  "jE^<,  pHus  orto  sole,  vigil,  cala- 
munij  et  chartas,  et  scrinia  posco.  {Epist.  ii.,  1,  112.) — Sed  quid  ma- 
gis  Heracleas,  &c.  "But  why  rather  narrate  the  fabulous  legends 
of  a  Hercules  or  a  Diomede  ?"  Supply  dicam  or  canam  from  the 
preceding  agitem,  and  after  Ileractcas  and  Diomedcas  understand 
Jabukis.  Juvenal  here  anticipates  the  supposed  objections  of  those 
who  might,  perhaps,  advise  him  to  employ  his  pen  on  some  fabu- 
lous and  safer  subject.  But  why,  replies  the  poet,  should  I  prefer 
these  hackneyed  fables  to  the  bold  and  unblushing  realities  of  act- 
mal  life. — Diomedeas.  Alluding  to  the  Thracian  king,  who  fed  his 
horses  on  human  flesh. — Mugitum  Labyrinthi.  The  legend  of  the 
Minotaur. — Puero.  Icarus.  The  dative  instead  of  ab  with  the  ab- 
lative.   (Ztimpf,  §  419.) — Fabrum.     "Artificer."    Daedalus. 

45-50.  Quum  leno  accipiat,  &c.  "When  the  pander-husband  can 
take  the  property  of  the  adulterer,  since  the  wife  herself  has  no 
right  to  receive  it."  The  reference  is  to  the  Lex  Voconia  (B.C. 
174).  This  law  forbade  a  woman  to  be  made  hcpres  ex  asse,  that  is, 
tfole  heiress.  The  subsequent  Lex  Julia  Pajtia  Poppasa  gave  wom- 
en this  privilege,  however,  if  they  had  a  certain  number  of  chil- 
dren. A  man  who  was  the  father  of  one  child  could  take  as  uni- 
versal  heir.  Accordingly,  the  satirist  says  that,  if  the  wife  is  under 
a  legal  incapacity  to  take  an  inheritance,  the  husband  may  be  able 
to  take  it ;  and  therefore  he  winks  at  the  dishonour  of  his  wife,  to 
win  the  favour  of  the  adulterer  and  be  made  his  heir.    (Long^  ad 


NOTES    ON    SAT   I. 


121 


fbc.y—Quum/as  esse  jmtet,  &c.    The  allusion  here  is  probably  to  the 
Profeciura  cohortis  sociorum,  for  which  some  ruined  spendthrift  is 
asking,  the  son,  in  all  likelihood,  of  a  senator,  who,  as  a  proof  of 
his  shamelessness,  expects  to  be  excused  from  one  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  service,  namely,  the  having  been  prcvior.sly  a  centu- 
rion.    (Madvig,  ad  loc.)    Some  commentators,  however,  rejecting 
this  general  view,  make  the  poet  refer  to  Cornelius  Fuscus,  a  youth 
of  iUustrious  origin,  who  had  officiated  as  charioteer  to  Nero,  and 
had  ruined  himself  by  his  extravagance  in  horses  and  stables.'    At 
a  subsequent  y)eriod  he  was  made  captain  of  the  body-guard  by  Do- 
mitian,  and  fell  in  the  Dacian  war.    Compare  Sat,  iv.,  111.— Proese- 
pibus.     *'On  stables,"— Dum  pervolat,  &c,     Obsene  the  pecuUar 
employment  of  dum  with  the  present,  in  the  dependent  clause,  after 
a  past  tense  in  the  principal  one.     He  lost  all  his  hereditary  estate 
whilst  he  drove,  and  by  driving,  &c,  —  Flamimam.     Supply  viam. 
The  Flaminian  Way  was  the  Great  North  Road,  and  led  from  Rome 
to  Ariminum.     The  portion  here  meant  is  that  which  skirted  the 
whole  length  of  the  Campus  Martins,  and  consequently  formed  the 
most  conspicuous  thoroughfare  in  Rome.     It  is  now  the  Corso,— 
Puer  Automedon,  &c.     "  For,  while  yet  a  boy,  he  held  the  reins  Uke 
Automedon  of  old."    Automedon  was  the  youthful  charioteer  of 
Achilles.    The  Achilles  of  Homer  and  the  Roman  Nero  ate  here 
brought  into  amusing  juxtaposition. 

51-56.  Nonne  lihet.      "Does  not  one  feel  inclined?"  — il/crf/o 
quadrivio.     *'  In  the  very  middle  of  the  crossways,"  t.  c,  in  the  open 
and  crowded  streets ;  such  is  the  effrontery  of  the  times.     Quadrwi- 
«m  is  a  place  where  four  ways  meet,  and  where  there  would  always 
be  more  or  less  of  a  crowd.— Cera*.     Used  here  for  ccratas  tabellas, 
"tablets."    These  tablets  were  thin  pieces  of  wood,  covered  over 
on  the  inner  side  with  wax,  on  which  the  ancients  wrote  with  a 
sharp  instrument  called  stylus.    They  were  fastened  together  at  the 
back  by  means  of  wires,  which  answered  the  purpose  of  hinges,  so 
that  they  opened  and  shut  like  our  books.     To  prevent  the  wax  of 
one  tablet  rubbing  against  that  of  the  other,  there  was  a  raised 
margin  around  each.- 5exto  cervice.    "On  a  sixth  neck,"  i.  c,  on 
the  shoulders  of  six  slaves.     The  litter-pole  rested  on  the  shoulder 
of  the  slave,  leaning  somewhat  against  the  neck.     The  rich  and 
fashionable  had  six  litter-carriers,  sometimes  even  eight.     When 
six  were  employed,  they  were  called  hexaphon  (^^d<l>opoi,  from  i^, 
"six,"  and  (pipcj,  "to  cany");  when  eight,  octophori  (dKToipopoi),^ 
Patens.     "  Conspicuous  to  the  view."    The  litter  was  commonly 
•hut  in  by  cuitains.    On  the  present  occasion,  however,  the  curtains 

F 


122 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


are  drawn  aside,  and  the  nnblushing  occupant  within  is  fullj  ex- 
posed to  the  view. — Ac  nuda  p<me  cathedra.  "  And  almost  in  an 
nncQTtained  female  chair.**  The  cathedra  here  meant  wag  a  kind 
of  easy-chair  in  which  women  were  accustomed  to  be  carried  abroad 
instead  of  the  lectica.  In  the  present  case,  therefore,  the  open  litter 
of  the  individual  alluded  to  may  almost,  according  to  the  satirist, 
be  compared  to  an  uncurtained  female  seat.  So  that  we  have  here 
a  union  of  impudence  and  eflfeminacy. 

Et  multum  referens,  &c.  "And  aping  much  (that  is  told  us)  of 
the  effeminate  Maecenas.*'  Literally,  "  bringing  back  to  mind,"  or 
"  recalling.**  Heinrich  and  others  are  wrong  in  making  de  with  the 
ablative  here  a  mere  circumlocution  for  the  genitive.  The  refer- 
ence is  rather  to  a  matter  of  tradition  respecting  by-gone  times. 
Maecenas,  though  an  able  statesman,  was  remarkable  for  his  luxu- 
rious and  effeminate  mode  of  life. — Signator  faho,  "  Some  forger 
of  wills.**  Literally,  "some  sealer  with  a  false  seal,*'  signo  being 
understood  after /u/sa,  as  is  implied  by  signator,  A  valid  will  would 
require,  of  course,  the  seals  of  witnesses  to  be  appended.  In  the 
present  case,  however,  a  false  will  is  substituted  with  false  seals. 
Compare  Gc.  pro  Ciuent.y  c.  14 :  ^'Testamentum^  in  alias  tahulas  trans- 
scriptwn,  signis  aduiterinis  obsignavit.'*  Ruperti  and  others  prefer 
placing  a  comma  after  signatory  and  connecting  yu^o  (which  will 
then  mean  "  by  forgery'*)  with  what  follows,  but  this  makes  an  awk- 
ward juxtaposition  with  exignis  tabulis. — Lautwn  atque  bcatuin,  "  A 
man  of  splendour  and  wealth.*'  Beatwn  poetically  for  divitem. — 
Exiguis  tabulis,  *'  By  means  of  brief  tablets,'*  i,  e.,  by  means  of  a 
feav  brief  words.  It  would  be  enough  to  say,  "  Titius  hares  rneus 
csto.''  Compare  GaiuSy  ii.,  §  117. — Gemma  vda.  The  signet  was 
moistened  before  sealing,  to  prevent  the  wax  from  adhering  to  it. 

67-68.  Occurrat  matrona  potens.  "  Wlien  some  powerful  matron 
meets  the  view.'*  Supply  cum  from  the  preceding  clause.  The  sub- 
junctive is  the  true  reading  here,  and  the  interrogation  with  which 
the  passage  began  (nonne  libet,  &c.)  is  continued  on  to  maritos.  The 
common  text  has  occurrit,  changing  the  construction,  and  places  a 
full  stop  afler  maritos.  The  meaning  will  then  1)C,  '*Next  some 
powerful  matron  meets  the  ricw,"  &c.  This,  however,  is  much  less 
spirited. — Calenum.  Supply  vinwn.  The  wine  of  Cales,  in  Campa- 
nia, was  very  celebrated.  The  territory  which  produced  it  was  ad- 
jacent to  the  Falemian  district. —  T7ro  sitientc.  "  Her  husband 
thirsting.'*  Ablative  absolute.  Some,  less  correctly,  make  sitiente 
an  old  form  of  the  dative  for  sitienti.  The  \yoe.t  means  that  the  hus- 
band is  too  thirsty  to  examine  the  contents  of  the  cup. — Rubetam, 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


123 


"  The  venom  of  the  toad.**  Rub^ia  is  the  animal  itself  put  for  the 
venom  which  it  was  supposed  to  produce.  There  is  great  doubt, 
however,  whether  the  toad  is  actually  meant  here.  Some  suppose 
the  reference  to  be  made  to  the  rana  rubeta,  a  species  of  frog  found 
in  brushwood  (rubns),  much  used  in  magic  and  in  poisons.  Its 
blood,  according  to  ^lian  (N.  A.,  xvii.,  12),  when  mixed  with  wine, 
often  produced  instant  death.  Others,  however,  make  the  rubeta  to 
be  the  same  with  the  Bu/o  cormtus,  a  homed  frog.  The  Greek 
term  is  <l>pvvo^.     (Adams,  s.  v.) 

59-60.  Melior  Lucusta.  "  A  more  skilful  Lucusta  (even  than  she 
of  former  days)."  Lucusta  was  a  female  in  the  time  of  Nero,  famed 
for  her  skill  in  concocting  poisons.  Through  her  means,  Agrippina 
poisoned  off  the  Emperor  Claudius,  and  Nero  dispatched  Britanni- 
cus.  The  true  form  of  the  name  is  LUcusta,  with  the  antepenult 
long.  The  common  reading,  Locusta,  ought  to  have  the  antepenult 
short,  from  the  analogy  of  locusta,  "the  locust:'— Rudes.  Hitherto 
"  inexperienced"  in  the  art  of  poisoning.— Per  famam  et  populum, 
&c.  ''  To  carry  forth  for  interment  their  livid  husbands  amid  busy 
ramoura  and  the  crowding  populace."  The  people  would  crowd 
around  to  obsenc  the  discoloration  occasioned-by  the  poison.  Ob- 
ser>e  that  efcrre  is  here  in  reality  equivalent  to  efferendos  curare. 
Heinrich  makes  jyer  famam  et  populum  a  hendiadys  for  per  famam 
populi,  but  this  is  less  spirited. 

Gl-GG.  Aude  aliquid,  &c.    The  leading  idea  is  this  :  If  you  wish 
to  come  into  notice  at  Rome,  commit  some  act  of  great  rascality, 
which  ought  to  consign  you  to  banishment  or  a  prison,  but  which  at 
Rome  will  prove  the  most  effectual  means  of  making  you  wealthy 
and  powerful.     The  poet  has  principally  in  view  the  profligate  fa- 
vourites of  bad  emperors,  who  were  wont  to  enrich  and  advance 
themselves  by  acts  which  ought  to  have  subjected  them  to  the  se- 
verest punishment.— jBrcw'fttw  Gyaris  dignum.     ♦*  Worthy  of  narrow 
Gyanis,"  i.  e.,  that  ought  to  send  you  thither  into  exile.     Gyarus 
was  a  small  island,  forming  one  of  the  group  of  the  Cyclades,  and  to 
the  southwest  of  Andros.     It  was  inhabited  by  a  few  poor  fishermen, 
and  was  little  Ixjtter  than  a  barren  rock.     Hence  it  was  one  of  the 
most  dreaded  places  of  exile  in  the  whole  Roman  empire.     There 
are  two  forms  of  the  name,  Gyarus  (-i)  and  Gyara  (.orum).—Si  vis 
esse  aliquis,     "If  yon  wish  to  be  somebody."    Compare  the  Greek 
dvai  Tie  —Alget.     "  Stan-es."    There  should  be  a  dash  before  this 
in  the  editions,  the  sense  being  suspended  for  a  moment,  in  order 
that  the  closing  word  may  come  in  with  more  emphasis,  and,  as  it 
were,  unexpectedly. 


>1.^ 


124 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  I. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  I. 


125 


Prxloria.      "Their  palaces."     Prctorlum,  when   denoting   an 
abode;  properly  means  the  official  residence  of  the  governor  of  » 
province,  and  then  any  splendid  structure  in  general  -J/e«.<« 
For  the  dwellings  of  the  opulent,  tables  were  made  of  the  mc« 
beautiful  and  costly  kinds  of  wood.-.lryeH(»m  vem.        Their  old 
plate,"  .-.  e.,  silver  vessels,  the  work  of  early  and  celebrated  arti- 
ficers.-^  .tantem  extra  pocula  «,pmm.     "  And  the  goat  standing 
forth  in  relief  from  the  cup,"  i.  e.,  a  drinking-cup  '''»--<»  """t 
work  in  high  relief.    The  goat,  as  peculiarly  destructive  of  the  Mne 
^•^  sacrificed  to  Bacchus,  and  hence  formed  an  appropnau,-  devi.0 
on  drinking-cups.-5.-  natura  nejat.    "  If  nature  denu^s  the  vein 
.-.  ...  the  poetic  vein  requisite  for  the  proper  handhng  of  such 
ibemcs.-a«viems.    A  fictitious  name  for  some  stupid  contempo- 
rary of  the  satirist's.    Juvenal  names  him  here  along  with  himself, 
in  order  to  satirize  him  the  more  by  the  very  comparison. 

67-71.  Exqm,  Ac.    Juvenal  means  by  this  that  h.s  satire  will 
take  for  its  field  of  operations  the  whole  range  of  human  hfe,  with 
.U  the  varied  feelings  and  motives  that  have  been  accustomed  to 
.way  it  from  the  eariiest  <^es.-Tollentib«s.    Supply  •«  <."<"»•- 
Afontem.    Parnassus,  in  Vhocis.-Sorfesque  poposcit.        And  asked 
for  an  oracle."    According  to  the  legend,  Deucalion  consulted  the 
sanctuary  of  Themis,  on  Mount  Parnassus,  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining in  what  way  the  race  of  man  might  be  restored.     Sor,«  is 
here  used  in  its  general  sense  of  an  oracular  response.    Tl.e  prim- 
itive import  of  the  term,  however,  refers  to  the  practice  so  frequent 
in  the  Italian  nations,  of  endeavouring  to  ascertain  the  future  by  the 
drawing  of  lots,  a  practice  that  prevailed  even  in  many  of  the  an- 
c"nt  lulian  temples.-Pa»4.ri»^  ani,,^  &c.    "And  the  soften- 
ing  stones  grew  gradually  warm  with  life."    The  stones  were     the 
Z.S  of  their  mother,"  which  the  oracle  directed  Deucalion  and 
Pyrrha  to  throw  behind  thcm.-Votum.      "Their  every  wish.  - 
'    ^cnrs^.    "Their  every  pursuit."    Literally  "  their  runmng  to 
and  (ro.'--No^  est  farrago  libeUi.     "  From  the  mot  ey  subject  of 
my  little  work."    Farraoo  literally  means  "  mixed  fodder    for  cat- 
tle.   Here,  however,  it  is  figuratively  employed  to  indicate    a  med- 

'^Q"?!!  »»>'  a^ritU.,  &c.  "When  did  a  deeper  gulf  of 
avarice  open  on  the  view?"  Literally,  "  a  more  ample  bosom.  A 
metaphor  borrowed  from  the  Roman  dress.  The  «»».  was  a  part 
rf  the  toea  hanging  down  in  front,  over  the  bosom,  like  a  slmg 
l^oling^a  kind  of  receptacle  in  which  -ous  thin^couM 
be  carried.    It  answered,  therefore,  the  same  purpose  as  a  modem 


■ 


T 


pocket.  Some  commentators,  however,  make  sinus  mean  here  the 
bosom  of  a  sail,  and  consider  the  idea  to  be,  "  when  were  the  sails 
of  avarice  more  widely  spread  ?"  The  explanation  which  we  have 
adopted  appears  the  more  natural  and  forcible. — Alea  quando  hcec 
animos.  "  When  did  gambling  like  this  of  ours  sway  the  minds  of 
men?"  We  have  given  hcec,  the  ingenious  conjecture  of  Heinecke. 
The  common  reading  is  hos,  "  When  had  gambling  its  present  spir- 
its?" or,  making  hos  equivalent  to  tot^  "When  did  gambling  influ- 
ence so  many  minds?"  With  animos,  whether  we  read  hoec  or  hosy 
supply  cepit. — Loculis  comitantibus.  "  Caskets  accompanying  them." 
They  do  not  go  to  the  gaming-iable,  as  we  would  say,  with  purses, 
but  the  steward  brings  a  whole  money-chest,  which  is  staked  and 
played  for  at  once.  Loculus  means  a  small  casket,  divided  into  com- 
partments, and  made  of  ivory  or  wood. — Luditur.  Taken  imperson- 
ally. 

76-81.  IHspensatore  armvjero.  "The  steward  being  the  armour- 
bearer."  '  he  steward  supplies  the  gold,  the  weapons  of  gambling 
warfare. — Simplex.  "Common"  or  "ordinary." — Sestertia  centum. 
*'  A  hundred  thousand  sesterces."  About  $3900. — Reddere.  "  To 
give  (what  is  merely  his  due)."  Reddo  here  carries  with  it  the  idea 
of  bestowing  something  that  is  due  for  services  performed. — Quis 
totidem,  &c.  With  quis  supply  avus  from  the  succeeding  clause.— 
Secreto.  "By  himself,"  i.e.,  without  his  clients. — Sportula parva, 
&c.  "  A  little  basket  has  its  seat,"  i.  c,  is  placed.  Parva,  incor- 
rectly rendered  here  by  some  "  diminished,"  is  purposely  employed 
to  mark  the  contrast  between  the  size  of  the  basket  and  the  rich 
patron's  supper  of  seven  /ercula.  The  Romans,  in  the  days  of  free- 
dom, entertained  their  clients,  after  the  latter  had  attended  them  in 
public,  at  a  supper,  which  was  called  coena  recta.  But,  after  the  ex- 
tinction of  liberty,  when  the  clients  had  lost  all  political  influence, 
instead  of  being  regularly  entertained,  they  merely  received  a  por- 
tion of  food  in  a  small  basket  called  sportula,  which  they  carried  to 
their  own  homes.  For  the  sake  of  convenience,  it  soon  became  cus- 
tomary to  give  an  equivalent  in  money,  the  sum  established  by  gen- 
eral usage  being  100  quadrantes  (about  24  cents).  The  donation  in 
money,  however,  did  not  entirely  supersede  the  sjyortula  in  kind,  as 
may  be  seen  from  Jurenal  himself  (iSa^  iii.,  230,  seqq.).  —  Prima 
limine.  The  sportulcB  were  placed  in  the  vestibule  of  the  mansion. 
—  Turbce  togat(p.  Said  contemptuously  of  the  Romans  thronging  to 
receive  the  sjyortula.  The  toga  was  always  worn  by  clients  when  at- 
tending on  their  patrons. 

82-85.  Ele.    The  steward,  or  dispenser  of  the  dole ;  not,  as  some 


I 


' 


«! 


>r.^ 


\ 


126  NOTES   ON    SAT.  I. 

maintain,  the  master.  —  Suppositus.  '*  A  fraudulent  substitute? 
More  literally,  "put  in  the  place  of  another."  In  order  to  guard 
against  imposition  and  fraud  on  the  part  of  the  applicants,  a  regular 
roll  was  kept  at  each  mansion  of  the  persons  entitled  to  receive  the 
sportula.  The  individuals,  moreover,  were  required  to  appear  in 
person.— 7/>«>s  Trojugenas.  "  The  very  descendants  of  the  Trojans," 
«. «.,  men  of  some  of  the  oldest  families  in  Rome,  but  now  so  reduced 
in  means  as  not  to  be  ashamed  to  come  forward  as  applicants  for  the 
dole.— iVb6t5«iwi.     "  With  us  poor  folk." 

86-93.  Da  pratori,  &c.     The  language  of  the  steward  to  one  of 
his  assistants.— 5crf  Uhertirms  prior  est.     "But  there  is  a  freedman 
here  before  them.'*    The  reply  of  the  assistant  to  the  steward.— 7n- 
quit.    "  Exclaims  the  freedman."    Supply  libertims.     The  freedman 
gays  this  on  overhearing  the  remark  of  the  assistant.— iV<i/t«  ad 
Euphraten.    ."  Though  bom  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates," «.  c, 
even  though  originally  a  slave  from  the  East,     Immense  numbers  of 
slaves  came  from  Armenia,  Cappadocia,  Mesopotamia,  and  other 
countries  watered  by  the  Euphrates.— 3/o//e«/ene5<rrt'.     "The  soft 
windows,"  ».  €.,  the  openings  or  holes  bored  in  the  soft  part  of  the 
ear  to  receive  ear-rings.    Among  most  of  the  Oriental  nations,  men 
wore  ear-rings  as  well  as  women.    Heinrich  and  others  less  cor- 
rectly connect  with  molles  the  idea  of  effeminacy.- ^1  rrpierint.    "  Will 
clearly  prove,  I  think."    Impudent  irony.    Observe  the  force  of  the 
subjunctive.- 5e</  quinque  tabernce,  &c.     "But  then  my  five  shops 
bring  me  in  a  rent  of  four  hundred  thousand  sestertii,"  t.  e.,  but  then, 
even  if  I  am  of  servile  origin,  my  shops  in  the  forum  bring  me  in  a 
revenue  equal  to  an  equestrian  fortune.     The  sum  here  mentioned 
would  be  in  our  currency  equal  to  ^\o,GOO.—Quudnngeuta.     Supply 
sestertia.— Purpura  major.     "The  greater  purple,"  t.  «.,  the  lati- 
clave.    By  this  is  meant  the  rank  of  senator.    The  allusion  is  to  the 
broad  band  or  stripe  of  purple  adorning  the  tunic  of  the  senatorian 
order,  called  latus  clams,  and  thus  distinguished  from  the  amjustus 
clams,  or  narrow  stripe  (purpura  minor)  of  the  equestrian  order.— 
Optandum.     "To  be  wished  for  in  preference."  —  Za«re«a*.    Lau- 
rentum  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of  Latium,  lying  between 
Ostia  and  Ardea,  not  far  from  the  sea.— Corvinus.     "  A  Coninus,** 
i.e.,  a  descendant  of  the  old  and  illustrious  house  of  the  Valerii.— 
C^todit  conductas  ores.    "  Undertakes,  for  a  sum  of  money,  to  keep 
another's  flocks."    Equivalent  to  conducit  custodiendas  ores. 

94-101.  PaUante  ti  Licinis.  "Than  Pallas  and  the  Licini,"  t.«., 
tlian  Pallas  and  many  a  Licinus.  Pallas,  the  freedman  of  the  Em- 
peror Claudius,  was  enormously  rich ;  so,  also,  was  Licinus,  a  frecd- 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  I. 


127 


man  of  Julitu  Cajsar,  and  subsequently  a  favourite  of  Augustus. 
The  plural  form  Licinis  is  meant  to  indicate  Licinus  and  others  like 
him.  {Madvifj,  L.  G.,  §  50,  Obs.  4.)  Some,  less  correctly,  make  Li- 
cinis here  to  be  a  contraction  for  Liciniis,  and  refer  the  term  to 
M.  Licinius  Crassus,  famed  for  his  riches,  as  well  as  to  other  wealthy 
members  of  the  Licinian  time. — Sa^ro  nee  cedat  honori.  "  Nor  let 
him  yield  even  to  the  sacred  office  (of  tribune)."  The  persons  of 
the  tribunes  were  sacred  and  inviolable. — Nvper.  So  sudden  is  the 
advancement  of  these  upstarts. — Pedibus  albis.  "With  whitened 
feet."  The  feet  of  imported  or  foreign  slaves  were  whitened  with 
chalk. — Nummorum.  Wc  would  expect  here  the  dative  nummis. 
The  genitive,  however,  is  in  imitation  of  the  Greek,  iamvai  I3ufwv 
Tivog. — Qtitrque  mlutato,  ibc.  "And  Concord,  whose  temple  re- 
sounds with  chatterings  when  the  nest  is  greeted  (by  the  parent 
stork  on  its  return)."  Literally,  "  which  chatters  when  the  nest 
is  greeted."  llefcrring  either  to  the  chattering  of  the  young  storks 
when  the  parent  bird,  which  has  been  in  quest  of  food,  returns  to 
its  nest  in  the  temple,  or  to  the  noise  made  by  the  parent  bird's 
striking  its  beak,  in  order  to  announce  its  return.  In  either  event, 
we  must  suppose  the  temple  to  be  now  deserted  by  men,  and  to  sen'c, 
in  its  ruined  state,  as  a  habitation  for  the  stork.  Ilcnce  the  gen- 
eral idea  is,  "and  Concord,  whose  temple  is  now  deserted  and  in 
ruins." 

102-111.  Summus  honor,  **  Magistrates  of  the  highest  rank." 
Compare  line  80. — Referat.  "Brings  them  in." — Ratloiiibus.  "To 
their  yearly  income." — Comites.  "The  poor  clients."  So  called 
from  their  accompanying  the  patron  in  public. — Ilinc.  From  the 
100  quadrantes. — Fumusque  donii.  "And  the  smoky  fuel  of  home," 
•*.  c,  and  the  green  fuel  that  fills  with  smoke  their  homes.  Literal- 
ly, "  the  smoke  of  home." — Densissima  lectica.  "  A  very  dense 
array  of  litters."  The  upper  classes  crowd  out  the  poor. — Sequitur- 
que  maritum.  Every  claimant  for  the  sportula  had  to  appear  in  per- 
son, the  wife  as  well  as  the  husband. — Languida  vel prcpgnans.  "  Sick 
or  near  her  time." — Absenti,  Supply  uxori. — Notajam  callidus  arte. 
"  Showing  his  cunning  by  a  trick  now  well  known."  The  trick 
consisted  in  pretending  that  his  absent  wife  was  lying  unwell,  and- 
asleep  in  the  litter. — S^Uarn.  Used  here  loosely  for  lecticam.  Strict- 
ly speaking,  however,  the  sel/a  was  the  same  as  the  cathedra.  Con- 
sult note  on  line  53. — Moraris.  Better  without  the  mark  of  interro- 
gation: "You  are  keeping  us  back."  With  the  question,  as  giveh 
in  most  editions,  it  will  be,  "Do  you  hesitate?" — Profer,  Galla,  ca- 
put.   The  language  of  the  steward,  who  wishes  to  be  convinced,  by 


t 

I 


128 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  I. 


his  own  eyes,  of  the  presence  of  the  vf\(e.—Xoli  ^exare,  quiegcit. 
*'Ah!  don't  disturb  her;  she  has  just  fallen  asleep."  Observe  the 
force  of  the  inceptive. 

112-115.  Ipse  dies,  &c.  The  poet,  having  exposed  the  meanness 
and  avarice  of  the  upper  classes,  now  proceeds  to  ridicule  their  idle 
mode  of  spending  the  day.— Pulchro  ordine  rerum.  "  By  a  fine  rou- 
tine of  employments."  Ironical.— 5/>or<u/a;  "  First  the  sportula." 
—Forum.  The  forum  of  Augustus  is  meant,  in  which  the  judicia 
publico  were  held.  Here  stood  a  statue  of  Apollo ;  and  as  the  god 
was,  as  it  were,  a  daily  ear-witness  of  legal  pleadings,  he  is  called 
by  the  poet jum />cr//i«,  "learned  in  the  \aw.''—Triumphales.  "The 
triumphal  statues."  Supply  statuas.  These  were  the  statues  of 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  tie  republic,  with  which  Au- 
gustus had  adorned  his  forum. — Nescio  quis  yEijyptius,  &c.  "Some 
Egyptian  and  chief  tax-gatherer  or  other."  Alabarches  is  meant  to 
be  explanatory  of  ^Egyjitius.  The  Alabarchcs  appears  to  have  been 
the  chief  magistrate  of  the  Jews  r.t  Alexandria ;  but  whose  duties, 
as  far  as  the  government  was  concerned,  consisted  in  raiding  and 
paying  the  taxes.  The  term  is  derived  from  akdCirj,  "ink,"  and 
upxti.  The  common  text  \\2ls  Arabarchcs,  "Arabian  prefect,"  a  title 
sometimes  given  to  the  governor  of  the  district  of  Thebais,  in  the 
time  of  the  empire.  The  true  reading,  however,  \s  AJabarchcs.  The 
person  alluded  to  is  unknown,  and  various  conjectures  have  been 
fruitlessly  started. 

116-124.  Vestibulis  abeunt,  &c.  "At  length  the  old  and  wearied 
clients  depart  from  the  vestibules."  The  poor  clients,  after  attend- 
ing their  lordly  patron  during  the  whole  day,  have  now  escorted  him 
to  his  home,  and  have  ranged  themselves  in  the  vestibule,  in  eager 
expectation  of  being  invited  to  supper.  But  no  such  invitation 
comes,  and  they  depart  at  length  to  their  respective  homes,  with 
the  paltry  boon  of  a  hundred  quadrantes. —  Vota.  "Their  eager 
wishes,"  t.  «.,  for  the  coma  recta, — Quanquam  longissivia,  <kc.  "Al- 
though each  poor  fellow  has  been  entertaining  a  very  long-protract- 
ed hope  of  a  supper."— CaM^es  atque  ignis.  "Greens  and  green 
fxi%\:'—Emendus.  With  the  hundred  (?iia</ran<e5.— iJcx  Aortim.  "The 
lordly  patron  of  i\\Q?,Q:'—Vacuisque  toris,  «tc.  "And  he  himself 
only  will  recline  on  empty  couches,"  i.  «.,  {ill  alone  by  himself,  in 
solitary  state.  The  usual  number  of  couches  in  a  triclinium,  or 
banqueting-room,  was  three,  and  three  persons  usually  occupied  one 
couch,  so  that  the  regular  number  for  a  supper-party  would  be  nine. 
—Orbibus.  "Dishes."  Some,  less  correctly,  suppose  round  tables 
to  be  meant,  which  would  be  changed  with  every  course. — Antiquis, 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


129 


Old  family  plate,  which  ought  to  remind  them  of  old-fashioned  hos- 
pitality.— Comedunt.  The  plural,  as  indicating  the  whole  class  of 
such  persons. —  Una  mensa.  "At  a  single  course."  Less  correctly, 
"  at  a  single  meal."  The  tables,  as  already  remarked,  were  changed 
at  each  course. — NuUus  jam  parasitus  erit.  "  'Tis  true,  there  will 
now  no  longer  be  any  parasite."  The  idea  contained  in  this  and 
the  succeeding  clause  is  :  One  consolation,  'tis  true,  will  be  that  the 
breed  of  parasites  will  become  extinct.  And  yet  it  may  be  question- 
ed whether  even  a  parasite  could  sit  still  and  see  such  a  disgusting 
exhibition  of  selfish  gluttony. — Luxurice  sordes.  "  Filthiness  of  lux- 
ury," I.  e.,  foul  gluttony. 

125-130.  Animal  propter  convivia  natum.  Intended  to  be  served 
up  to  a  company  of  friends,  and  not  to  a  fiovoi^dyo^.  Juvenal  quotes 
here  a  common  saying  of  the  day.  Compare  Varro  :  '■^  Smllum  pecus 
donatum  ab  natura  dicunt  ad  epulandum.  (72.  jR.,  ii.,  4,  10.)  Boar's 
flesh  was  held  in  high  repute  by  the  Romans.  When  the  animal 
was  served  up  whole,  it  formed  the  caput  coma?,  or  chief  dish. — Pror- 
sens,  "  Close  at  hand."  The  idea  is  borrowed  from  the  knKJKiveiaj 
or prasentia  deorum. —  Cnidum  pavonem.  "  The  undigested  peacock." 
The  peacock  was  regarded  as  a  very  great  delicacy  by  the  Komans, 
but  as  being  very  indigestible.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  intro- 
duced by  Ilortensius  the  orator,  at  an  inaugural  supper. — Hinc. 
From  gluttony  thus  indulged  in. — Iniestata  senectus.  The  good 
friends  of  the  deceased  had  been  forming  hopes  of  rich  legacies. 
His  sudden  death,  however,  arising  from  the  injudicious  use  of  the 
bath  after  a  gluttonous  meal,  has  anticipated  the  making  of  a  will, 
and  given  all  their  expectations  to  the  winds.  When  there  was  no 
will,  the  property  went  to  the  nearest  agnati,  and  there  were  no 
legacies.  (Gaius,  iii.,  18.) — It4iova,  nee  tristis,  &c.  "A  fresh  piece 
of  news,  and  one  calling  forth  no  sorrow,  goes  the  round  of  every 
supper-party,"  t.  c,  the  news  of  the  old  glutton's  death  is  spread 
abroad,  and  no  one  is  sorry,  because  he  never  cared  sufficiently  for 
his  friends  to  make  a  will  in  proper  season  for  their  advantage. — 
Ducitur.  "Is  led  along,"  «.  c,  to  the  place  where  the  body  is  to 
be  burned. — Iratis  andcis.  The  friends  are  angry  at  liim  for  not 
having  made  a  will. 

131-135.  Nostris  moribus.  "To  our  corrupt  morals." — Minores. 
"  Our  descendants." — In  prcecijnti  stetit.  "  Has  reached  its  highest 
pitch."  The  additional  idea  implied  in  the  phrase  in  proecipiti  is 
generally  overlooked.  Matters  are  now  brought  to  the  very  brink 
of  a  precipice,  and  no  farther  advance  can  be  made  in  public  cor- 
ruption without  the  downfall  and  ruin  of  the  state.     Observe  the 

F2 


\% 


■riH 


130 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


force  of  the  perfect  in  stetit.  Literally,  "  has  been  standing  for 
some  time  back,  and  still  stands  on  the  very  brink  of  a  precipice. — 
Utere  velisy  &c.  Addressed  by  the  poet  fignratively  to  satire,  but 
in  reality  to  himself  as  its  representative.  There  is  now  a  fair  op- 
portunity for  satire  to  exert  all  its  powers. — Totos  pande  sirnis, 
"  Unfold  the  whole  bosom  of  thy  canvass  (to  the  winds),"  i.  e.,  spread 
all  your  canvass. 

134-138.  Dicas  hie  forsitan,  Ac.  The  poet  here  anticipates  the 
objections  which  some  friend  may  be  disposed  to  make  to  his  writ- 
ing of  satires.  These  objections  are  stated  from  unde  down  to  arena 
in  line  141. — Par  materi(p.  "Equal  to  the  subject,"  «*.  «.,  able  to 
grapple  successfully  with  such  a  theme.  Observe  that  there  is  ap- 
parently no  elision  of  the  diphthong  in  materire.  In  reality,  how- 
ever, one  vowel  of  the  diphthong  is  elided,  and  the  remaining  one  is 
lengthened  by  the  arsis. — Priorum.  "  Of  the  men  of  former  days." 
lie  refers  to  Eupolis,  Cratinus,  and  Aristophanes  among  the  Greeks, 
and  to  Lucilius,  Horace,  and  others  of  his  own  countrj'men. — Sim- 
plicitas.  "  Plainness." — Nomen.  "  The  true  name."  The  true 
name  was  libertasj  "  freedom,"  a  word  dangerous  to  employ  in  im- 
perial times. — Quid  re/ert,  &c.  "What  diflference  does  it  make 
(unto  Lucilius,  it  is  true)  whether  Mucius  forgive  the  things  said  of 
himself  or  not  ?  Do  you,  however,  only  put  down  Tigellinus  (in 
your  satire),  you  will  shine,"  &c.  Observe  that  re/ert  is  here  the 
present  for  the  past,  to  give  animation  to  the  narrative.  The  idea 
intended  to  be  conveyed  is  this :  The  plainness  of  former  days  is 
over.  Lucilius,  in  those  good  old  times,  might  lash  a  Mucins  with 
perfect  impunity,  caring  not  at  all  whether  the  latter  forgave  the 
attack  or  not.  Do  you,  however,  at  the  present  day,  select  some 
Tigellinus,  some  powerful  favourite,  as  the  object  of  your  satire,  and 
you  will  soon  be  made  to  feel  the  difference. — Mucius.  T.  Mucius 
Albutius,  who  was  satirized  by  Lucilius  on  account  of  his  affecting, 
on  every  occasion,  the  Greek  language  and  philosophy. 

139-141.  Pone  TigeUinum.  "  Only  put  down  Tigellinus  in  your 
verse,"  t.  «.,  some  one  as  powerful  as  Tigellinus  was.  Tigellinus 
Sophonius  vt%&  one  who  ministered  to  Nero's  worst  passions,  and,  of 
all  his  favourites,  was  the  most  obnoxious  to  the  Roman  people. — 
Txda  lucebis  in  ilia,  «tc.  "You  will  (soon)  shine  in  that  torch-like 
tunic,  in  which,"  &c.  Literally,  "in  that  torch,"  &c.  The  punish- 
ment here  meant  waif  commonly  termed  tunica  molesta^  and  was  the 
one  inflicted  by  Nero  upon  the  early  Christians,  on  the  false  charge 
of  having  caused  thQ  great  conflagration  of  Rome.  A  tunic,  cover- 
ed over  with  pitch  and  other  combustibles,  was  put  upon  the  victim, 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  I. 


131 


and  then  lighted.  Hence  the  term  tceda  applied  here  to  the  suf- 
ferer.— Quijixo  gutiurefuinant.     "Who  smoke  with  fixed  throat." 

The  neck  of  the  victim  was  fixed  to  the  stake  by  an  iron  collar. 

Et  latum  niedia,  &c.  "And  you  draw  a  broad  furrow  in  the  middte 
of  the  arena."  The  punishment  of  the  tunica  molesta  commonly 
took  place  in  the  amphitheatre.  After  life  was  extinct,  the  charred 
corpse  was  dragged  by  a  hook  through  the  arena  for  the  spectators 
to  gaze  upon.  Compare  Pliny  (Pan.  xxxiii.,  3) :  ''Nemo  spectator 
miseras  voluptates  unco  et  i(jnibus  eapiarit." 

142-155.  Qui  dedit  ergo,  &.  c.    Here  the  author  indignantly  replies. 
Tigellinus  is  said  to  have  poisoned  off  three  uncles  in  order  to  in- 
herit their  pro|>crty.     Their  signet-rings  were  taken  from  their  fin- 
gers when  dead,  and  the  forged  wills  were  sealed  with  them. — Pen- 
silibus plumis.     "On  pensile  feathers,"  i.  e.,  on  downy  bed  suspend- 
ed aloft.     The  reference  is  to  the  bed  or  mattress  in  the  lectica. — 
Quum  venict  contra.    ""Ay,  and  wlien  he  shall  come  full  in  front," 
I.  6.,  when  he  shall  meet  you.    The  friend  now  speaks. — Accusator 
erit,  &c.     "  There  will  be  an  accuser  (ready  for  the  one)  who  shall 
only  have  uttered  the  remark,  "  That's  he,"  i.  e.,  it  will  be  danger- 
ous even  to  say  ns  much  as  *<■  That's  he."    You  will  immediately  be 
informed  against     How  then  can  you  seriously  think  of  openly  sat- 
irizing such  a  person-     After  accusator  supply  ejus^  as  the  antece- 
dent to  qui. — Securus  licet  commiftas.     "  With  perfect  impunity  may 
3'ou  match  in  fight,'*  £.  c,  you  may,  without  any  fear  of  giving  of- 
fence, handle  some  epic  theme,  such  as  the  combat  between  JEneas 
Jind  Tumus,  or  the  wounding  of  Achilles  by  Paris.     Or  you  may  se- 
lect some  mythological  legend,  such  as  that  of  Hercules  and  Hylas. 
— Nutli  gnwis  est.     "  Is  troublesome  to  no  one,"  i.  c,  gives  rise  to 
Jingry  foehngs  in  no  one. — Percussus.     "  Wounded  by  Paris."   Sup- 
jily  a  Paridc — Multum  qucesitus.     Supply  ab  Jlercule. —  Umamque  se- 
cutus.     Beneath  the  waters  of  the  fountain. — Quoties  Lucilius  ardens. 
*^*As  often,  however,  as  some  glowing  Lucilius." — Rubet.     "Red- 
dens,*' I,  e.f  with  mingled  anger  and  shame. — Frigida  est  criminibus. 
'**Is   chilled   with  the   consciousness   of  many  a  crime." — Culpa. 
**  Guilt."— /rrp.     "  Angry  feelings." — Ante  tubas.    Before  the  trum- 
pets sound  the  signal  for  the  conflict ;  in  other  words,  before  you  be- 
gin to  write  your  satires,  and  make  your  onset  upon  the  guilty. — 
Gakatum.     "  One  who  has  donned  the  helmet,"  t.  c,  the  soldier 
-when  helmeted  and  ready  for  the  fight.    As  appears  from  Trajan's 
column,  the  soldiers,  when  not  going  into  battle,  wore  the  helmet 
suspended  from  the  right  shoulder. — Duelli,    Old  form  for  belli^  and 
put  here  for  pralii. 


r/*^ 


132 


NOTES    ON  SAT.  III. 


Experiar  quid  concedatuVy  &c.  Concluding  remark  of  the  poet. 
Since  it  is  dangerous,  then,  to  attack  the  living,  I  will  try  how  far 
it  may  be  allowed  me  to  satirize  the  dead.  The  poet,  however,  only 
adheres  to  this  determination  in  appearance,  since  he  still  continues 
to  attack  the  powerful,  but  does  it  under  fictitious  names. — Qi/orw/i 
Flaminiay  &c.  The  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables  forbade  all  burials 
within  the  city.  Places  for  burial,  therefore,  were  usually  by  the 
sides  of  the  great  roads  leading  to  Home,  and  on  some  of  these 
roads  the  tombs  formed  an  almost  uninterrupted  street  for  many 
miles  from  the  gates  of  the  city. — Latina.  The  Flaminian  Way 
has  already  been  mentioned.  The  Latin  Way  led  from  Rome  to 
Beneventum. 


SATIRE  m. 

ARGUMENT. 
Umbvitius,  an  aruspex,  and  friend  of  the  author,  disgusted  at  the 
prevalence  of  vice  and  the  disregard  of  unassuming  virtue,  is  on  the 
point  of  quitting  Rome  ;  and,  when  a  little  way  from  the  city,  stops 
short  to  acquaint  the  poet,  who  has  accompanied  him,  with  the 
causes  of  his  retirement.  These  may  be  arranged  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads :  That  Flattery  and  Vice  are  the  only  thriving  arts  at 
Rome.  In  these,  especially  the  first,  foreigners  have  a  manifest  ad- 
vantage over  the  natives,  and,  consequently,  engross  all  favour :  that 
the  poor  are  universally  exposed  to  scorn  and  insult :  that  the  gen- 
eral habits  of  extravagance  render  it  difficult  for  them  to  subsist : 
that  the  want  of  a  well-regulated  police  subjects  them  to  number^ 
less  miseries  and  inconveniences,  aggravated  by  the  crowded  state 
of  the  capital,  from  all  which  a  country  hfe  is  happily  free ;  and  on 
the  tranquillity  and  security  of  this  last  he  dilates  with  great  beauty, 
(^Evana.') 


1-9.  Confusus,  "  Greatly  troubled. — Amid.  Umbritius. — Quod 
destinet.  *' Because  he  intends,  as  he  tells  me."  Obser^•e  the  force 
of  the  subjunctive.  (Madvif/y  §  357,  a.) — Vacuis  Cumis.  "  In  thin» 
ly-inhabited  Cumoe.**  Literally,  "  empty  Cumce,**  t. «.,  empty  when 
compared  with  the  overflowing  population  of  Rome.  Cumae,  now 
decayed,  and  with  a  scanty  population,  had  been  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Campania,  and  had  contained  at  one  time  G0,000  inhabit- 
Ants.    It  was  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  the  earliest  Sibyl.— 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


133 


Atque  mum  civem,  &c.  "And  to  give  at  least  one  citizen  to  the 
Sibyl."— Janua  Baiarum  est.  *'  It  is  the  gate  of  Raise."  The  road 
leading  to  Baiae  passed  through  Cumae,  passengers  going  into  Cumse 
on  one  side,  and  coming  out  on  the  other,  as  through  a  gate.  Baise 
was  a  celebrated  watering-pWce  in  Campania,  situate  in  a  beautiful 
country,  which  abounded  in  warm  mineral  springs.—G^ra/ttm  litus 
amceni  secessus.  *' And  a  pleasing  shore  of  delightful  retirement." 
The  allusion  is  to  the  entire  shore  between  Cuma;  and  B&ivd.— Pro- 
chytam.  Trochyta  was  a  small  rocky  island  off  the  coast  of  Campa- 
nia, near  the  promontory  of  Misenum.  It  is  now  Procida.—Subu- 
ra.  The  Subura  or  Suburra  was  one  of  the  most  frequented  streets 
of  Rome,  inhabited  by  the  lower  classes,  and  containing  a  great 
number  of  shops  and  brothels. 

Nam  quid  tarn  iniserum,  &c.  Wretched  and  lonely  as  any  place 
may  be,  yet  it  is  better  to  be  there  than  at  Rome,  where  you  have 
so  many  dangers  and  harassing  disquietudes  to  apprehend.— t/^  non 
deter ius  credas.  "  That  you  will  not  believe  it  worse."— iSortc  urbis. 
"Of  this  cruel  city.'*  Rome  is  here  called  sceva,  from  the  constant 
alarms  which  it  occasions.— ^<  Augusto  recitantes,  &c.  There  is 
much  malicious  humour,  as  Gifford  remarks,  in  this  climax :  fires, 
falling  of  houses,  and  poets  reciting  their  verses  in  the  dog-days ! 
In  the  hottest  montli,  when  every  one  who  could  ran  away  from 
Rome,  those  who  remained  behind  were  called  upon  to  help  make 
an  audience  for  these  incessant  spouters. 

10-1 1.  Seddum  tola  domus,  &c.     "  But  while  his  whole  household 
is  being ^towed  away  in  a  single  wagon,"  t.  c,  all  his  family  and 
furniture.— /?efl&i  U7ia.    This  little  touch  marks  very  graphically  the 
scanty  means  of  Juvenal's  friend.     The  reda  was  a  travelling  wag- 
on or  car  on  four  wheels.     It  was  the  common  conveyance  used 
by  the  Romans  for  travelling,  and  was  intended  to  carry  both  per- 
sons  and  h&gga^e.—SubstUit.     "  He  stopped."    Umbritius  and  Ju- 
venal had  walked  in  advance  while  the  wagon  was  being  packed, 
and  Umbritius  stops  here  with  the  poet  to  wait  for  the  arrival  of  the 
\chic]e.—  Vetere8  arcus.    The  arches  of  an  aqueduct  are  meant,  the 
droppings  from  which  kept  the  ground  in  this  quarter  constantly 
^Qi.  —  Madidamqite  Caj*enam.     "And  the  moist  Capenian  gate.^ 
Supply  j>ortam.     The  epithet  madidam  has  been  explained  in  the 
previous  note.     The  Capenian  gate  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  all  the  Roman  gates,  and  from  it  issued  the  Appian  Way,  lead- 
ing at  first  to  Capua  (whence  the  epithet  Capena  applied  to  the 
gate),  but  subsequently  to  Brundisium.    It  is  new  called  Porta  di 
S'  Sebastiano, 


IP 


134 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


12-10.  Hie  Jnst  without  the  Capenian  gate  began  the  vale  of 
Egeria,  containing  the  grove  of  Diana,  in  which  Numa,  according 
to  the  legend,  used  to  have  his  interviews  with  the  nymph  Egeria. 
In  this  grove  were  the  grotto  and  fountain  of  Egeria,  and  an  old 
temple  of  the  Camenae. — Nocturme  cdintituebai  arnica.  "Used  to 
make  appointments  with  his  nocturnal  female  friend."  According 
to  the  legend,  Numa  received  from  the  nymph  Egeria,  who  was  one 
of  the  Camenae,  his  instnlctions  respecting  the  forms  of  worship 
which  he  introduced.  The  grove  in  which  the  king  had  his  inter- 
views with  the  goddess  was  dedicated  by  him  to  the  Camenrc. 
With  constituehat  we  may  here  mentally  supply  teinpus  colloquendi. 
— Delubra.  There  were  often  more  than  one  deluhrum  within  the 
same  rifxevogy  or  sacred  inclosure. — Locantur.  "  Are  let  out."  The 
Jews  used  to  frequent  woods  near  running  water  for  sacred  worship. 
— Quorum  cophinusy  &c.  "Whose  furniture  is  a  basket  and  bundle 
of  hay."  The  basket  contained  their  stock  of  provisions,  for  they 
could  not  touch  the  food  of  Gentiles.  The  bundle  of  straw  was  in- 
tended to  sen'c  as  a  bed. — Mercedem pendere.  "To  pay  a  rent." — 
Mcndicat.     "  Swarms  with  mendicants." 

17-20.  Descendimus.  Umbritius  and  I. — Dissiinlles  verls.  "All 
unlike  the  true  ones,"  i.e.,  to  what  they  had  been  in  their  natural 
state.  Art  had  so  altered  them,  and  decked  them  with  ornaments, 
that  their  native  beauty  and  simplicity  were  quite  lost. — Quanto  pnv- 
sentitts  cssety  &c.  "  How  much  nearer  in  influence  would  be  the  pre- 
siding deity  of  the  spring,"  ».  c,  how  much  more  nearly  should  we 
feel  the  influence  of  that  Egeria  to  whom  the  fountain  ^  conse- 
crated. We  have  given  here  the  conjectural  emendation  prcesenti- 
us,  which  is  now  adopted  in  the  best  editions.  The  common  read- 
ing is  prctstantius ;  "  How  much  better  off  would  the  deity  of  the 
spring  have  been." — Ilerba.  "The  herbage." — Nee  injermiim  viola- 
rent,  &c.  "  And  no  marble  infringed  the  native  limestone."  There 
was  now  a  marble  basin  where  previously  had  been  the  native  bed 
of  stone. —  Toplium.  A  species  of  coarse  limestone,  called  by  the 
Italians  t^f/a,  r.nd  formed  by  the  deposition  of  springs  holding  car- 
bonate of  lime  in  solution. 

21-28.  Artibtts  honestis.  "For  virtuous  practices." — NuUa  emolu- 
menta  laborum.  "No  recompense  for  honest  industry." — Res.  "My 
property." — Ilerc.  Old  form  for  heri,  which  latter  would  not  bo  ad- 
missible into  the  verse. — Deteret  exiguis  aliquid.  "Will  lose  some- 
thing of  the  scanty  portion  that  remains."  Literally,  "will  wear 
away"  or  "  diminish." — Projioninms.  I  and  my  family. — Fatigatas.. 
"Wearied"  wi:h  the  loncj  flight  from  Crete. — Exult.    According  to 


b^ai 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


135 


some  acconnts,  Daedalus  first  alighted  in  his  flight  at  Cumne,  where 
he  erected  a  temple  to  Ai)ollo,  in  which  he  dedicated  the  wings  that 
had  enabled  him  to  make  his  escape.  Compare  Virg.  ^h.,  vi.,  14, 
seqq.—Duin  prima  et  recta  senectus.  "While  my  old  age  is  still  fresh 
and  erect."— Quod  torqueat.  "  Something  to  spin."  Clotho,  Lache- 
sis,  and  Atropos  were  the  three  fates.— Subeunte.  "  Supporting." 
Literally,  "going  beneath."— J5aci7fo.  Diminutive  for  the  simple 
laculo,  a  characteristic  of  the  Latinity  of  Juvenal's  age. 

20-33.  Artorius.    Artorius  and  Catulus  are  representative-names 
for  a  particular  class  of  persons,  who  were  neither  over-nice  nor 
scrupulous  in  their  selection  of  means  for  the  acquisition  of  gain. — 
Qui  nigrum  in  Candida  vertunt.     A  proverbial  form  of  expression,  re- 
ferring to  those  who  arc  not  deterred  by  the  mean  or  dirty  nature 
of  any  job,  if  it  only  promise  to  be  a  profitable  one. — JEdem  condu- 
ccre.     "  To  contract  for  the  building  of  a  temple."    In  this  and 
what  immediately  follows,  the  allusion  is  to  those  who  manage  to  get 
contracts  for  lucrative  public  works.— F/Mwiina.     "  For  the  damming 
up  of  rivers,"  ».  e.,  confining  to  their  beds  rivers  which  have  over- 
flowed their  banks.     Some,  less  con-ectly,  make  the  clearing  of  riv- 
ers to  be  meant ;  while  others  think  that  there  is  a  reference  to  the 
monopolizing  of  the  public  fisheries.— PortMs.     "The  cleansing  of 
harbours."   Here  again  the  commentators  are  at  variance.    Some  re- 
fer the  term  to  the  constructing  or  repairing  of  harbours ;  others  to 
the  farming  of  the  harbour-dues,  or  jwrtoria.    It  seems  better,  how- 
ever, to  make  it  mean  the  clearing  of  the  mud  and  sand  from  har- 
bours. —  Siccandam  eluviem.      "  The  draining  of  some  quagmire." 
This  is  generally  supposed  to  refer  to  the  cleansing  of  the  public 
cloaca',  but  such  an  explanation  does  not  appear  to  suit  the  strict 
meaning  of  siccarc.    We  have  preferred,  therefore,  the  interpreta- 
tion of  Ileinrich,  who  mentions  the  Tontine  Marshes  as  one  instance 

of  the  kind. 

Portandum  ad  busta  cadaver.  These  men  contracted  also  for  the 
care  and  management  of  funerals,  and  in  particular  for  the  .burning 
of  the  corpse.  Bustum  denotes  the  place  Vhere  the  dead  body  was 
*  burned,  and  the  term  was  specially  employed  when  this  place  was 
contained  within  the  sepulchral  inclosure.  When  the  body  was 
burned  apart  from  such  inclosure,  the  spot  was  called  ustrina  (or  us- 
trinum),  and  meant,  in  fact,  a  public  burning-ground.  Considerable 
remains  are  still  exlant  of  a  large  burning-place  on  the  Appian  Way, 
about  five  miles  from  Rome. — Et  prahere  caput,  &c.  "And  to  set 
up  for  sale  the  (servile)  head  beneath  the  mistress-spear."  Liter- 
ally, "  to  offer  the  venal  head,"  &c.    The  spear  was  set  np  in  the 


!»^ 


136 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  III. 


forum  to  show  that  an  auction  was  going  on  there.  Hence  thing, 
eo  sold  were  sa.d  to  be  sold  sub  hasta.  The  term  domino  implies  the 
nght  of  dB,«sal  of  all  things  and  persons  there  put  up.  Hence  the 
allusion  m  the  text  would  appear  to  be  a  class  of  individuals  who 
bought  a  drove  of  slaves  on  speculation,  and  then  sold  them  a-^ain 
at  pubhc  auction,  Heinrich  makes  the  passage  refer  to  pemns 
who,  when  eveo^  other  means  of  making  money  have  failed,  or, 
when  they  have  squandered  their  all,  put  themselves  up  for  sale 
He  changes  the  domina  to  domino,  making  this  last  indicate  the  pur- 
chaser, who  obtains  in  this  way  the  dominium,  or  right  of  owner- 
ship over  them.  "  . 

34-37.  Quondam  hi  comidnes,  &c.    Tliese  men,  says  Umbritius 
once  use     to  blow  the  horn  at  provincial  cxhibiUonl,  anrrnd 
upon  strolling  companies  of  gladiatorial  prize-fighters,  led  around  by 
thcr  i,„,.te  from  town  to  town.    The  horn  was  sounded  to  call  the 

ZLl^Z  '*'*"="''.'"?*''"'""'  "'  "'«  "'"'''^  consequent  upon  the 
frequent  blowing  of  the  horn,  or  else  to  the  force  of  the  blast.-J/«- 
n^a  nuncedunl.  "Now  tliemselves  exhibit  public  shows."  These 
were  exhibitions  given  gratuitously  to  the  people  for  the  purpose  of 
gaining  public  ayour,  hence  the  employment  of  munera  for  Wo..- 
U,sopMcevuij.    "  By  means  of  the  upturned  thumb  of  .he  mob  " 

generally  on  the  spectators.    If  ,hcy  wished  him  to  be  saved  thev 

C^^Z  .;":,""""",  ^--  "-«-  /— ,  ..to  save-Tr 

spare  );  but  ,f  they  wished  him  put  to  death  by  his  antaRonist 

they  tunied  the  thumb  upward  (hence  ;„,/&e™  ,Jere,  'Ho  1^1 

Quernhbet  occuiunt,  &c.     When  the  mob  have  sig„ifi;d  their  plcas- 

::Lt::te:;:f';;rr.'°"""^^"^-°^^ 

.  38-iO.  Condua,ntforica>.  "They  farm  the  public  Jakes."  The 
/onc<E  were  a  set  of  public  nrivies  lilTA.i,.  i-  .  „  .J"""-  ^°° 
di«rih„f»-i  :„       •    *^P*''"^"'"»™*""«'»<'^a'M«c«  of  Paris, 

luttion  'V"°"f  P'«^  °f  'he  city  for  the  convenience  of  the 
Th  thTlfif,  ""   '  '7  "'"«"'  '""  "«'  -commodation,  together 

rdual  toTf  "T'"^  ^""^  ""=  '"'"  "^  ""^  «""«"«'.  induced  indi- 
Mduals  to  take  such  premises  on  lease  as  a  source  of  gain     The  old 

.choh^t  on  Juvenal,  however,  quotes  the  opinion  of  som   who  makj 

10  tne  forum  •  Aln  tube,,,,,,  dicunt/oro  vicinw,."-0,n«ia  Sunnlv 
-^•T^-^^^-^naad^'i^  rerun,.  •.  To  a  lofty  pinn^;  o^l 
ness.  -Jccar..    "To  perpetrate  a  pleasant  joke."    The  elevat.^  of 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


137 


1^ 


snch  persons,  according  to  Umbritius,  is  no  proof  whatever  of  any 
merit  on  their  part,  but  merely  a  pleasant  joke  on  the  part  of  For- 
tune. 

42-48.  roscere.     "  To  ask  the  loan  of  it,"  t.  c,  either  for  perusal, 
or  in  order  to  have  a  copy  made  of  it  at  my  own  expense.     A  com- 
mon piece  of  fiattery. —Motus  astrorum  ignoro.     I  have  no  preten- 
sions to  skill  in  astrology,  and  cannot,  therefore,  make  money  by 
telling  fortunes   and  calculating  tiativities,  and,  in  particular,  by 
informing  some  spendthrift  son  when  he  may  expect  the  long-wish- 
ed-fqr  death  of  a  parsimonious  parent.~i2anar«m  viscera,  &c.     "  I 
have  never  peered  into  the  entrails  of  frogs."    liana  is  here  used 
for  ram  rvheta,  as  in  Plln.,  IL  N.,  32,  8,  29.     Consult  note  on  Sat, 
1.,  70.     Umbritius  means  that  he  has  never  searched  the  entrails  of 
this  kind  of  frog  for  poison,  and  in  saying  this  he  playfully  uses  the 
term  xnspext,  which  belonged  technically  to  his  vocation  as  an  in- 
spector of  entrails  for  purposes  of  augury.     It  is  erroneous  to  sup- 
pose, as  some  do,  that  he  actually  alludes  to  a  peculiar  kind  of  ex- 
tuq>icium.—Me  nemo  mimstro,  &c.     He  alludes  to  the  extortion  and 
plundering  practised  by  the  governors  of  provinces,  and  the  aid  af- 
forded them  in  this  by  their  followers,  whom  they  were  careful  to 
select  as  their  jninistri  and  comites,  with  this  special  object  in  view. 
—Et  exstincta;  corpus,  &c.     "  And  a  useless  tnink  with  its  right  hand 
completely  disabled."    Literally,  "And  the  useless  trunk  of  an  ex- 
tinct right  hand."     The  employment  of  the  genitive  is  very  remark- 
able here,  and  exstinctce  dextr<B  must  be  regarded  as  equivalent  to 
cum  cxstincta  dextra.     Markland,  indeed  {Ad  Stat.,  p.  95),  recom- 
mends the  ablative  at  once,  exstincta  dextra,  to  be  substituted  in  the 
text  for  exstincta^  dextrcr,  but  the  MSS.  all  give  the  genitive,  and,  as 
being  the  more  difficult  reading,  it  ought,  according  to  Porson's  well- 
known  rule,  to  be  viewed  as  the  true  one. 

49-57.  Quis  nunc  dillgitur,  &c.  A  new  ground  of  just  complaint. 
No  one  but  the  confidant  of  a  guilty  secret  is  now  taken  into  favour. 
—  Conscius.  «  The  confidant  of  crimQ r  —  yEstuat.  « Is  all  in  a 
ferment,"  t.e.,  is  agitated  between  telling  and  concealing  what  has 
been  intrusted  to  its  confidence.  The  metaphor  in  fervens  cestuat 
IS  taken  from  the  raging  and  boiling  of  the  sea  when  agitated  by  • 
stormy  winds.-A7/  tibi  se  debere  jmtat,  &c.  No  one  will  think  him- 
self under  any  obligation  to  you  for  concealing  honest  and  fair 
transactions,  or  will  think  it  incumbent  on  him  to  purchase  your  si- 
lence by  conferring  favours  on  you.— Carw  erit  Verri.  «0n  the 
other  hand,  he  will  be  dear  to  Verres,"  ».  «.,  will  be  Verres'  dear 
fiicnd  and  loaded  with  favours.    The  name  of  Verres,  the  notori- 


^ 


138 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


ous  oppressor  of  the  Sicilians,  is  here  figuratively  employed  to  indi- 
cate the  whole  class  of  extortionate  Roman  governors. —  Tanti  tibi. 
"  Of  so  much  value  in  thy  eyes."— 0/>ac/.  "■  Shady."  Oftaais  has 
sometimes  been  rendered  here  as  equivalent  to  turbuknii,  "  turbid 
with  gold,"  in  reference  to  the  auriferous  sands  of  the  river.  But 
Martial,  himself  a  Spaniard,  gives  the  true  idea,  when,  in  speaking 
of  the  Tagus,  he  calls  it  "  obscurus  umbris  arbornm,'*  Ep.  i.,  60,  16. 
— Somno.  "  Your  natural  rest." — Ponenda.  "  That  ought  to  be  re- 
jected." For  deponenda.  They  are  merely  given  as  hush-money. 
—Tristis.     *' With  dejected  brow." 

58-61.  QucB  nunc  divitibusy  &c.  Umbritius  now  proceeds  to  men- 
tion a  new  reason  for  withdrawing  from  Rome,  the  influence  name- 
ly exercised  by  foreigners,  and  more  particularly  the  Greeks,  over 
the  minds  of  the  rich,  and  the  consequent  neglect  of  old  and  faith- 
ful retainers. — Pudor.  Umbritius  blushes  for  his  country  while  mak- 
ing the  disclosure. — Non  possum  ferre,  &c.  "  I  cannot  endure,  Qui- 
rites,  Rome  converted  into  a  Grecian  city."  Literally,  *'I  cannot 
endure  a  Grecian  city,"  i.  c,  Grajcised  Rome.  The  term  Qtnrites 
contains  a  hit  at  the  Romans,  who  are,  in  reality,  no  longer  worthy 
of  the  name. — Quamvis  quota  jwrtio^  &c.  "And  yet  how  small  a 
portion  of  its  dregs  are  the  Greeks  themselves."  With  Adiaiy  which 
is  the  nominative  plural,  supply  sunt.  Some  editions  give  Achace^ 
as  an  adjective,  agreeing  with/rpci5,  "  And  yet  how  small  is  the  pro- 
portion of  Gnecian  dregs."  Observe  the  peculiar  force  of  quotct^ 
"  how  great  comparatively,"  t.  e.,  how  small. 

62-65.  Jam  pridem  Syrusj  &c.  Besides  the  Greeks,  the  Syrians 
and  other  Asiatics  have  long  been  flocking  to  Rome,  and  introduc- 
ing Eastern  manners,  and  music,  and  corruption.  The  tide  of  these 
new-comere  pouring  into  the  capital  is  as  if  the  Orontes,  the  great 
river  of  Syria,  were  joining  its  waters  with  those  of  the  Tiber. — 
Otordas  obliquas.  "The  crooked  harps."  Chordas,  the  strings,  is 
put  for  the  harp  itself.  The  reference  appears  to  be  to  the  sam- 
lucoy  a  species  of  triangular  instrument.  The  harp  and  flute  were 
very  often  played  together ;  hence  cum  tibicine  in  the  text. — Gentilia 
tifmpancu  "Its  national  tambourines."  Chiefly  used  in  the  worship 
of  Cybele. 

66-67.  Rusticus  ille  tuus,  *'  Thy  rustic  of  former  days."  Obsene 
the  force  of  iile  as  referring  to  what  is  now  remote,  and  has  long 
since  gone  hy.— Rusticus.  A  graphic  term  for  the  hardy  and  prim- 
itive Roman  of  the  olden  "time. — Sumit  trechedipna.  "Puts  on  the- 
trechedipna."  Juvenal  means  to  lash  not  only  the  introduction  of 
effeminate  Grecian  manners  and  costume,  but  also  the  accompany- 


139 


H 


ing  inroad  of  Greek  terms  into  the  Roman  tongue.    We  have,  there- 
fore, puqKjsely  retained  here,  in  translating,  the  Greek  form'  of  the 
word.     What  is  meant  by  trechedipna  is  difficult  to  say.     The  term 
is  derived  from  rpe^c.,  "to  run,"  and  delnvov,  "supper,"  and  the 
scholiast  explains  it  as  ''Vestimenta  parasitica  currentium  ad  ccenam  " 
It  would  seem  to  have  meant,  therefore,  not,  as  som^  suppose,  the 
thm  supper-robe,  but  a  garment  like  the  endromis,  worn  by  those 
who  were  hastening  to  the  banquet,  parasites  for  instance,  and  of  a 
thick  texture,  to  obviate  the  eflects  of  sudden  exposure  when  heated. 
Sonre,  however,  make  the  trechedipna  to  have  been  a  kind  of  dress 
shoes.— Et  ceromatico,  &c.     "  And  wears  the  niceteria  on  his  neck 
anointed  with  ceroma."    The  niceteria  (vcKvr^pta)  were  rewards  for 
victory  in  gj-mnastic  contests,  such  as  collars,  or  chains  of  gold,  rings, 
&c.     By  the  term  ceroma  {Kvpopa)  is  denoted  an  unguent  for'wrest^ 
lers,  made  of  oil  and  wax. 

68-71.  Aha  Sicyone.     Sicyon,  the  capital  of  Sicyonia,  in  the  Pe- 
loponnesus, lay  in  a  northwestern  direction  from  Corinth.    The  ear- 
lier city  was  situate  in  a  plain,  but  was  destroyed  by  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  who  built  a  new  one  on  the  high  ground  close  to  the 
Acroi^hs.- Amydone.    Amydon  was  a  town  in  Macedonia,  on  the 
River  Axius.— ^nJro.     Andros  was  the  most  northerly,  and  one  of 
the  largest  of  the  Cyclades,  and  lay  to  the  southeast  of  Euboea.— 
Samo.     Samos  was  one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  ^gean,  lying 
oft-  the  coast  of  Ionia,  and  separated  from  it  only  by  a  narrow  strait 
Observe  that,  in  scanning  this  hne,  the  third  foot  is  |  md  hlc  I  the 
long  final  vowel  in  Samo  losing  one  of  its  component  short  vowels 
by  elision,  and  the  remaining  one  being  lengthened  by  the  arsis.— 
Trallibns.     Tralles  was  a  flourishing  commercial  city  of  Asia  Minor 
reckoned  sometimes  to  Ionia  and  sometimes  to  Caria,  and  lying  on 
the  Eudon,  a  branch  of  the  Utji^ndiev.-Alabazidis.    Alabanda  was 
an  inland  to>vn  of  Caria,  near  the  River  Marsyas,  to  the  south  of  the 
Ma^ander.    It  was  one  of  the  most  corrupt  and  luxurious  towns  of 
Asia  mnor.-Esquilias.    The  Esquiline  and  Viminal  hills,  two  of 
the  seven  on  which  Rome  stood,  are  here  put  for  the  city  itself.- 
Vtscera  magnarum  domuum,  &c.     "Destined  to  be  the  very  vitals 
and  the  lords  of  powerful  families.**  * 

72-80.  Jngenium  velor,  &c.  "  Unto  one  and  all  are  given  a  quick 
wit,  desperate  impudence,"  &c.  Supply  omnVms  sunt,  equivalent  to 
omnibus  ah  ipsa  natura  data  sunt.—Iso'o  torrentior.  "More  rapidly 
fluent  than  Isa^us."  The  ablative  of  the  person  instead  of  the  abla- 
tive {sermone)  of  that  which  belongs  to  him.  {Madvig,  §  280,  Obs.  2  ) 
The  individual  hero  meant  is  not  the  celebrated  Attic  orktor,  the 


V 


i 


140 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


i  I 


preceptor  of  Demosthenes,  but  a  sophist  and  rhetorician  of  As- 
syria, who  resided  for  s«ne  time  at  Kome  in  the  days  of  Pliny  the 
younger,  and  of  whom  the  latter  speaks  in  terms  of  the  highest 
praise.     {Epist.  ii.,  3.)    He  seems  to  have  enjoyed  a  very  great 
reputation  as  a  declaimer,  and  to  have  been  particularly  strong  in 
extempore  sj^eaking.— ^-Je.     "Tell  me."— P«<e«.     Heinrich  con- 
jectures ^'m^cs,  and  thinks  the  indicative  after  the  imperative  more 
animated. — Quern  vis  kominem,     *' Any  character  you  choose."    He 
is  a  Jack  of  all  trades  ;  nothing  comes  amiss  to  so  universal  a  gen- 
ius.— Geometres.     To  be  pronounced  here  as  a  trisyllable,  the  first 
and  second  syllables  being  contracted  into  one  by  synaercsis  (geo- 
metres).— Aliptcs.     "  An  anointer  at  the  baths."    The  aliptes  (dXe/ tt- 
rrjg)  among  the  Romans  was  one  who  anointed  the  person  of  the 
bather ;  among  the  Greeks,  however,  he  anointed  the  bodies  of  the 
athletic  both  before  and  after  the  exercises  of  the  palajstra. — Medi- 
cos^ magus.     "  A  quack,  a  juggler." — Graculus   esuriens.      "  Vour 
hungry  Greekling." — Jusseris.     For  sijusseris.—ln  calum  ibit.  Some 
think  that  there  is  an  allusion  here  to  a  person  who  attempted  the 
experiment  of  flying  in  the  presence  of  the  Emperor  Nero,  but  lost 
his  life  in  consequence. — Mediis  sed  natus  Athenis.    The  allusion  is 
now  to  Daidalus,  whom  the  ancient  writers  generally  represent  as 
an  Athenian,  of  the  royal  race  of  the  Ercchtheida;. 

81-84.  Horum  conchylia.  ''The  purple  finery  of  these  fellows.** 
Conchylium  properly  means  the  shell-fish  {murex)  which  yielded  the 
purple  dye.  The  plural  form  here  stands  for  ♦'  vesies  purpureas.'* — 
Me  prior  ilk  signahit?  "  Shall  one  of  this  stamp  affix  his  seal  to 
some  document  before  me?"  The  allusion  is  in  particular  to  the 
witnessing  of  wills,  in  doing  which  a  certain  order  was  commonly 
observed,  and  the  more  intimate  friends  took  precedence  of  others. 
— Fultusque  toro^  &c.  Referring  to  a  more  honourable  place  at  a 
banquet.  Not  only  the  couches  had  their  degrees  of  precedence, 
but  also  the  places  themselves  on  each  couch. — Pruna  et  cottana. 
"His  dried  plums  and  little  figs."  The  plums  of  Damascus,  in 
both  their  fresh  and  dried  state,  were  very  famous.  Cottanum  is  a 
Syriac  word.  Compare  the  Hebrew  Katdxiy  ''  sm&W*— Usque  adeo 
nihil  est  f  "  Is  it  even  so  mere  a  nothing  ?**  ».  e.,  is  my  being  a  na- 
tive-bom Roman  a  circumstance  of  no  value  to  me?— Bacca  Sa- 
Una.  The  olive  is  meant.  The  "  Sabine  berry"  is  here  opposed 
to  the  Syrian  plum  and  fig. 

85-88.  Quid,  quod.  "Why  need  I  tell  how  that?"  Supply  di- 
cam.  —  Prudentissima.  "Most  adroitly  versed." — Longum  collum. 
"  The  long  scraggy  neck."— Cemci^M*.    "  To  the  brawny  neck  and 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


141 


1' 


shoulders.       Cervix  is  properly  the  back  part  of  the  neck  merelv 
but  here,  from  the  force  of  the  plural,  it  stands  for  the  neck  and 
shoulders  comhiuod.-Ant<,um.     Antaeus,  son  of  earth,  was  invinci- 
ble so  long  as  he  remained  in  contact  with  his  mother  earth      Her 
cules,  discovering  the  source  of  his  strength,  lifted  him  up  into  the 

*''«o''f^'' c  ft^^""  ^'^^^'  '^"'  '^^"^^^^^  ^'•^^  h'«  parent. 

aW  "    .;       ^         '''^''"'-    ''  ^"'  '•"'^^"^^  ''  ^^^'^"  ^^"^hose  fellows 
alone.     Supp  y  tantum.-Nec  tamen  Antiochus,  &c.   Antiochus,  Strata 
ocles,  Demetrius,  and  Ha^mus  were  all  celebrated  actors  of  the  day 
and  natives  of  Greece.    But,  though  famous  at  Rome,  they  would  b^ 
nothing  in  their  own  countrj^  since  the  whole  Grecian  nation  is  one 
ZZ  T"\  '"^  ''",  ^-I-esenting  of  assumed  characters  is  noth- 
ing new  for  them.-////c.     "There  (in  their  own  laudy^Natio 
comceda  est.     "  The  whole  nation  belongs  to  comedv,"  i.  e.   it  is  aH 
one  broad  farce;  the  people  are  all  acto.,  witho;;  .  ^c^    " 
truth  or  sincerity  in  their  nature.-mdes.    What  would  have  been 
the  protasis  if  this  had  been  expressed  as  a  conditional  sen^nc^ " 
stated  as  a  fact;  and  what  would  have  been  the  apodosis  is  added 
as  an  independent  clause.-Meliore.     "  Far  more  heart  v.  "-Zacr. 

sTr^^w-T'  7  '7'~/^  ^^^"  "^'^^  ^^^  ^^  ^-^«  -  -'i 

sorrow.  -^Acctptt  endromxdem.     "  He  puts  on  his  great-coat."    The 
cndromxs,  as  already  remarked,  was  a  thick,  coarse  cloak,  worn  after 
gymnastic  exercises,  and  also  in  the  winter,  to  prevent  catching 
cold^Pare..     "  Fairly  matched. "-il/e/tor.     "  He  is  a  better  hand 
at  the  business,"  ,'.  .,  of  flattering.-^ /ac/e.     We  have  adopted 
here  the  reading  of  one  of  the  best  MSS.,  as  recommended  by  Mark- 
land,  and  given  by  Jahn.    The  parasite  is  represented  as  regulating 
his  every  expression  of  countenance  by  that  of  his  patron      Athe 
n^us  (y\     12,  §  54,  p.  249,  A)  makes  mention  of  one  Cleisophus 
who  used  to  make  a  wry  face  whenever  Philip  tasted  any  pungent 
dish.     Plutarch  compares  such  a  flatterer  to  a  polypus,  or  to  a  mir- 
ror which  reflects  all  images  from  without    {Plut.,deAd.etAm    8 
p.  53,  A.)    The  common  text  reads  alienum,  placing  a  comma  after 
vultun,    and  connects  A  facie  with  jactare  manus.     The  reference 
will  then  be  to  what  we  call  kissing  the  hand,  and  will  denote  re- 
spect and  obsequious  reverence.     The  superiority  of  the  other  read- 
ing, however,  is  manifest  at  first  view.     Jactare  manus  is  "  to  throw 
up  the  hands  in  admiration."    (Mayor,  ad  loc.y-Laudare.     "To 
praise  the  other's  every  act."-Sct>e  volunt,  &c.    This  line  is  a  fee- 
ble  one  and  regarded  as  spurious  by  some  editors.    Others  consider 
It  out  of  place. 

101-106.   Transi gymnasia.     "Pass  over  to  their  very  schools  of 


i  ■ 


i  i 


142 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


philosophy."    Some  render  this,  *'  Pass  by  their  gymnasia,"  t. «.,  let 
us  say  nothing  of  their  schools  of  exercise,  and  of  the  ordinary  herd 
of  Greeks,  whom  these  may  be  said  to  represent,  but  let  us  turn  to 
a  graver  crime.    This  explanation,  however,  has  very  little,  if  any 
thing,  to  recommend  it. — Facinus  majoris  aboUtP.     *'  A  crime  of  the 
larger  cloak,"  i.  c,  a  crime  committed  by  one  of  their  philosophers 
himself.     The  ordinary  abolla  was  a  kind  of  short  cloak,  not  differ- 
ing materially  from  the  sagum,  and  fastened  by  a  brooch  under  the 
neck  or  upoi^the  top  of  the  shoulder.     It  was  originally  worn  by 
the  military,  but  subsequently  by  all  classes.     The  major  abolla^ 
however,  was  a  species  of  large  cloak,  or  wrapper,  worn  more  espe- 
cially by  philosophers,  and  hence  is  here  taken  figuratively  for  the 
philosopher  himself,  the  garment  for  the  person  who  wore  it. — Sto- 
tens.    P.  Egnatius  Celer  is  meant,  a  follower  of  the  Stoic  sect  in 
the  time  of  Nero,  whQ  gave  false  evidence  against  Bareas  Soranus, 
a  most  exemplary  man,  upon  which  the  latter  was  capitally  con- 
victed.    Egnatius  received  Large  rewards  from  the  emperor.     What 
made  the  conduct  of  Egnatius  the  more  atrocious  was,  that  he  be- 
longed to  a  sect  which  prided  itself  on  its  strict  code  of  morals,  and 
that  he  had  teen  the  client,  and  intimate  friend,  and  philosophic 
teacher  of  his  victim.— OcctWiV.     "Killed,''  t.  e.,  by  his  false  accu- 
sations.—  Discipulumque.     Ritter  (Philologusy  v.  567,  seq.)  conjec- 
tures Discipulamqne,  making  the  reference  to  be,  not  to  Soranus,  but 
to  his  daughter  Servilia,  who  was  put  to  death  with  her  pafent. — 
Bipa  nutritus  in  ilia,  &c.     "  Though  reared  on  that  bank,"  &c.,  t.  e., 
though  reared  in  the  philosophic  schools  of  Tarsus.    The  allusion 
is  to  the  bank  of  the  River  Cydnus,  in  Cilicia,  where  stood  the  city 
of  Tarsus,  famed  for  its  schools  of  philosophy.    According  to  the  le- 
gend, the  winged  horse  Pegasus  lost  a  hoof  (raptor)  here,  whence  the 
name  of  the  city.    Juvenal,  following  a  different  account  from  the 
ordinary  one,  makes  Pegasus  to  have  dropped  here  a  "  wing-feath- 
er" merely.     Commentators  find  a  great  difficulty  here,  because  Dio 
Cassius  makes  Egnatius  to  have  been  a  native  of  Bery tus,  in  Phoe- 
nicia, not  of  Tarsus ;  and  hence,  in  order  to  reconcile  Juvenal's  ac- 
count with  that  of  the  legend  respecting  the  origin  of  this  latter  city, 
they  make  ripa  in  the  text  embrace  the  idea  of  the  whole  coast  of 
southern  Asia  Minor  and  Phoenicia !     Others,  again,  suppose  the 
poet  to  be  speaking,  not  of  Tarsus,  but  of  Thebes  or  of  Corinth. 
The  whole  difficulty  disappears,  however,  if  we  only  bear  in  mind 
that  nutritus  does  not  necessarily  imply  natus,  and  that  Egnatius, 
though  bom  at  Berytus,  might  very  well  have  been  reared  and  edu- 
cated at  Tarsus. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  111. 


143 


Gorqonei  caballi.  The  winged  horse  Pegasus  sprang  from  Me- 
dusa after  her  head  had  been  struck  off  by  Perseus.  His  sire  was 
Neptune,  who  had  appeared  unto  the  Gorgon  in  the  form  of  a  horse 
or  a  bird.  Juvenal  shows  his  contempt  for  every  thing  Grecian  by 
applying  the  term  caballus,  which  properly  means  a  pack-horse,  to 
the  winged  steed  of  the  Muses. 

107-112.  Protogenesy  &c.  These  names  are  most  probably  ficti- 
tious. The  common  text  gives  the  third  one  as  Erimarchtis,  for 
which  we  have  substituted  Ilermarchtis,  with  the  best  recent  edi- 
tions, as  a  more  genuine  Greek  form.  .The  name  Hermarchus  oc- 
curs in  Cicero,  where  the  old  editions,  less  correctly,  give  Hermachus. 
— Oentis  vitio.  "  From  the  inherent  vice  of  his  race." — Solus  habet. 
"Keeps  him  entirely  to  himself." — Facilctn.  "Too  ready." — De 
veneno.  The  employment  here  of  de  veneno  for  the  genitive  veneni 
is  meant  to  imply  an  abundant  stock  of  venom,  from  which  a  por- 
tion is  taken. — Submoveor.  "  I  am  gradually  dislodged."  Observe 
the  force  of  sub  in  composition. —  Tempora.  "The  recompenses." 
Put  iox  /ructus  teiuporum,  as  Heinrich  remarks. — Servitii.  A  very 
graphic  term  for  the  toilsome  and  ill-requited  attendance  of  the  cli- 
ent upon  his  haughty  patron. — Nusquavi,  Supply  quam  Roma. — 
Minor.  "  Of  less  account."  The  loss  is  soon  supplied  by  some 
flattering  Greek. 

113-117.  Quod porro  officium,  &c.  "Besides,  not  to  flatter  oun 
selves,  what  service  or  what  merit  can  come  from  the  poor  man 
Jiere,  even  though  he  make  it  his  earnest  care,"  &c.,  t.  c,  to  tell  thq 
plain  and  humiliating  truth,  what  service  can  the  poor  man  render^ 
what  merit  can  he  plead,  even  though  he  be  zealous  enough,  &c.— . 
Node.  "While  it  is  still  dark,"  i.  c,  even  before  the  break  of  day 
The  levees  of  the  rich  and  powerful  were  held  early  in  the  mom* 
ing. — Togatus.  The  clients  were  expected  to  wait  upon  their  pa- 
tron in  full  attire,  of  which  the  toga  formed  the  most  conspicuous 
part. —  Cum  Prator,  &c.  The  poor  man  stands  no  chance  of  being 
noticed,  when  even  the  higher  magistrates  are  hastening  on  the 
same  errand,  and  are  treading,  as  it  were,  on  the  heels  of  the  lictor, 
who  cannot  go  fast  enough  to  please  them.  The  Praetor  UrbamtSf 
or  City  Praetor,  is  meant,  and  by  coUega,  farther  on,  the  Prcctor 
Peregrinus. — Lictorem.  The  praetor  originally  had  six  lictors,  but 
subsequently  he  was  attended  by  two  lictors  within  the  city,  and  by 
six  without. — Dudum  vigilantibus  orbis.  "  Childless  matrons  hav- 
ing long  since  been  awake,"  i.  c,  having  long  since  been  up  and 
expecting  morning  calls. — Ne  prior  Albinam,  &c.  The  contest  be- 
tween these  two  worthies  is,  which  shall  have  the  better  chance  of 
being  named  in  the  wills  of  these  rich  dowagers. 


)  .' 


144 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III. 


145 


118-120.  Da  testem  Romce.  "  Troduce  me  a  witness  at  Rome." 
We  have  here  a  new  ground  of  complaint  on  the  part  of  Umbritius. 
The  truth  of  a  man's  testimony  is  estimated  at  Rome,  not  by  the 
goodness  of  his  character,  but  by  the  amount  of  his  wealth. — IIo&- 
i)€s  numinis  Idmi.  "The  host  of  the  Ida;an  divinity,"  ».  e.,  of  Cy- 
bele,  who  is  here  called  "Idaan,"  from  Mount  Ida,  an  early  seat 
of  her  worship.  The  individual  meant  is  P.  Scipio  Nasica.  When 
the  Romans,  during  the  second  Punic  war,  brought  the  image  of 
Cybele  from  Pessinus  to  Rome,  the  oracle  at  Delphi  directed  them 
to  place  the  goddess  in  the  hands  of  the  most  virtuous  man  (opti- 
mus  vir)  in  the  state;  or,  to  adopt  Livy's  language  (xxix.,  11),  "£/if 
eaiHy  qui  vir  optimus  Roimz  essety  hospitio  excifteret"  The  Senate 
thereupon  decided  that  Nasica  was  the  most  virtuous  citizen  in  the 
state,  and  he  was  therefore  sent,  along  with  the  Roman  matrons,  to 
Ostia,  where  the  vessel  lay  that  had  conveyed  the  image  to  Italy. 
Scipio,  having  received  the  statue  from  the  priests  who  had  charge 
of  it,  conveyed  it  to  the  land,  where  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  matrons,  who  brought  it  to  Rome,  and  placed  it  in  the  temple 
of  Victory  on  the  Palatine  Hill.  (Lty.,  xxix.,  14). —  Vel  qui  servavit, 
fee.  L.  Cajcilius  Metellus,  who,  in  B.C.  241,  rescued  the  Palladi- 
um when  the  temple  of  Vesta  was  in  flames,  but  lost  his  sight  in 
consequence. —  Trqndam.  Trembling,  not  at  the  approach  of  the 
flames,  but  at  the  defiling  contact  of  mortal  hands. 

121-127.  Protenus  ad  censum.  "ITie  question  is  first  asked  as  to 
his  income."  Supply  quceritur.  —  Jugera.  Commonly  rendered 
"acres,"  and  this  version  will  answer  for  ordinary  purposes.  In 
strictness,  however,  ihQjugerum  was  less  than  two  thirds  of  an  En- 
glish acre. — Paropside.  "A  side-dish."  The  jmropsis  was  em- 
ployed for  serving  up  the  smaller  and  more  exquisite  portions  of  a 
meal,  like  the  French  entrie.  Hence  the  inquiry  in  the  text  is  the 
same,  in  fact,  as  "What  sort  of  table  does  he  keep?" — Fidei. 
"  Credit  as  regards  his  oath." — Samothracum  et  nostrorum.  "  Of 
the  Samothracian  and  our  own  country's  gods."  The  Samothracian 
divinities  were  the  Cabiri.  Samothrace  was  a  small  island  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  -^gean  Sea,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Hebms, 
in  Thrace. — Dis  ignoscentibus  ipsis.  The  gods,  instead  of  punish- 
ing his  perjury,  excuse  him  on  account  of  the  temptations  to  which 
he  is  exposed  by  his  destitute  condition. 

12^140.  Hie  idem.  This  same  poor  fellow." — Lacema,  "  His 
cloak."  The  lacema  was  a  loose  kind  of  cloak  or  mantle,  open  in 
front,  and  fastened  by  a  buckle  or  brooch  under  th»  throat.  It  was, 
moreover,  sufficiently  ample  to  be  worn  over  the  toga  or  any  other 


garment,  and  had  a  hood,  which  could  be  raised  over  the  head  so 
as  to  conceal  the  features,  or  avoid  the  sight  of  any  unpleasant  ob- 
ject. —  Sordidula.      "  Is   somewhat  soiled."  —  Rupta  pelle  patet. 
*' Gapes  with  its  upper  leather  burst."— Fc/*i  consuto,  &c.    The 
poet's  language  here  is  humorously  metaphorical.     By  vulncre  is 
meant  the  rupture  of  the  shoe,  and  by  cicatrix  the  awkward  "  seam'* 
on  the  cobbled  patch,  exhibiting  to  view  the  coarse  thread  in  the 
new-made  stitches.  — //j^m^     "Exclaims  the  superintendent  of 
•eats.'*     Supply  designator.     This  functionary  was  somewhat  like 
the  modem  door-keeper  of  a  theatre.     Every  seat  was  numbered, 
the  space  allotted  to  each  being  marked  by  a  line  drawn  on  each 
side  of  it,  and  the  billet  of  admission  (tessera  theatralis)  specified 
the  number  of  the  seat  which  the  person  was  to  occupy,  and  which 
was  shown  to  him  by  the  designator  when  he  entered  the  theatre.— 
Pnlvino  equestri.    In  B.C.  68,  the  tribune  L.  Roscius  Otho  carried 
a  law  which  regulated  the  places  in  the  theatre  to  be  occupied  by 
the  different  classes  of  Roman  citizens,  and  which  enacted,  in  par- 
ticular, that  fourteen  rows  of  benches  should  be  assi^med  to  the 
equestrian  order.- Cujus  res  legi,  &c.    The  amount  of  In  equestri- 
an fortune  was  400,000  sesterces,  and  a  person  not  having  this  was 
excluded  from  the  fourteen  rows.     Bankrupts  lost  their  seats 
Many  persons,  moreover,  belonging  to  the  equites,  whose  estates 
were  impaired,  feared  to  take  their  seats,  until  Augustus  ordained 
that  no  eques,  whose  father  or  himself  had  at  any  time  possessed 
400,000  sesterces,  should  be  liable  to  the  penalties  of  the  law 
{Suet.,  Aug.,  U.)-Et  sedeant  hie.    The  designator's  speech  is  taken 
up  by  Umbntius,  and  continued  with  indignant  irony. 

Lenonum  pueri,  &c.     Men  of  the  vilest  origin  or  character  now  " 
take  the  equestrian  seats,  if  they  have  but  the  requisite  sum  to  con- 
stitute an  equestrian  fortnne.-Nitidi  prceconis.     "  Of  some  spruce 
cner.  —Inter jnnnirapi  eultosjuvenes,  &c.    "Amid  the  smartly-dress- 
ed youths  of  some  feather-snatcher,  and  the  scions  of  some  lanista." 
Ihe  term  pmmrapus  properly  means  any  gladiator  matched  with  a 
bamnite  or  Thracian,  each  of  whom  wore  feathers  {pinnce)  in  their 
helmets,  which  it  was  the  object  of  their  opponent  to  "  snatch  awky." 
Hence  the  name  given  them,  from  pinna  and  rapio.-Lanistce.     4h% 
lamstay^Bs  the  keeper  of  a  gUdiatorial  school.-5ic  libitum  vano,  &c 
According  to  Umbritius,  the  law  of  Otho  was  prompted  by  mere 
caprice  on  the.part  of  a  vain  and  frivolous  man.-Q«t  nos  distinxit. 
Who  made  distinctions  between  us.** 

141-144.  Quis  gener  hie  placuit,  &c.    Another  evil  attendant  upon 
poveny  at  Rome,  the  disacIVantages,  namely,  under  which  men  of 

G 


146 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  HI. 


small  fortunes  labour  with  respect  tomarriagc.—Atqve  jmellc^  sard- 
nuHs  impar.  "And  if  not  a  match  for  the  raoney-bags  of  the  young 
lady."— Qmw  pauper  scribitur  heres  f  Who,  asks  Umbritius,  ever  re- 
members a  poor  man  in  his  will,  so  as  to  make  him  his  heir? — 
Quando  in  cansilio,  &c.  "When  is  he  taken  into  consultation,  even 
by  the  jediles  ?"  «.  c,  when  does  he  sit  as  assessor  to  an  ffidile  ?  Un- 
der the  republic,  the  aedilesbip  was  a  highly  honourable  office,  and 
was  ranked  among  the  magistratus  viajorcs.  In  the  time  of  the  em- 
pire, howeyer,  the  powers  of  the  axliles  were  gradually  diminished, 
and  their  functions  exercised  by  new  officers,  and  hence  Dio  Cas- 
sius  (55, 24)  remarks  that,  even  in  the  days  of  Augustus,  no  one  was 
willing  to  hold  so  contemptible  an  office,  so  that  this  emperor  was 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  compelling  persons  to  take  it.  By  adiks 
in  the  text,  therefore,  are  meant,  in  fact,  the  lowest  class  of  magis- 
trates or  public  officers.— J^/itnc  facto,  &c.  According  to  Umbri- 
tius, there  is  need  of  another  secession  to  the  ^fms  Sacer,  in  order 
to  regain  the  lost  rights  of  the  lower  orders,  and  restore  once  more 
political  equality.— OA/w.  In  the  sense  ofjamdudum.  A  character- 
istic of  the  Silver  Age  of  Latinity.— Tenues  Quirites,  "  The  Romans 
of  slender  means." 

145-151.  Uaud facile  emergunt,  &c.     Another  evil.     Tlic  expense 
of  living  at  'Rome. —Virtutibus.     "  Merits."  — /fc«  aivjusta  domi. 
"Narrow  means  at  hom«." — Magno.     "Costs  a  large  sum."     Sup- 
ply constat  pretio.— Ventres.     "The  keeping."     Supply  constant.— 
Pudet.      "One   feels   ashamed  here.'*  —  Quod  turpe  negavit,  &c. 
"Which  he  denied  to  be  disgraceful,  who  was  transferred  on  a  sud- 
.  den  to  the  Marsi,"  &c.    The  reference  is  to  Curius  Dentatus,  tho 
conqueror  of  the  Samnites  and  Sabines.     The  Marsi  belonged  to  tho 
Sabellian  race.     Many  editions  read  negabit,  making  the  remark  of 
the  poet  a  general  one ;  "  which  he  will  deny  to  be  disgraceful,  if 
transferred  on  a  sudden,"  &c.,  i.  e.,  if  he  shall  witness  their  plain  and 
simple  mode  of  life.    But  the  ordinary  reading  is  to  be  preferred. 
Juvenal  is  fond  of  deducing  examples  from  the  great  and  good  men 
of  earlier  days.— Contentusque  illic,  &c.     "And  was  there  content 
with  a  bowl  of  blue  and  coarse  earthenware."    The  culullus  was  a 
bowl  or  drinking-cup  of  earthenware.     Some  read  here  cucullo,  tho 
cucuUus  being  a  kind  of  hood  or  cowl  attached  to  some  other  gar- 
ment, such  as  the  lacema,  sagum,  Ac. 

162-157.  Pars  magna  Italioe,  &c.  Umbritius,  wishing  to  show 
more  clearly  that  one  might  live  in  other  places  much  less  expen- 
sively than  at  Rome,  instances  the  article  of  dress.  In  many  parts 
of  Ita^y,  as  he  remarks,  where  they  lived  in  rustic  simplicity,  the 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


147 


people  went  dressed  in  the  tunic,  never  wearing  the  toga,  the  ordi- 
nary habit  of  the  men  at  Rome,  during  all  their  lifetime.— iVm  mor~ 
tuus.    The  corpses  of  ordinary  citizens,  among  the  Romans,  were 
arrayed  in  a  white  toga ;  magistrates  in  their  official  robes.— ZTer- 
boso  tkeatro.    The  first  permanent  theatre  even  in  Rome  itself  was 
that  built  by  Pompey  of  hewn  stone.— 6'«  qmndo.     "  If  at  any  time." 
Quando  for  aliqwindo.  —  Majestas.     "The  solemnity."  — ran^/cm. 
At  the  expiration  of  the  year,  or  at  the  conclusion  of  the  serious 
piece.     In  either  case  it  is  meant  to  denote  a  previous  eager  long- 
ing.—Redit.     Final  syllable  lengthened  by  the  arsis.  —  Pulpita. 
"The  stage."     Strictly  speaking,  pufpitum  is  that  part  of  the  stage 
upon  which  the  actors  stood  when  they  delivered  their  dialogues  or 
speeches.— ^xoe//Mm.     "  Interlude."    The  exodimi  was  not  a  farce, 
as  has  commonly  been  supposed,  but  an  old-fashioned  and  laughable 
interlude,  deriving  its  name  from  k^  and  ddog,  and  indicating  some- 
thmg  not  belonging  to  the  main  representation.— PersowcB  paUenHs 
hiatum.     "The  wide-distended  mouth  of  the  ghastly  mask."     The 
dramatic  mask  covered  the  whole  head,  having  the  mouth  more  or 
less  open,  in  order  to  increase  the  volume  of  sound.     On  the  pres- 
ent occasion,  the  unnaturally  distended  mouth  indicates  the  7nandu- 
cus,  a  grotesque  kind  of  masked  character,  with  an  enormous  mouth 
set  full  of  teeth,  in  order  to  excite  merriment  by  his  ugliness  and 
voracious  propensities,  whence  the  name. 

158-166.  Habitus.     "Costumes.*'     Later  Latin  for  res^tmento— 
mc.    In  the  rural  districts  of  Italy.—Simiks.     "  Arrayed  alike  " 
-Orchestram.    In  the  Greek  theatres,  the  orchestra  was  the  place 
where  the  chorus  performed  its  evolutions.     In  the  Roman  theatres   - 
on  the  contrary,  as  the  Romans  had  no  chorus  to  their  dramatic  rep- 
resentations, it  was  occupied  by  the  senators  and  persons  of  distinc- 
tion.    In  the  present  instance,  therefore,  the  term  is  employed  to 
denote,  not  only  the  Decuriones,  or  rural  senate,  but  also  the  upper 
classes  m  the  rural  theatre,  or,  as  we  would  sav,  the  country  gentle- 
men, who  would  occupy  seats  nearer  the  stage  than  the  rest  of  the 
audience.— Cu/t  velamen  honoris.     "As  the  attire  of  distinguished 
preferment." -^i:rf///6u^.     Put  here  for  "magistrates"  generally. 
The  aediles  in  the  rural  districts,  though  resembling  in  their  func- 
tions and  duties  the  a^diles  at  Rome,  were,  as  might  be  expected,  of 
more  consequence  than  the  latter.-^,c.     "Here  at  Rome,  on  the 
contrary  "-t^Ara  vires.     "Beyond  one's  means. "-Interdum  aliena, 
&c.        Sometimes  the  money  (for  making  this  appearance)  is  ob- 
t^ned  from  another's  strong-box,"  i.  e.,  by  borrowing,  &c.-Vitium. 
me  living  beyond  one's  means,  in  consequence  of  the  ambition  of 


148 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


the  poorer  classes  to  make  a  display  and  ape  the  wealthy. Quid 

elasj  &c.  In  the  shape  of  a  bribe  to  the  domestics  of  the  gre^t  man, 
in  order  that,  aft«r  long  dancing  attendance,  you  may  at  len^;th  bo 

admitted  to  his  morning  levee.     Observe  the  force  of  aliquando. 

Cossum.  Cossus  is  here  a  fictitious  name  for  some  wealthy  noble- 
man of  the  day. —  Te  respiciat.  '*May  look  over  hb  shoulder  at 
you."  The  great  man  merely  deigns  to  give  one  glance  of  con- 
temptuous indifference,  without  uttering  a  syllable  in  reply  to  the 
morning  salutation  of  his  inferior. —  Veiento.  Juvenal  may  possibly 
mean  Fabricius  Veiento,  an  infamous  informer  and  flatterer  under 
Domitian. 

167-170.  Ilk  metit  barbam,  &c.  "That  one  lops  off*  the  beard, 
this  one  cuts  the  locks  of  some  favourite  minion."  The  wealthier 
Romans,  on  arriving  at  early  manhood,  used  to  dedicate  the  first 
shavings  of  their  beard  and  the  pollings  of  their  hair  (worn  uncut 
up  to  this  time)  to  some  deity,  most  commonly  Apollo,  and  the  day 
when  this  was  done  was  celebrated  as  a  festival.  The  clients  on 
such  occasions  were  accustomed  to  bring  presents.  In  the  present 
instance,  the  hair  of  some  young  favourite  slave  is  lopped  for  the 
first  time,  and  the  presents  consist  of  cakes,  nominally  as  an  offer- 
ing to  the  god,  but  in  reality  to  be  eaten  by  the  guests.  So  many 
of  these  complimentary  cakes,  moreover,  are  sent  in  honour  of  the 
event,  that  they  are  actually  sold  to  get  rid  of  them,  thus  fonning 
an  important  perquisite  for  the  slave— Libis  venalibus.  "  Of  venal 
cakes."  These  cakes  were  a  kind  of  gingerbread,  made  of  flour, 
honey,  and  oil.— Accipe^  et  istud,  &c.  "Listen  still  farther,  and 
take  this  as  a  leaven  unto  your  feelings,"  i.  c,  and  let  it  work  like 
leaven  within  your  spleen.— Et  otitis  auger e,  &c.  *'  And  to  increase 
the  private  gains  of  pampered  slaves."  The  peculium  of  a  slave  was 
the  money  or  property  which  he  could  accumulate  and  hold  with 
his  master's  consent. 

171-173.  Quis  timet,  &c.  Another  evil  connected  with  the  living 
at  Kome,  namely,  the  insecure  state  of  the  dwellings  of  the  lower 
classes,  and  tktt  constant  danger  of  ^res.—Prameste.  Either  used 
here  in  the  feminine,  in  imitation  of  the  Greek  {Upaivearoi:,  ov,  r}), 
or  else  having  wbe  understood,  with  which  ^c/tV/a  is  to  agree.  Com- 
pare Virg^jEn.,  viii.,  561.  The  ordinary  gender  oi  Prcmeste  is 
neuter.  This  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of  Latium,  and 
was  situate  on  a  steep  and  lofty  hill  about  twenty  miles  southeast 
of  Rome.  In  consequence  of  its  lofty  situation,  it  was  a  cool  and 
healthy  residence  in  the  great  heats  of  summer.  Its  remains  are 
to  be  seen  at  the  modem  Pakestrina, — Ruinam,    "The  fall  of  a 


149 


\ 


i 


iVi 


hoase.  -Uls,nus.  Vokinii,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  powerful 
of  the  c.t.es  of  Etruria,  was  situate  on  a  lofty  hill  at  the  nLhellu 
em  extremuj-  of  the  Lacus  Vulsiniensis,  now  Lake  ot  Bolsena  U 
was  razed  to  the  ground  by  the  Romans,  and  the  inhabitants  Com- 
pelled to  settle  on  a  less  defensible  site  in  the  plain.    On  thU  latte'r 

"  «'^  ;ror.r™  ^"^T-^'--^^-     ^^^^  i^  here  eat; 

simple,    from  the  ease  with  which  Sextus  Tarqui„i„s  is  said  to 

h.ve  duped  .ts  .nhabitants.    It  stood  between  Rome  and  Pr^nest^ 

and  was  .„  earlier  t.mes  one  of  the  most  powerful  of  the  Latta 

bur,  ..  e  at  Tibur,  situate  on  sloping  heights.  Tibur,  now  TivoK 
ky  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  upon  the  left  bank  of  the  Anio,  sixteen 
miles  northeast  of  Rome. 

JJ"""/'    ^'""'  '*^''* >*"'»•    "Supported  on  only  a  slender 
prop.      In  many  parts  of  Rome,  the  dwellings  of  the  lower  orders 

Sr   r/""  h""  ':  """T  P""'  "'  ''"'"''  '"  '^'^P  *em  from 
tW  h.n  .  '""'  "  ''«"'"'™  ""''•""g-    The  prop  supports 

the  budding,  just  as  the  flute-player  supports  the  singer  in  a  public 
performance.-.Va,„  sic  L.b^tibus  olsta,  &c.    "For  L  this  w^y  the 

^ses     ^ytb  iU^t^us  supply  incohs,  not  parietibus,  as  some  d" 

S^  refers  to  the  propping  up  or  shoring.     Some  editions  read  «  Z 

«o,  and  change  juu,,,  u^u,  in  the  succeeding  line,  to  a^tJt  Z 

17Z  'Zl-f  "'-<'-    "Without  apprehensio'n...  ' 

178-183.  77/«..    In  the  country.    If  the  houses  in  the  city  do  not 

Uimble  down,  still  they  are  in  constant  danger  of  being  burL'^idor 

■-Jamposc,t  a^„.,  &o.   The  repetition  of^am  thi^e  times  is  ~ 

^denote  the  progress  of  the  Cr..- Ucale,i.    A  playfulXrnt 

W  nottheTcT,  ''T,'^'"'"  (^"•.  "-.  3>0),  and  denoting 

here,  not  the  next^oor  neighbour,  as  we  might  at  fii^t  suppose  buf 

he  owner  and  occupant  of  the  house  itself  in  which  the  Z'hL 

broken  out,  and  who  has  rented  the  upper  stories  to  poor  tenants  - 

^n^i,  transfer,  "  Is  removing  his  furniture  of  inferior  value  "He 

has  al^ady  removed  the  more  valuable  articles  of  proper^,  and  nf« 

«  engaged  in  saving  his  less  valuable  chattels.    Th^^mTam  to 

show  how  long  the  fire  has  been  raging,  and  yet  during  all    h^ 

staiL  rT  r'  "^T"^  "  ^'°8'«  '"■'"«'''  "I»"  "-  POO'  t-ant  up 
Hei^rK  l^  ?''  ^'-  "  ^""^  "■'^'»  "O-T  -ow  smTes  for  you  " 
Hemnh  makes  ,.W  equivalent  here  to  ,■„  dbmo,  i„  ^  UiS\ 
«  much  beuer,  however,  to  give  it  the  force  of  L  JmicuJZ  ~ 
r«  nes.^  You  are  sound  asleep  and  unconscious  ^your  dan  J  _ 
-Nam  Si  trepidatur  &c  "PnriV*K«  i  t  .  •'""^  "**"ger. — 
'yiaaiur,  &,c.       j<or  if  the  alarm  begin  from  the  bottom 


^. 


Y 


/ 


150 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III. 


151 


of  the  stairs,  he  will  be  the  last  to  bo  burnt,"  &c  The  poor  tenant 
who  occupies  the  garret. — TerjuLi.  "The  tiling.*' — Molks  uhi  red- 
dunty  &c.     The  roof  was  used  as  a  dove-cote. 

184-189.  Lectus  eratCodro,  &c.  If  a  poor  man  is  burnt  out,  no  one 
{hinks  of  helping  him.  An  instance  of  this  is  now  given  in  the  case 
of  an  indigent  poet  named  Codrus.  Compare  note  on  Sat.  i.,  2. — 
Procuhi  minor.  "  Too  short  even  for  little  Procula."  This  is  com- 
monly supposed  to  be  the  name  of  his  wife.  It  is  better,  however, 
to  regard  the  appellation  Procula  as  a  kind  of  proverbial  one  for  a 
dwarfish  person.  Perhaps  it  was  the  name  of  some  dwarf  well 
known  at  Rome. — Nee  non  et.  "And  also  both." — Abaci.  "Of  his 
sideboard."  This  consisted  of  a  marble  slab,  which  was  sometimes 
inserted  into  the  wall,  but  more  commonly  supported  on  a  bracket  or 
a  single  foot. — Infra.  "  Beneath  it." — Cantharus.  This  was  a  goblet 
or  drinking-cup  of  Greek  invention,  having  two  handles.  It  was  the 
cup  particularly  sacred  to  Bacchus. — CJdron.  A  reclining  figure  of 
the  Centaur  under  the  marble  abacus.  Chiron  was  famed  for  his 
skill  in  medicine,  music,  gymnastics,  and  the  art  of  prophecy.  His 
acquaintance  with  the  musical  art  recommends  him  here  to  the  fa- 
vour of  the  poet. — Jam  vetus.  "  Now  grown  old." —  Opici.  Used  here 
in  the  sense  ofbarbari.  The  Opici,  or  Osci,  were  an  Ausonian  tribe, 
on  the  River  Liris,  from  whom  many  barbarous  innovations  were  in- 
troduced into  Roman  manners  and  language. 

190-195.  Totum  iilud  nikil  "  The  whole  of  that  nothing."— C^/- 
tiinus  autemy  &c.  "The  crowning  point,  however,  of  his  accumula- 
ted misery  was,"  ».  c,  the  climax. — Nudum.  "  When  stripped  of 
every  thing." — Frustra.  "Broken  victuals."  —  Ilosjritio  tectoque. 
"With  hospitable  shelter."  Hendiadys.  Literally,  "With  hospi- 
tality and  a  roof." — Cecidit.  "Has  fallen  a  prey  to  the  flames." — 
Ilorrida  mater.  "  Each  Roman  matron  stands  all  dishevelled  to  the 
view."  In  all  public  calamities,  the  Roman  ladies  took  their  part 
in  the  common  mourning  by  appearing  in  funereal  garb,  without  or- 
naments, and  with  dishevelled  hair.  Ilorrida^  in  fact,  implies  all 
this,  being  equivalent  here  to  sine  cultu  et  incomta. — Pullati  pro^ 
ixres.  "  The  nobles  are  clad  in  mourning."  The  pulia  vestis  was  a 
dark-gray  garment  of  undyed  wool,  the  dress  of  mourners.  It  was 
also  the  attire  of  the  lower  orders,  so  that  pullati,  besides  its  mean- 
ing here,  is  sometimes  employed  as  a  general  term  to  indicate  the 
common  people. — Differt  vadimonia.  "  Adjourns  court."  Vadimo^ 
nium  properly  means  security,  or  a  recognizance  for  one's  appearing 
in  court  on  a  certain  day  when  the  trial  is  to  begin.  Hence  dif- 
ferre  vadimonia  signifies,  strictly,  "  to  put  off  the  day  of  appearance," 


II 


' 


the  plural  indicating  several  law-suits.  The  closing  of  the  courts 
was  technically  called  a  justitium.—Tunc  geminus,  <fec.  We  now  la- 
ment the  fire  as  a  national  calamity. 

1 96-202.  A  rdet  adhuc.     "  The  pile  still  blazes."— J^J^am  accurHt. 
"And  already  up  runs  one."     AccurHt  is  the  true  reading  here. 
Occurrit,    "one   meets   him,"  wants   force.  —  A  liquid  prceclarum. 
"  Some  masterpiece."— ^tt;,Aranom  et  Polycleii.    Euphranor,  who 
flourished  about  B.C.  336,  was  a  distinguished  statuary  and  painter, 
and  a  native  of  the  Corinthian  isthmus,  but  he  practised  his  art  at 
Athens.    Polycletus  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  statuaries  of 
antiquity,  but  was  also  a  sculptor,  an  architect,  and  an  artist  in  to- 
reutic.    He  was  a  native,  probably,  of  Sicyon,  and  flourished  about 
B.C.  452-412.— /y/c  Asiauorum,  &c.     The  common  reading  is  //(rr, 
"this  lady,"  but  the  change  of  gender  is  exceedingly  awkward,  and 
we  have  therefore  given  IJic,  with  Jahn  and  others.     Some  MSS. 
read  PhcEcasianorum  instead  of  H(ec  Asianorum,  making  the  word 
equivalent  to  Grcecorum.     The  term  (l>aiKuaiov,  or  ^at/caf,  means  a 
species  of  white  shoe  worn  by  Athenian  gymnasiarchs  anfl  Egyp- 
tian priests,  and  hence  Pha:casianus  will  be  phoBcasio  indutm,  i.  e., 
Gracus.     This,  however,  is  very  far-fetched. 

Porulos.    "  Cases."  *  The  forulus  was  a  dwarf  book-case,  or  cabi- 
net for  books,  not  permanently  fixed  to  the  walls  like  the  armari- 
urn,  but  forming  a  small  movable  repository  for  a  few  favourite  m- 
thors—Mediamque  Minervam.     "And  a  bust  of  Minena."     The 
Greek  Trporo(iri.-Modium.     "  A  whole  peck."     The  modius  was  the 
Roman  corn-measure,  equivalent  nearly  to  our  peck,  not,  as  some 
suppose,  to  our  bushel.    It  contained  sixteen  sextarii,  or  the  sixth 
part  of  a  Greek  medimnus,  that  is,  nearly  two  gallons  English— 
Mehora  et  plura  reponit,  &c.     "Persicus,  now  the  most  richly  pro- 
vided of  the  destitute,  actually  replaces  what  he  has  lost  by  better 
and  more  numerous  things."     Asturius  is  here  called  Persicus  (i.  e , 
"  the  Persian")  in  derision,  on  account  of  his  luxurious  style  of  liv- 
ing and  the  great  wealth  he  had  possessed. ^Or6or«/«.     Incorrectly 
rendered  by  some,  "Of  childless  men."    The  reference  is  to  his 
losses  by  the  fire,  and  lautissimus  orborum  is  purposelv  meant  as  a 
pleasant  oxymoron.  •  *  . 

204-212.  SijH>tes  avelli  Circensibus.  "If  you  can  tear  yourself 
away  from  the  Circensian  games."  Supply  ludis.  The  Circensian 
games  were  so  called  from  their  being  celebrated  in  the  Circus 
Maxrmus.  The  Romans,  particularly  the  lower  orders,  were  pa^- 
sionately  attached  to  them.  Compare  Sat.,  x.,  81. -Sorce,  &c 
Three  small  towns  in  Latium  arc  here  mentioned,  where  one  might 


/ 


/ 


^.  ^. 


152 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III.« 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  III. 


153 


live  peaceably  and  happily.  Sora  was  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Liris,  to  the  north  of  Arpinum.  Fabrateria  was  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Treras,  in  the  territory  of  the  Volsci.  Fnisino,  originally  a 
town  of  the  Hemici,  was  in  the  valley  of  the  River  Co^as.—Paratur. 
« Is  to  be  purchased."— Q«a«/i  nunc,  &c.  "  For  as  much  as  you 
now  hire  some  dark  hole  (in  the  city)  for  a  single  year.**  Supply 
tanti&t  the  commencement  of  the  clause.— Htc.  In  these  country 
towns.— Puteusque  brevis,  &c.  The  springs  are  so  high  that  no  rope 
is  required,  but  the  bucket  can  be  dipped  at  once  into  the  well,  a 
matter  of  no  little  importance  in  a  country  where  so  much  watering 
was  wanted  as  in  Italy.—  Vive  hidentis  amans.  Here  pass  your  days 
in  cuhivating  your  httle  spot  of  ground.  The  bidens  was  a  strong 
and  heavy  two-pronged  hoe,  here  put  figuratively  for  husbandr}-  in 
general.— Ca/f»  vUHcus  horti.  "  And  the  dresser  of  a  neat  garden." 
ViUicus  is  properly  a  superintendent  or  overseer ;  here,  however,  it 
stands  for  hortulanus,  or  colonus  gtn^r&Wy. —Pythagoreis.  The  Pyth- 
r.goreans,  in  general,  abstained  from  animal  food,  owing  to  their 
belief,  *it  is  said,  in  the  metempsychosis,  and  obsen-ed  a  vegetable 
diet.  Such,  at  least,  is  the  common  account,  and  the  one  followed 
in  the  text,  though  the  best  authorities  contradict  it. 

Est  all({uid.  "It  is  always  something."  Compare^ the  Greek, 
Ifjri  Ti.—Recessu.  "Nook."— f/niMs  sese  dominum,  &c.*  "To  have 
made  one's  self  the  owner  even  of  a  single  lizard.'*  The  green 
lizard  is  very  abundant  in  the  gardens  of  Italy.  Hence  the  text 
means,  to  have  made  one's  self  owner  of  a  spot  of  ground  no  larger 
than  that  on  which  you  may  stand  a  chance  of  finding  a  lizard ;  in 
other  words,  a  very  small  spot  of  ground. 

213-219.  TV^»<^-  *' From  want  of  sleep."  Another  evil  at- 
tendant  upon  living  at  Rome  is  the  perpetual  noise  in  the  streets, 
occasioned  by  vehicles  passing  at  all  hours,  so  as  to  prevent  one's 
sleeping.  This,  to  people  who  are  sick,  is  often  attended  with  fatal 
consequences.— Serf  ilium  langvorem,  &c.  "Although  (it  must  bo 
confessed)  food  imperfectly  digested,  &c.,  brought  on  that  exhaustion 
in  the  first  instance."  A  side  hit,  in  passing,  at  the  luxurious  mode 
of  Hfe  pursued  in  the  city,  even  by  persons  of  limited  means.  The 
being  kept  awake,  therefore,  merely  finishes  what  intemperance  and 
excess  began.— J/entona.  "  Hired  lodgings."  These  were  gener- 
ally on  the  great  thoroughfares,  or  in  other  noisy  parts  of  the  city, 
and,  moreover,  next  to  the  street.  None  but  the  rich  could  afibrd 
to  live  in  houses  in  the  retired  parts  of  the  city,  or  spacious  enough 
to  have  bed-chambers  remote  from  the  noise  in  the  streets.  They, 
therefore,  who  would  sleep  at  Rome,  must  be  at  great  expense,  which 
none  but  the  opulent  could  afford. 


-^ 


>i 


Magms  opibus,  &c.     •'  One  obtains  sleep  in  the  city  only  at  a  great 
outlay."— ^rc<o  viconm  in  flexu.    "  In  the  narrow  curves  of  the 
streets."    The  streets  of  Rome,  with  the  exception  of  the  main  av- 
ennes,  were  narrow  and  crooked.    After  the  great  fire  in  the  time 
of  Nero,  they  were  enlarged  and  regulated,  and  the  burnt  district 
was  laid  out  in  a  much  better  manner  than  before,  and  with  better 
buildings.-5/a»ft>  cmvida  «umdrc.     "The  revilings  of  thestand. 
ing  team,"  i.t    the  mutual  revilings  of  the  teamsters  brought  to  a 
stand-still.    J/a«rfraispropcrIy"apenforcattIe,"andisthen  taken 
to  signify  the  "cattle"  themselves,  as  here  a  "team"  of  horses  or 
muIes.-Z)™».     ..  Even  from  a  Drusus,"  i.  e.,  even  from  one  as  le- 
thargic as  the  Emperor  Claudius  (Tiberius  Claudius  Drusus)  is  said 
to  have  been.    Some  editors  are  in  favour  of  reading  urso  iorDruso 
and  Jacobs  recommends  vit^sve  for  vitulisqu^ ;  but  the  answer  in 
both  cases  ,s  the  same:  the  poet,  namely,  by  a  stroke  of  wit,  makes 
Drusus  and  the  sea-calf,  or  seal,  a  creature  proverbial  for  sluggish- 
ness, to  belong  to  one  and  the  same  fraternity. 

220-224.  Si  vocat  offidum.     "  If  duty  calls  him."    By  ojicitim  is 
here  meant  attendance  upon  the  levees  of  the  great.    Urabritius 
hanng  shovm  the  advantage  enjoyed  by  the  rich  in  being  able  to  afl 
ford  themselres  quiet  repose,  notwithstanding  the  constant  noises  in 
the  city,  which  break  the  rest  of  the  poorer  classes,  now  proceeds  to 
mention  another  privilege  which  they  possess,  in  being  able  to  trav- 
el rapidly  along  the  crowded  streets,  lolling  in  their  litters,  while 
he  poor  are,  with  great  difficulty  and  at  great  risk,  slowly  making 
their  w-ay  on  foot.-Ingenti  Liiumo.     "  By  the  aid  of  his  strapping 
Liburnian."    The  tall  and  sturdy  natives  of  Liburnia,  whose  coun 
try  Jay  along  the  northeastern  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  were  much  em- 
ployed at  Rome  as  litter-bearers.-5«;«r  ora.     "Above  their  up- 
turned faces.      Observe  the  force  of  ora.-ObiUr.     «  By  the  way  " 
-Oausa/encstra.    The  windows  were  glazed  with  a  kind  of  trans- 
parent stone,  called  &;«  specularis,  and  were  supplied  with  curtains 
-Ante  ta,nen  venict.    He  will  lose  no  time,  however,  by  all  this,  for.' 
n  whatever  way  he  may  employ  himself  on  the  route,  he  will  be  sur^ 

2T,"2oo  '";  P'-'^o.^f 'J«^«'"'«on  before  us  poor  foot-passengei.. 

225-220  Undapnor.  "  The  wave  (of  the  multitude)  that  rolls  on 
before,  -^fayno  ay,«fc.  "  In  dense  column  of  marchr-Assere 
duro.  "  With  the  hard  pole  of  a  litter."-/„c«ri,.  "  Knocks."-jr<^ 
tretan..  "A  nine-gallon  cask."  The  ,netreta  was  an  Athenian 
measure  for  liquids^  containing  ,2  conr^i  (x^e,),  and  144  .onJXa,,  or 
a^tnine gallons English.-P,„,«a crura lu,o.  Supply ™ea>„  ._ 
Planta  mox  und>que,  &c.    "  Presently  I  am  trodden  upon,  on  every 

G2 


„flPSHK"ft. 


154 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


side,  by  some  huge  splay-footed  fellow." — Clavus  militis.  "The  hob- 
nail of  some  soldier's  shoe."  The  shoe  worn  by  the  Roman  soldiery 
of  the  rank  and  file,  including  the  centurions,  but  not  the  superior 
officers,  was  called  caliga.  It  consisted  of  a  close  shoe,  entirely  cov- 
ering the  foot,  and  baring  a  thick  sole  studded  with  nails.  It  was 
bound  by  straps  across  the  instep  and  round  the  bottom  of  the  leg. 
—//I  ^gito  mihi  haret,  "  Keeps  sticking  in  my  toe."  With  digito 
supply  petHs. 

230-234.  Norme  videSj  <tc.  Here  the  scene  shifts.  The  difficult- 
ies  of  the  morning  are  overpast,  and  the  streets  are  cleared  of  the 
shoals  of  levee-hunters.  New  perils,  however,  arise,  and  the  poor 
are  obstructed  by  the  crowd  of  clients  returning  with  their  slaves 
from  the  distribution  of  the  dole  at  their  patrons*  houses. —  Celebre- 
tur.  "  Is  frequented." — Sua  culina.  The  "  kitchen"  here  spoken  of 
was  a  large  kind  of  chafing-dish,  divided  into  two  cells,  in  the  up- 
permost one  of  which  they  put  the  meat,  and  in  the  lower  fire,  to 
keep  it  warm. —  Corbuio.  "  A  Corbulo,"  i.  c,  even  one  as  strong  as 
Corbulo  himself.  Domitius  Corbulo,  remarkable  for  his  great  size 
and  strength,  was  a  distinguished  general  under  Claudius  and  Nero. 
During  the  reign  of  the  latter  he  carried  on  some  very  successful 
campaigns  against  the  Parthians.  But  Nero,  who  had  become  jeal- 
ous of  his  fame,  decoyed  him  to  Corinth,  where,  on  learning  that 
orders  had  been  issued  for  his  death,  he  plunged  his  sword  into  his 
breast,  exclaiming,  "Well  desened !"— /?cc/o  vertice.  "With  up- 
right neck,**  t.  c,  with  his  head  upright,  lest  the  gravy  should  be 
spilled.— 5€nm/«*  in/eiix.  "  Some  wretched  Httlc  slave,"  t.  c,  as  op- 
posed to  the  gigantic  and  powerful  Corbulo. 

235-237.  Scinduntur  tunicce  sartce.  The  patched  tunics  of  the  poor 
get  torn  in  the  squeeze.— 3/odb  longa  coruscat,  <fec.  Now  follows  an 
indirect  attack  on  the  mania  of  the  emperors  for  building,  an  evil, 
howerer,  which  Juvenal  lived  to  see  abated.— Cbnwca/.  "  Sways 
upon  the  view,"  i.  c,  quivers,  or  keeps  nodding  up  and  down.  Its 
swaying  to  and  fro  made  it  dangerous.— 5arraco  veniente.  There 
had  been  a  law  to  prevent  the  nuisance  of  these  loaded  wagons 
passing  and  repassing  after  sunrise,  or  before  four  o*clock  in  the 
afternoon,  when  the  Romans  generally  would  be  dining,  unless  it 
were  for  the  construction  or  repairing  of  te%les,  public  works,  &c. 
Timber-carriages  in  the  emperor's  service  would  fall  under  this  ex- 
ception.—^/^cra  plaustra.  "  Another  class  of  vehicles."  Obsene 
the  employment  of  altera  in  the  plural,  to  indicate  one  of  two  classes 
or  kinds. — Alte.  We  have  given  alte  here  as  superior  to  the  common 
reading  altce. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.   III. 


155 


238-244.  Saxa  Ligustica,  "  The  blocks  of  Ligurian  stone."  Im- 
mense blocks  of  Ligurian  marble  were  brought  from  Luna  and  its 
neighbourhood.  As  the  quarries  were  near  the  sea,  it  was  more 
used  than  any  other.  The  white  marble  of  Luna  now  takes  its 
name  from  the  neighbouring  town  of  Carrara. — Procuhuit.  "  Has 
sunk  beneath  the  weight,"  i.  c,  has  given  way. — Et  eversum  fudit, 
&c.  "And  has  poured  its  overturned  mountain-load  upon  the  mov- 
ing throng,"  I.e.,  upon  the  troops  of  foot-passengers.— C)6^rtVtt;«. 
"  Crushed  to  atoms." — More  animce.  Because  not  a  particle  of  it  is 
visible.— Interea,  &c.  While  the  master  (followed  by  his  slave  with 
the  supper)  has  come  to  this  untimely  end,  hk  unconscious  domes- 
tics are  making  preparations  for  his  meal,  and  his  previous  bath. — 
Secura.  "  Appreheiftive  of  no  evil."— Foctt/um.  "  A  little  fire.**  To 
warm  the  water  for  bathing  before  dinner.— F^  sonat  unctis* strigli- 
hus.  ''  And  are  making  a  clatter  with  the  well-oiled  strigils.**— 
Striglibus  for  strigilibus.  The  strigil  (strigilis)  was  a  kind  of  scraper 
for  removing  the  moisture  and  impurities  thrown  out  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  skin  by  the  heat  of  the  vapor-bath  or  the  violent  exer- 
cise of  the  palastra.  It  was  made  of  iron  or  bronze,  with  a  handle, 
into  which  the  hand  could  be  inserted,  and  a  cuned  blade,  hollow- 
ed into  a  channel,  down  which  the  moisture  and  perspiration  would 
flow  as  in  a  gutter.    When  about  to  be  used,  the  edge  was  lubricated 

mth  a  few  drops  of  oil,  to  prevent  abrasion  of  the  skin. Gutto, 

The  guttus  was  a  "  cruse"  or  flask  with  a  very  narrow  neck,  from 
which  the  liquid  poured  out  flowed  in  small  quantities,  or  drop  by 
drop.  On  the  present  occasion  it  contains  oil  for  rubbing  over  the 
body  after  bathing. 

245-248.  Pueros.  The  slaves.  —  Ille.  "The  master  himself.** 
Erroneously  referred  by  most  commentators  to  the  servuius  infelix. 
— Sedet  in  rijta.  He  takes  a  seat  on  the  banks  of  the  Styx,  because 
he  has  a  hundred  years  to  wait,  baring  been  deprived  of  the  rites 
of  burial.— iVbjnaW.  "  A  novice,**  i.  c,  newly  arrived,  and  behold- 
ing for  the  first  time  so  appalling  a  scene.— PprMwea.  Charon. 
Porthneus  is  a  Greek  form  of  expression  for  the  ordinary  Latin  term 
portitor. — Nee  sperat.  Because  unburied. — Alnum.  "The  bark." 
According  to  the  poets,  the  alder  (alnus\  as  growing  on  the  banks 
of  rivers,  was  the  first  tree  the  timber  of  which  was  used  for  naviga- 
tion. Hence  it  is  taken  figuratively  for  the  bark  or  vessel  itself. 
Charon's  boat  is  here  meant. —  Ctcnosi  gurgitis.    "  Of  the  miry  pool  '* 

t.  c,  in  which  to  cross  the  dark  and  troubled  waters  of  the  Styx. 

Trientem.     "Tlie  triens."    A  small  copper  coin,- so  called  from  its 
being  the  third  of  an  as.    It  is  put  here,  in  reality,  however,  for  tho 


\^ 


I* ; 


li 


\ 


\ 


156 


NOTES    ON    SAT.   III. 


oboiusf  which,  according  to  the  Greek  legend,  was  Charon's  regular 
fare.     The  coin  was  always  placed  in  the  month  of  the  corpse. 

249-258.  Respice  nunc  alia,  &c.     We  have  now  a  lively  and  faith- 
ful picture  of  the  evils  incident  to  the  night,  which  will  suit  all  large 
cities  not  sufficiently  protected  by  a  night-police.— (2«<x/  sjmtium,  &c. 
"What  a  space  it  is  from  lofty  roofs  (to  the  ground)."— 7e«/a. 
"The  potsherd,"  i,  e.p  some  piece  of  broken  pottery.  —  C^rta. 
"Chipped."— Qttan to  percussum,  Ac.     "With  what  a  weight  thej 
actually  mark  and  indent  the  flinty  pavement  where  stricken  by 
them,"  t.  c,  wherever  they  strike.    From  the  force  with  which  they 
strike  the  flinty  pavement,  you  may  judge,  a  fortiori^  of  the  little 
chance  which  your  head  would  have.— ^wart«.     "Remiss."— Ca- 
sus.     "Accident."— ^rfco  totfaia,  <tc.     "So  clear  it  is  that  there 
are  jus!  so  many  chances  of  death,"  &c.—  Vigiles.    "  Wakeful,"  i.  e., 
where  the  inmates  are  awake  inside. — Patulas  defuudere  jtelvcs. 
"To  ])our  down  merely  what  the  broad  basins  contain,"  t.  e.,  and 
not  to  throw  down  the  basins  along  with  it.    There  is  a  title  in  the 
Digest  (ix.,  3),  ''Dehis  qui  efuderint  vei  dejecerint.** 

259-26G.  Ebrius  ac  petulansy  <fec.     A  vivid  picture  is  now  present- 
ed of  the  wanton  insults  to  which  the  poor  were  exposed  from  the 
midnight  frolics  of  drunken  rakes  and  bullies.     Nero  was  one  of  the 
first  of  these  disturbers  of  the  public  quiet.    Under  shelter  of  his 
example,  private  persons  took  the  opportunity  of  annoying  passen- 
gers in  the  streets  by  night. — Qui  nullum  forte  cecidit.     "Who  hag  • 
chanced  as  yet  to  give  no  one  a  beating." — Bat  pamas.     "  Suffers 
the  penalty  for  this,"  «.  c,  by  not  being  able  to  sleep.     He  accounts 
it  a  sad  night's  sport  unless  he  has  given  some  one  a  threshing,  and 
therefore  cannot  sleep  for  pure  vexation.— ^im'cttwi.    Patroclus.— 
Ergo  non  alitery  &c.    This  must  be  regarded  as  a  question  on  the 
part  of  the  poet,  not  of  Umbritius.     But  the  whole  line  is  probably 
spurious,  and  might  be  omitted  without  any  injury  to  the  sense.— 
Improbua.     "Reckless." — Cocdna  Icena,  &c.     The  scarlet  cloak,  the 
long  train  of  attendants  bearing  torches,  and  the  lamps,  probably 
of  Corinthian  brass,  carried  immediately  before  him,  all  mark  the 
rich  nobleman,  and  teach  the  midnight  brawler  discretion.— J/u//uw 
prasterea  fammarum.     "Many  a  blazing  torch  too."  — .^cwca.    A 
quadrisyllable,  as  required  by  the  metre,  unless  we  read  atque  cenea. 
267-276.  Deducere.     "To  escort  on  my  way."    The  technical 
word  for  the  clients'  attendance  on  their  patrons. — Cand€l(F.    Th© 
candle  consists  of  a  roi^e  dipped  in  wax  or  pitch.— Z)w;>en5o  et  tern- 
pero.     "I  parcel  out  and  economize."     Only  a  certain  portion  cf 
^e  wick,  and  that  a  very  small  one,  is  to  be  allowed  for  going  a 


4 


t 


NOTES    ON    SAT.   III. 


157 


certain  distance.— Proamia.  "  The  prelude," «.  c,  the  way  in  which 
it  begins.— Stat  contra.  "  He  takes  his  station  full  in  front."— For- 
tior,  "Stronger  than  yourself."— ^ceto.  "Vinegar,"  t.  e.,  sour 
wine.— Cbnc//e.  Beans  boiled  in  the  shell,  a  common  dish  among 
the  poorer  people,  and  which  was  very  filling.— ^ec^tVe  porrun, 
"Chopped  leek."  There  were  two  kinds  of  leek,  the  secHle  and 
capitatuni,  of  which  the  former  was  the  coarser  sort.— Ferrca*. 
Sheep's  heads  were  among  the  parts  given  away  to  the  poor  at  the 
Saturnalia  and  other  festivals. 

277-281.  Ede,  ubi  const stas.  "Tell  me  where  you  take  your 
stand."  Implying  that  he  was  one  of  the  regular  fraternity  of  beg- 
gai-s.— 7«  qua  proseucha.  "  In  what  Jewish  praying-house."  This 
is  said  contemptuously,  as  if  the  poor  man  were  not  only  a  beggar, 
but  (what  was  worse)  a  vagabond  Jew.  The  proseuchat  ('n-poae^xai) 
were  Jewish  oratories,  or  houses  of  prayer,  usually  built  without  the 
walls  of  a  city,  by  the  river  or  sea  side.— ^<  tentes.  For  sive  tentes. 
—Tantmdem  est.  "'Tis  all  one."— PanVcr.  "Equally  in  either 
event."—  Vadimoniafaciunt.  "  Make  you  give  bail  for  the  assault.** 
They  pretend  to  be  the  party  aggrieved,  and  insist  on  your  finding 
bail  for  the  alleged  assault.  Consult,  as  regards  vadimonia,  the  note 
on  line  I5d.—Pugnis  concisus.  "Cut  up  with  fisticuffs."— ^dbra^ 
"  Supplicates." 

263-288.  Nee  tamcn  haec  tantum  vietuas.     Now  come  the  dangers 
from  robboi-s.— Z)eenV.     To  be  pronounced  as  a  dissyllabic.—  Clausis 
domibus,  &c.    All  the  houses  being  shut  up,  and  the  shops  closed, 
there  is  no  help  to  be  had.—  Omnis  ubique,  &c.     "  Every  fastening  of 
the  chained  shop  has  every  where  become  fixed  and  silent."    Lit- 
erally, "  every  fixed  fastening,  &c.,  has  become  silent."    The  shut- 
ters were  fastened  by  a  strong  iron  chain  running  through  each.— 
Agit  rem.     "  Does  your  business."— ^mato  quoHes,  &c.    AVhen  the 
banditti  became  so  numerous  in  any  spot  as  to  render  traveUing 
dangerous,  it  was  usual  to  detach  a  party  of  military  from  the  capi- 
tal to  scour  their  retreats,  the  inevitable  consequence  of  which  was 
that  they  escaped  in  vast  numbers  to  Rome,  where  thcv  continuecf 
to  exercise  their  old  trade  with  probably  more  security  than  before. 
—Pomtina  pahs.    "  The  Pontine  marshes."    This  was  the  name  of  a 
low  marshy  plain  on  the  coast  of  Latium,  between  Circeii  and  Ter- 
racina,  said  to  have  been  so  called  from  an  ancient  town  Pontia, 
which  disappeared  at  an  early  period.     The  plain  is  about  24  miles 
long,  and  from  8  to  10  miles  in  breadth.     The  marshes  are  formed 
chiefly  by  the  rivers  Nymphajus,  Ufens,  Amasenus,  and  some  smaller 
streams,  which,  instead  of  finding  their  way  to  the  sea,  spread  over 


r 


r  i'S  :*-»•.?  :-^J 


i 


I 


\ 


158 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  III. 


this  plain.  Hence  the  plain  is  converted  into  a  vast  number  of 
marshes,  the  miasma  arising  from  which  is  exceedingly  unwhole- 
some in  summer. 

GaUinaria  pinus.  "The  Gallinarian  pine  forest."  A  forest  on 
the  coast  of  Campania,  occupying  the  sandy  shore  which  extends 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Vultumus  toward  Cumae.  It  was  a  favourite 
resort  of  banditti,  and  was,  in  consequence,  often  guarded  by  bands 
of  soldiery.  Strabo  speaks  of  it  as  a  forest  of  brushwood,  but,  from 
Juvenal's  language,  it  is  evident  that  there  was  also  a  wood  of  tall 
pine-trees,  such  as  grow  luxuriantly  on  many  of  the  sandy  shores  of 
Italy. —  Tanquavi  ad  vivaria,  "As  unto  some  vast  preserve."  Ob- 
serve here  the  force  of  the  plural.  Vivarium  is  a  very  general  term 
for  any  place  in  which  beasts,  fowls,  fish,  or  any  kind  of  animals 
were  kept  alive,  either  for  the  purposes  of  gain  or  pleasure. 

290-295.  Qua/brnace  graves j  «fec.  Though  there  is  no*  forge  or 
anvil  but  rings  with  the  clank  of  chains,  yet  all  is  ineflectual  for  the 
suppression  of  crime.  The  regular  prose  order  would  be,  (ittafor^ 
naccj  qua  incude,  non  graves  catencef — Catence.  Supply  conjiciuntur  or 
fabricantur. — Modus.  "  Quantity.**  Supply  consumitur. — Marra:  et 
sarcula.  "  Mattocks  and  hoes."  The  former  of  these  words  still 
exists  in  both  Italian  and  Spanish;  and  in  French,  inane  denotes 
the  hoe  used  in  vineyards.  From  sarculum  comes,  through  the 
French,  the  English  verb  *'  sarcle,"  to  weed  com. — Proavorum  dta- 
vos.  "  Our  forefathers  of  early  times."  The  order  is,  Pater^  avus, 
proavusj  abavus,  atavus,  tritavus.  He  means,  therefore,  eight  gen- 
erations back  at  least. —  Tribunis.  The  military  tribunes  with  con- 
sular power  were  first  appointed  B.C.  444,  sixty-five  years  after  the 
abolition  of  the  regal  government ;  and  the  tribunes  of  the  commons 
sixteen  years  after  the  same  event. —  Uno  car  cere.  This  prison  we« 
bidlt  by  Ancus  Martins  (LtV.,  i.,  33).  Servius  Tullius  added  the 
dungeon,  called  from  him  Tullianum.  The  next  prison  was  built 
by  Appius  Claudius  the  Decemvir.    (Lti?.,  iii.,  67.) 

296-303.  His  alias  poteram,  &c.  "  To  these  I  might  have  sub- 
joined other  and  more  numerous  reasons  (for  leaving  Home)."  Ob- 
serve the  employment  of  poteram  here  in  the  imperfect  indicative, 
to  denote  what  might  have  been  done,  but  is  not  done  (Afadvig^ 
§  348,  Obs.  1). — Sed  jumenta  vacant.  The  wagon,  as  soon  as  it  was 
loaded,  set  out  and  overtook  Umbritius ;  and  now  it  was  waiting  to 
depart. — Nam  mihi  commota,  <fec.  "  For  the  muleteer  has  long  since 
been  giving  me  a  hint  by  smacking  his  whip.*' — ZW)  Aquino.  *'  To 
thy  native  Aquinum."  Aquinum,  Juvenal's  native  place,  was  situ- 
ate in  the  territory  of  the  Volsci,  on  the  Via  Latina,  between  Fabra- 


i 


•  Ik 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


159 


teria  and  Casinum,  and  about  four  miles  from  the  left  bank  of  the 
Liris.  Ceres  and  Diana  were  especially  worshipped  here.—Hehn- 
nam.  "  The  Ilelvine."  Ceres  was  so  called,  from  the  "  yellow  (kel- 
vus)  colour"  of  the  ears  of  com.  Helvus  is  akin  to  gilvus^  «  dun," 
in  etymology  and  signification.  Compare  the  German  gelb,  "yel- 
low,** and  the  Sanscrit  gaur.—Ni  pudct  illas.  "  Unless  they  are 
ashamed  (of  my  poor  aid).'*  Supply,  with  Ruperti,  auxilii  mei.-^ 
Caligatus.  "  Fully  equipped,"  t.  e.,  for  a  campaign  against  the  vices 
of  the  city.  Caligatus  literally  means  "  wearing  soldiers'  shoes.'* 
Compare  note  on  line  229.— Gelidos  agros.  Aquinum  was  rendered 
"cool"  by  its  hills,  woods,  and  streams. 


SATIRE  IV. 
ARGUMENT. 

No  vicious  man  can  be  happy,  least  of  all  the  profligate  Crispi- 
nus,  though  his  wealth  be  such  that  he  can  lavish  the  price  of  an 
estate  upon  a  fish,  an  instance  of  self-indulgence  in  the  parasite 
which  prepares  us  for  any  extravagance  on  the  part  of  the  monarch 
his  patron. 

In  Domitian's  reign,  a  rhombus  of  very  large  size,  fully  equalling 
the  Byzantine,  was  taken  ofi*  Ancona.    As  such  a  prize  would  else 
be  seized  by  the  informers,  who  swarmed  even  on  the  coast,  the 
fisherman  destines  it  for  Caesar,  and,  though  the  season  is  winter 
humes  with  it,  as  though  afraid  it  may  become  tainted.    At  the 
Alban  villa  he  finds  ready  admission.     He  begs  the  emperor  to  ac- 
cept the  fish  as  one  resened  for  his  times,  and  eager  for  the  honour 
of  being  served  up  at  his  table.     Gross  as  this  flattery  is,  Domitian 
welcomes  it.     But  where  find  a  dish  capacious  enough  to  contain 
the  fish?    This  is  a  point  for  a  council  of  state  to  determine.     A 
council  is  accordingly  summoned.    The  individuals  called  to  con- 
sultation are  then  described,  and  the  farce  ends  with  the  advice 
of  Montanus  being  followed,  who  recommends  that  a  dish  be  made 
for  the  purpose,  since  it  were  a  dishonour  to  such  a  fish  not  to  be 
served  up  whole.     The  council  is  then  dismissed,  having  been  con- 
voked in  as  headlong  haste  as  though  some  war  had  broken  out. 
Yet  it  had  been  well  for  Rome  if,  engrossed  by  such  follies,  Domi- 
tian had  wanted  time  for  the  murder  of  her  nobles,  whom,  more- 
over, he  might  have  destroyed  with  impunity  if  he  had  not  alarmed 
also  men  of  ignoble  origin  for  their  own  safety. 


i\ 


160 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


il^ 


] 


From  the  concluding  verses,  we  learn  that  this  satire  was  com- 
posed after  the  death  of  Domitian,  September  18,  A.D.  96.— 
{Mayor.^ 


1-9.  Ecce  iterum  Crispinus.  "See!  Crispinus  again  makes  his 
appearance.'*  Supply  adest.  lie  has  already  been  mentioned  in 
Sat.  i.,  25. — Ad  partes.  "To  play  his  part."  A  metaphor  borrow- 
ed from  the  stage,  where  the  actor  is  called  when  it  is  his  turn  to 
appear. — Nulla  virtute.  "  By  not  a  single  virtue."  Nulla  for  ne 
itlla  quiflem. — ^^Eger^  solaque^  &c.  "Enfeebled  (by  debauchery)  in 
body  and  mind,  and  strong  in  libidinous  desire  alone. — Quantis  jxtr- 
ticibus.  "  Beneath  how  large  porticoes."  The  luxurious  Romans 
built  long  covered  ways  in  their  grounds,  that  they  might  not  be 
deprived  of  their  exercise  in  bad  weather. — Quanta  nemoi-um,  &c. 
The  allusion  is  now  to  the  being  borne  along  in  a  Icctica  through 
shady  groves. —  Vicinaforo.  Land  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
forum  was  of  course  exorbitantly  dear. — JEdes.  "  (louses  in  the 
same  quarter."  Supply,  mentally,  vicinasforo. —  Corrvptor  ct  idem 
incestus.  "  A  seducer  and  one  guilty  at  the  same  time  of  incest." 
Such  was  the  respect  for  religion,  that  the  seducer  of  a  Vestal  vir- 
gin was  considered  guilty  of  incest. —  Vittata.  Priests  and  priest- 
esses wore  fillets  around  the  head. — Jacebat.  "  Forgot  her  vow.** — 
Sanguine  adhuc  vivo.  "  With  the  blood  still  living  in  her  veins."  A 
Vestal  who  forgot  her  vow  was  buried  alive  in  the  Campus  Scele- 
ratus,  just  within  the  city  walls,  close  to  the  Colline  gate.  Wheth- 
er the  Vestal  alluded  to  in  the  text  actually  suffered  is  doubtful, 
but  Domitian  did  put  Cornelia  and  some  others  to  death  in  this 
wav. 

10-13.  Sed  nunc,  dtc.  "  But  now  we  are  dealing  with  lighter 
acts  of  delinquency.**  Supply  agimus. —  Caderet  sub  judice  morum. 
"He  M'ould  have  fallen  under  the  cognizance  of  the  judge  of  public 
morals,'*  i.  c,  he  would  have  been  punished  by  an  imperial  censor. 
The  emperors  were  the  Magistri  Morum^  or  superintendents  of  pub- 
lic morals,  discharging  in  this  respect  the  functions  of  the  earlier 
censors.  Domitian  is  here  meant  as  the^Wer  morum. —  Titio  Seio- 
que.  "A  Titius  and  Seius,  for  instance.**  Titius  and  Seius  (Lu- 
cius Titus,  Caius  Seius)  were  fictitious  personages,  like  our  "John 
Doe  and  Richard  Roe,"  and,  like  them,  inserted  in  all  law  processes. 
Compare  Plutarch,  Qmrst.  Rom.,  30. — Quid  agas.  "  Whut  are  you 
to  do  with  such  a  fellow?" — Persona.  "His  very  person.'*  The 
idea  appears  to  be  this :  What  signifies  satirizing  such  a  wretch  as 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


161 


i 


Crispinus,  when  his  very  person  far  exceeds  in  native  loathsome- 
ness his  foulest  deeds  ?    One  is  at  a  loss  how  to  treat  him. 

14-16.  Mullum  sex  millibus  emit.     "  He  bought  a  sur-muUet  for 
six  thousand  sesterces.**     Supply  sestertiorum.    This  would  amount 
to  $234,  the  sestertius  being  equivalent  to  thirty-nine  cents.    The 
fish  here  meant  is  the  red  sur-mullet,  or  mullus  barbatus,  which  was 
held  in  high  estimation  by  the  Roman  epicures.    Sur-muUets,  in 
fact,  were  very  plentiful  and  cheap,  but  seldom  weighed  above  two 
pounds.    In  proportion,  however,  as  they  exceeded  this,  they  grew 
valuable,  until  at  last  they  reached  the  weight  mentioned  in  the 
text,  six  pounds,  and  even  went  beyond  it.     At  a  later  period  they 
went  out  of  fashion.    In  modem  times  they  are  but  little  esteemed, 
though  their  flesh  is  white,  fat,  and  well-tasted.—^yttantew  sane, 
&c     «  EqualHng,  you  must  know,  the  sestertia  to  a  like  number  of 
pounds.**     In  COOO  sestertii  there  would  be  six  sestertia,  the  sesterti- 
mi  (a  sum  of  account,  not  a  coin)  being  equivalent  to  1000  sestertii. 
Observe  the  ironical  force  of  sane.—  Ut  perhibent.     Juvenal  merely 
gives  the  story  as  he  heard  it,  and  refers  for  his  authorities,  in  the 
present  case,  to  the  newsmongers  of  the  day,  who  always  make 
things  greater  than  they  really  are.     Some,  however,  think  that  the 
flatterers  of  Crispinus  are  here  meant,  who  would,  of  course,  mag- 
nify the  size  of  the  fish,  and  represent  it  as  much  larger  than  the  tmth. 
17-20.   Consilium  laudo  artijicis.     "I  praise  the  cleverness  of  the 
contriver,**  i.  c,  if  he  laid  out  this  large  sum  upon  the  fish  in  order 
to  make  it  a  present  to  some  childless  old  man,  and  thus  secure,  in 
return,  the  chief  place  in  his  will,  or  else  to  some  powerful  female 
friend,  &c.     But  Crispinus,  in  truth,  deserved  no  such  praise,  for, 
like  a  real  glutton,  he  bought  it  for  himself.— Prcecipuam  in  tabulis, 
&c.     "The  principal  place  in  the  will  of  some  childless  old  man," 
t.  c,  the  bulk  of  the  property.     The  chief  heir  was  named  on  the 
first  tablet,  or,  as  we  would  term  it,  the  first  page  of  the  will.     The 
tablets  were  frequently  designated,  as  in  the  present  instance,  by 
the  term  cera  alone ;   thus  prima  cera,  "  first  page ;"  altera  cera, 
"second  page."     Compare  note  on  Sat.  i.,  lyQ.— Ulterior.     In  the 
sense  of  melior.—Magnm  amic(P.     "  Some  powerful  female  friend.'* 
—Clauso  latis  specularibus  antro.     "In  some  close  cavern-like  litter 
with  its  broad  window-panes."    The  satire  here  is  aimed  at  the  af- 
fectation of  the  lady,  who  pretends  to  conceal  herself  in  a  vehicle 
which,  from  its  splendour,  must  have  attracted  universal  notice.    In- 
stead of  glass,  the  Romans  commonly  used  for  the  panes  of  theit 
windows  thin  plates  of  mica,  or  Muscovy  talc,  called  lapis  specularis, 
None',  however,  but  the  rich  could  afford  this. 


162 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


i\ 


.nfl  7f  v.  """•   ^"VVh'n a-i,pi„o.-Arueretfny,:  "Mean 

and  thnfty  compared  with  Uimr-Apidus.  There  we™  three  n" 
tonous  gluttons  of  tl.is  name.  The  first  lived  in  the  time  of  sX 
The  second  and  most  renowned  flourished  under  Tiberius  After 
.^nd.ng  a  large  fortune  in  gluttony,  he  dest^yed  him" If.    The 

•t  the  present  day,  under  the  name  of  Apicius,  and  which  is  a  Z 
of  cook  and  confectioner",  manual,  was  compiled  at  a  late  "rfj^ 
by  some  one  who  prefixed  to  it  the  name  of  Apicius,  in  orderrir^ 

nnderstand  pret.o.-Succinctus  patria,  &c.  "  Girt  about  in  days  of 
yore  wuh  your  native  papyrus,"  .-.  ,.,  yo„  „ho  „ere  foleX  1 
%TUan  slave,  and  gin  round  .he  loins  with  a  garment  mat  of 
Wyrus  Some  join  juondcn  mth  fecisti,  and  render,  "Did  you  do 
this  in  days  of  yore,  when  girt  about,"  &c.  The  fo^er,  howeveV 
appears  the  more  natural  construction.-//„c ;,ret,V,™  sjuaL,  Sun! 
1^""'^:         "  T  '^""^  "  contemptuously  used  instead  o^ 

ZZtT/^""^-  ^°."""*  "^  •'"'  P™"''^^'  «'"''''  •>«<'  become 
subject  to  Rome,  one  might  purchase  "a  whole  estate"  („aro,)  for 
what  was  laid  out  on  this  sur-mallet.-^^;»i<,.  Land  would  be^rl 
ably  cheap  ,n  Apulia,  from  its  barrenness  and  unwholesome  ^ 
and  the  prevalence  of  the  wind  Atabulu,.    Compare  Horace,  Sal 

27-32.  Glutisse.    "To  have  gorged."    Hence  our  word  "clut- 
ton^  through  the  French.    The  low  Latin  verb  is  j/„«o,  and  the 
term  is  evidently  derived  from  the  sound  made  by  the  gu;gli„g  of 
hqnor  as  it  passes  down  the  throat.    He  now  pn>ce' ds  to'Ttttck  D„^ 
mman._/„dipera<or«,,.    Old  form  for  imperau^em,  applied  hero 
wi^Unghable  gravity     The  form  ind^ator,  with  its  oblique  coses 
IS  ™ed  by  Enniu,  and  Lucretius,  because  inperator,  &c.,  would  b^ 
inadmissible  iu  epic  verse.    Induperator  obtains  its  first  and  second 
syllabks  from  the  Greek  l.6ov,  old  Latin  e„db  or  i.do.-rlJZ. 
'"•       So  many  sestertia,"  .-.,.,  a  dish  costing  so  manv.    The  train 

tLr.  "  "^  '""r  '■  '^"  "■"* "'  "«»"-»-  -«  'o  suppose  thlt 
the  high  and  mighty  Caesar  himself  indulged  in,  when  Crispins,  one 
of  his  court-buffoons,  devoured  so  expensive  a  dish,  and  that  not  „ 
pnncipal  one,  but  merely  a  side-dish,  nor  at  a  g«at  banquet  eithr 
but  an  ordinary  and  moderate  meal  ?-Purpurc«,  ,„a„ni  L     "  S 

Shed". '  Th:^T  "'■  ""^  r'  P"'"^"  O-ure'd.'-'Li.eralJ 

belched.      The  indigestion  and  crudities  generated  in  the  stomach, 

of  those  who  fed  on  rich  and  high-seasoned  food  would  ocTastn 

flatulence  and  nauseous  eructations.-5a.rra.    The  term  "  ruffZ" 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


163 


i 


» 


is  here  contemptuously  applied  to  Crispinus  instead  of  "  courtier. 
—Magni  paliti.  Some  keen-sighted  commentators  detect  a  pun 
htYQ.—Princeps  equitum.  "  The  leading  man  in  the  equestrian  or- 
der," t.  c,  in  consequence  of  his  wealth.  Crispinus  was  also  prefect 
of  the  Prajtorian  guard,  an  office  generally  filled  at  this  time  by  a 
person  of  equestrian  rank.  We  must  not,  however,  confound  the 
title  of Princeps  Equitum  with  that  of  Princeps  Juventutis.  This  lat- 
ter was  given  to  the  probable  successor  to  the  throne. 

Magna  qui  voce  solebat,  &^,     "  Who  erst  was  wont  in  loud  accents 
to  sell  (about  the  streets),  at  retail,  siluri  from  the  same  borough  with 
himself,"  t.  c,  from  Canopus  or  Alexandrea.    The  silurus  (Scheilan 
Niloticus)  was  a  species  of  cured  fish  imported  from  Egypt,  and 
forming  a  common  and  cheap  article  of  food  for  the  lower  orders. 
Crispinus  originally  was  a  hawker  of  these.     There  is  considerable 
doubt  about  the  true  reading  here.    We  have  adhered,  with  Jahn,  to 
that  of  the  MSS.,  which  makes  a  very  good  sense.     Some,  however, 
read/ricto  de  merce,  "from  his  stock  of  cured  fish  ;"  others,  ;>ac<a 
mercede,  "at  fixed  hire,"  .-.  e.,  for  fixed  or  regular  wages,  thus  mak- 
ing Cnspmus  a  hired  hawker,  not  even  the  fish  belonging  to  Irra  • 
and  others,  again,  give  Pharia  de  merce,  "  from  his  Egyptian  stock." 
All  these  emendations,  though  ingenious,  are  quite  unnecessair. 
Ihe  reference  is  simply  to  selling  by  retail. 

33-35.  Incipe  Calliope,  A  burlesque  imitation  of  the  usual  mode 
of  invoking  the  Muses  at  the  commencement  of  an  epic  poem.  Cal- 
liope represents  the  whole  nine,  because  presiding  over  heroic  po- 
etry, and  the  most  distinguished  one  of  the  sisterhood.  Compare 
Hesvod.,  Theog.,  79,  where  Calliope  is  called  npo<f,p,ordrr,  anaoe<.v. 
—Licet  et  considere.  «  You  may  here  even  take  a  seat."  A  subject 
of  so  much  importance  wiU  require  all  the  attention  of  the  Muse 
and  IS  not  to  be  dispatched  in  a  moment.-P«.fe  The  poet  calls 
these  antiquated  deities  young,  just  as  in  Lucian  (Icaromenipp.,  28) 
the  question  is  sportively  started  why  Apollo,  though  so  very  old^ 
has  no  beard :  ttoj-  h  roaovn^  xpovi^  6  'kndnuv  ov  <pvec  nuyova. 

Sa-43  Semianirnum.  To  be  pronounced  here  sem'animwn  for  the 
sake  of  the  metre.-F/amt«  ultimus.  "  The  last  Flavins,"  ,'.  c,  Do- 
mitian  the  last  of  the  Flavian  line.  The  Flavian  family  was  one 
of  no  distinction  before  Vespasian's  time.  The  emperors  of  this 
line  were  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian. -  Ca/to  Neroni.  "A 
bald-headed  Nero,"  i.  e.,  a  second  Nero,  ay,  and  a  bald  one  too. 
Baldness  was  a  very  sore  subject  with  Domitian,  and  was  regarded 
as  unsightly  by  the  Romans  generally.  On  the  stage  it  was  one  of 
the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  parasites  and  other  ridiculoug 


-/ 


164 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  IV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  IV. 


165 


I 

\ 


personages.  —  Jncidit,  Supply  in  rete.  —  Adriaci  spatium,  &c.  For 
Adriacus  spatio  mirabih  rhombus.  Ravenna,  in  the  Adriatic,  was 
famous  for  its  turbots,  as  Tarentum  and  the  Lucrine  Lake  were  for 
oysters ;  so  also  the  Tiber  for  pikes,  Sicily  for  murancp^  and  Rhodes 
for  the  elops. — Dontum.  "The  temple." — JJorica  Ancon.  Ancona, 
in  the  Picenian  territory,  was  founded  by  a  colony  of  Syracusans 
(who  were  of  Doric  origin),  fleeing  from  the  tyranny  of  Dionysius. 
— Implevitque  sinus.     "  And  filled  its  ample  folds." 

Neque  enim  minor,  &c.  "  For  neither  Jiad  there  stuck  therein  (on 
this  occasion)  a  fish  at  all  less  in  size  than  those  which,"  &c.,  i'.  c, 
the  turbot  caught  on  this  occasion  was  fully  as  large  as  any  of  those 
which  are  produced  in  the  Palus  Maotis,  or  Sea  of  Azof  . — Solibus. 
"  By  the  solar  beams."— .!</  ostia.  "  At  the  outlet."  The  Cimme- 
rian Bosporus,  now  the  Straits  of  Jenikale,  connecting  the  Palus 
Mjcotis  with  the  Euxine. — Desidia  tardos.  "  Slow  of  movement 
from  previous  inaction,"  ».  c,  from  having  long  lain  torpid  under 
the  ice. 

44-54.  Uoc  monstrum.  "  This  prodigy  of  a  fish." — Pontijict  sum- 
mo.  All  the  emperors  bore  the  title  of  chief  pontiff  (Pontifex 
Maximus).  There  is  a  covert  allusion  here  to  the  striking  discrep- 
ancy between  the  sanctity  of  the  office  and  the  viciousness  of  the 
present  incumbent. — Proponere.  "To  offer  for  sale."  Supply 
venum. — Et  litora.  **  Even  the  very  shores,"  i.  e.,  not  merely  the 
city. — Dispersi  protinus  al(/cp,  &c.  "  The  inspectors  of  sea-weed, 
scattered  up  and  down,  woufd  immediately  contest  the  point  with 
the  scantily-clad  boatman."  No  particular  class  of  officers  arc  hero 
meant,  but  merely  prowling  informers,  who  would  pry  into  and  turn 
up  the  very  sea-weed  ;  that  is,  would  busy  themselves  about  matters 
the  most  trifling  and  mean  in  their  nature. — Nudo.  "  In  his  tunic 
only."    Meant  to  indicate  abject  poverty. 

Fugitivum  dicere  piscem.  "  To  assert  that  the  fish  was  a  stray." 
This  will  give  us  some  idea  of  the  oppressive  measures  employed  to 
fleece  the  people  on  the  most  groundless  pretences,  and  yet  under 
colour  of  legal  claim. —  Vivaria.  Fish-ponds  are  here  meant.  Con- 
sult note  on  Sat.  iii.,  2Sd.—Pa(/ttrio.  Palfurius  Sura,  who  had 
been  a  buffoon  and  parasite  ^t  the  court  of  Nero ;  who  was  after- 
ward expelled  from  the  senate  by  Vespasian,  but  restored  by  Do- 
mitian.  During  his  disgrace  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
Stoic  philosophy,  and  became  distinguished  for  eloquence.  He  was 
conspicuous  as  one  of  the  delatores,  or  public  informers,  under  Do- 
mitian. — Armillato.  Armillatns  was  another  delator  and  sycophant, 
of  much  the  same  stamp  with  Palfurius. — Conspicuum  pukhrumque. 


^ 


LJ(4 


"Remarkable  and  fin^.^'—Res fsd  est.  "  Belongs  to  the  emperor's 
private  purse."  Fiscus  here  denotes  the  property  which  the  emper- 
or claimed  as  emperor.  Compare  Dig.  xliii.,  8,  2,  §  4.  "  Resfis- 
cales  quasi  propria^  et  privatce  Principis  sunt:* — Donabitur  ergo,  Ac. 
"  It  shall  be  presented  then  (to  the  emperor),  that  it  may  not  be  ut- 
terly lost."  The  poor  fisherman  makes  a  merit  of  necessity,  and 
resolves  to  carry  the  fish  to  Domitian,  which  he  is  otherwise  sure  of 
losing. 

55-58.  Letifero  autumno.  Acute  and  fatal  diseases  are  frequent 
in  autumn,  more  especially  in  Italy. —Jam  quartanam,  &c.  "  The 
sick  now  hoping  for  a  quartan  fever."  The  approach  of  winter  was 
making  the  climate  healthier,  and  those  who  had  been  labouring 
under  a  daily  fever  now  began  to  entertain  hopes  of  this  being 
changed  into  a  quartan  one,  which  last,  according  to  Celsus,  kills  off 
no  patient  r  "  Nam  quartana  neminemjugulat."  (  Cels.,  Med.,  iii.,  15.) 
In  accordance  with  this  belief  is  the  modern  Italian  saying,  "  Febre 
quartana  no  far  sonnre  campana,"  i.  e.,  "  a  quartan  fever  does  not 

make  the  bells  toll,"  i.  e.,  for  a  funeral.— Z>p/b;ms.     "  Gloomy." 

Recentem.  "Fresh."— Tamm  Mc proj*erat.  Although  the  weather 
was  so  favorable  for  preserving  the  fish  from  being  tainted,  yet  the 
poor  fisherman  made  as  much  haste  to  reach  the  emperor's  palace 
at  Alba  as  if  it  had  been  now  summer  time. 

59-60.  Utque  lacus  suberanf.  "  And  when  now  the  broad  bosom 
of  the  lake  lay  beneath  him."  Observe  the  force  of  the  plural  in 
lacus.  The  reference  is  to  the  Lacus  Albanus,  lying  at  the  foot  of 
Mons  Albanus,  and  now  called  Lago  di  Albano.  It  was  about  14 
miles  to  the  southeast  of  Rome.  On  the  side  of  the  mountain,  as  it. 
sloped  upward  from  the  lake,  stood  the  villa  of  Domitian,  his  fa- 
vourite place  of  residence,  called  Arx  Albana,  from  its  commanding 
situation,  in  line  144.  The  verb  suberant  denotes  that  the  fisherman 
was  ascending  Uie  high  grounds  towards  the  imperial  villa,  and  that 
the  bosom  of  the  lake  lay  spread  out  below  him.  Some,  less  cor- 
rectly, render  the  clause,  "and  when  the  lakes  were  near  at  hand." 
One  MS.  has  sujierant  for  suberant,  according  to  which  lacus  will  be 
the  accusative,  and  the  reference  will  be  to  the  fisherman  und  the 
inquisitores  together:  "And  when  now  they  are  leaving  the  lake 
behind  them."  Heinrich,  who  condemns  suberant,  conjectures  pro- 
perat  for  properant,  and  refers  it  to  the  fisherman  alone— Quanquaia 
dimta.  Alba  was  destroyed,  according  to  the  Roman  legend,  by 
Tullus  Hostilius,  as  a  punishment  for  the  treachery  of  its  general 
Metius  Fufetius.  The  city  was  never  rebuilt,  but  its  temples  were 
spared,  and  among  them  that  of  Vesta,  containing  a  portion  of  the 


166 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  lY. 


sacred  fire  brought  from  Troy  to  Italy. —  Vestam  minorem.  **The 
lesser  Vesta."  Called  '*  lesser"  here,  as  compared  with  the  splen- 
dour of  her  worship  at  Rome,  which  had  been  established  there  by 
Numa. 

61-67.  Obstitit  intranti,  "  Impeded  him  on  entering."  This  ob- 
struction was  occasioned  by  the  turba  salutatrix  at  the  gates  of  the 
villa. —  Ut  cessit.  *'As  they  made  way  for  him." — Valvce,  Most 
commonly  used  in  the  plural,  VikQjbresy  because  the  doorway  of 
every  building  of  the  least  importance  contained  two  doors  folding 
together. — Exclusi  spectant^  &c.  *'  The  senators  shut  out  behold  the 
envied  dainty  let  in."  Observe  the  force  of  the  plural  in  opsonia.— 
Itur  ad  Airiden.  "He  makes  his  way  to  (the  Roman)  Atridcs." 
Another  burlesque  on  the  epic  style.  Domitian  is  the  Roman  Aga- 
memnon, and  the  equal  of -the  latter  in  imperious  arrogance.  Itur 
is  taken  impersonally.— Piccn*.  "  He  of  Picenum."  Ancona,  as 
before  remarked,  stood  in  the  Picenian  territory. — Majora,  "What 
is  too  great. — Genialis.  "As  one  peculiarly  joyous."  A  dies  geni- 
alis  was  one  on  which  it  was  deemed  right  to  give  loose  to  festivi- 
ty, and  to  offer  to  one's  genius  libations  of  wine,  incense,  flowers, 
&c.  Hence  to  indulge  in  hilarity  was  not  unfrequently  expressed 
by  "<7ento  induhjere,'''  ^^ genium  curare''  or  ^^phcare.'' — Propera  sto' 
machum  laxare  saginis.  "  Hasten  to  relieve  your  stomach  of  the  dain' 
ties  with  which  it  is  now  loaded."  Literally,  *'  from  its  crammings" 
or  "  stuflSngs."  This  relief  was  usually  obtained  by  means  of  emet- 
ics.— Tua  in  secula.    "  For  thy  age,"  i.  c,  for  thy  reign. 

68-70.  Ipse  capi  voluit.  The  very  fish  itself  was  ambitious  of  bein^ 
taken,  in  order  to  gratify  the  palate  of  so  renowned  a  monarch.—' 
Quid  apertius  r  &c.  "What  could  be  more  fulsome?  and  yet  the 
great  man's  crest  arose."  This  piece  of  flattery,  which  some  would 
have  thought  too  transparent  to  have  been  received,  yet  pleased  Do- 
mitian, and  gratified  his  prid<i.  The  metaphor  in  rristce  surgehant  i» 
taken  from  the  appearance  of  a  cock  when  he  is  pleased,  and  strut? 
and  sets  up  his  comb,  just  as  the  opposite  idea  is  expressed  by  the 
word  "crestfallen."  Some  commentators,  however,  make  the  words 
"  Quid  apertius  f  to  be  uttered  by  the  fisherman,  not  by  the  poct- 
and  then  refer  "  et  tamen  illi,''  &c.,  not  to  Domitian,  but  to  the  tur- 
bot.  The  meaning  mil  then  be,  "What  is  more  oident  (than  that 
it  actually  did  wish  this  to  happen)?  and  yet  (at  the  very  moment 
when  the  fisherman  said  this)  the  fish  (in  anger  at  being  taken) 
erected  the  fins  on  its  back." 

71-73.  Sed  deerat  pisci,  &c.  The  poet  now  goes  on  to  inform  us 
that  they  had  no  "  dish"  capacious  and  deep  enough  to  contain  this 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


167 


large  turbot,  so  as  to  dress  it  whole.  The  patina  was  a  deep  dish, 
sometimes  bowl,  of  earthenware,  rarely  of  bronze.  It  was  especially 
used  in  cooking  when  the  articles  of  diet  were  to  be  accompanied 
with  sauce  or  fluid. —  Vocantur  ergo  in  consilium  proceres.  There  can 
not  be  a  stronger  instance  of  the  capricious  insolence  with  which 
the  tjrants  of  Rome  treated  the  servile  and  degenerate  senate  than 
their  being  summoned  on  such  an  occasion  as  this. — Quos  oderat  ille. 
He  hated  them  from  a  consciousness  of  those  feelings  with  which 
they  could  not  but  regard  him. — Miserce  magnceque  pallor  amidtice, 
"  The  paleness  engendered  by  wretched  friendship  with  the  great," 
I.  c,  the  paleness  engendered  by  dread  of  his  capricious  cruelty. 

74-79.  Ckimante  Libumo.  "The  Libumian  making  proclama- 
tion." The  Libumian  here  filled  the  office  of  an  admissionaUs. 
These  admissionales  were  chamberlains  at  the  imperial  court,  and 
introduced  persons  into  the  presence  of  the  emperor.  They  were 
divided  into  four  classes,  the  chief  officer  of  each  being  called />rox- 
imus  admissionuniy  and  the  proximi  being  under  a  tnagister  admis- 
sionuin^  or  grand  chamberlain.  The  admissionales  were  usually 
frcedmen.  On  the  present  occasion,  a  native  of  Liburnia  fills  the 
office.  The  Libuniians  also,  as  we  have  already  seen,  were  usually 
selected  at  Rome  as  litter-carriers. — Jam  sedit.  "  He  has  already 
taken  his  scat,"  t.  e.,  Domitian  has  already  taken  his  seat  on  the 
throne,  and  awaits  the  presence  of  the  Senate  on  important  busi- 
ness admitting  of  no  delay. — Abolla.  The  Roman  lawyers,  in  the 
time  of  the  empire,  wore  the  larger  abolla,  in  common  with  the  phi- 
losophers of  the  day.  (Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  102.)  This  re- 
minds us  of  the  modem  form  of  expression  by  which  the  members 
of  the  legal  profession  are  still  called  "the  gentlemen  of  the  long 
robe." — Pegasus,  A  Roman  jurist  under  Domitian,  one  of  the  fol- 
lowers or  pupils  of  Proculus.  Nothing  is  positively  known  of  any 
\\Titing8  of  his,  though  the  Senatus  consultum  I^gasianum,  passed 
in  the  time  of  Vespasian,  when  Pegasus  was  consul  suffectus  with 
Pusio,  probably  took  its  name  from  him.  He  was  now  Prcefectus 
Urbi. 

Attonitce  positus,  &c.  "Lately  set  as  farm-bailiff  over  the  as- 
tounded city."  •  The  villicus  was  a  slave  who  had  the  superintend- 
ence in  chief  of  all  the  stock  and  business  of  a  farm,  the  supervision 
of  the  other  slaves,  &c.  Rome  is  now  regarded  by  Domitian,  in  his 
insolent  despotism,  as  nothing  but  a  large  farm  or  domain,  crowded 
with  slaves,  and  the  office  of  prefect  of  the  city,  so  important  under 
good  emperors,  now  shorn  of  all  its  power,  become,  in  fact,  nothing 
more  than  that  of  superintendent  of  farm-slaves,  &c.    Hence  the 


168 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  IV. 


h 


I 


i 


peculiar  force  of  attomtfCj  the  city  being  lost  in  stupid  amazement 
at  the  overbearing  tyranny  of  Domitian. —  Tunc  "In  those  days," 
I.  e.j  under  a  Domitian  and  others  like  him. — Optimus.  Supply 
erat. — Sanctissimus.  "  Most  conscientious." — Omnia  tractanda  in- 
ermijustitia,  "  That  all  things  ought  to  be  administered  by  justice 
unarmed."  He  was  a  time-server,  not  daring  to  wield  the  sword 
of  justice  with  vigour ;  for,  since  it  was  impossible  to  punish  the 
greater  criminals,  he  thought  it  but  fair  to  connive  at  petty  offen- 
ces. 

80-92.  Crispijucunda  senectus.  "  The  pleasant  old  age  of  Cris- 
pus,"  f.  e.y  Crispus,  that  pleasant  old  man.  Vibius  Crispus  was  an- 
other worthy  but  cautious  man,  and  remarkable  for  his  numerous 
good  sayings.  Among  these  last  was  the  well-known  one,  when  he 
was  asked  whether  there  was  any  one  with  Domitian.  "No."  he 
replied,  "  not  even  a  single  fly."  Crispus  was  an  orator,  of  t;reat 
wealth  and  influence,  and  a  contemporary  of  Quintilian,  by  whom 
some  fragments  of  his  speeches  are  presencd.  His  orations  were 
remarkable  for  their  pleasant  and  elegant  style. —  Cujus  erant  mores^ 
&c.  "Whose  character  was,  like  his  eloquence,  all  mildness  of 
sentiment,"  t.  c,  the  mild  and  pleasing  tone  of  his  private  character 
was  like  that  of  his  mode  of  speaking  in  public. — Rcgenti.  "  To  one 
ruling  over,"  i.  <?.,  Domitian. — Quis  comes  titilior.  Sup]Ay  fuisset. — 
Clade  et  peste  sub  ilia,  "  Beneath  that  bane  and  pest  of  mankind." 
The  reference  is  to  Domitian,  not,  as  some  think,  to  the  times  them- 
selves.—  Violentius.  "More  swayed  by  wild  and  momentary  im- 
pulse." Compare  the  explanation  of  Forcellini :  "  Iracundius,  et 
ofFendi  facilius."  Gifford  renders  it  by  "  ticklish."  —  Zo^uM^tirt. 
"Though  only  going  to  speak." — Pendebat.  "Was  all  the  while  at 
stake." — Vitam  impendere  vero.  "  To  spend  life  for  truth,"  i.  c,  to 
sacrifice  life  for  truth.  This  was  Rousseau's  favourite  maxim,  ex- 
cepting that  with  4iim  vero  meant  the  true  in  nature  and  in  life,  as 
opposed  to  what  is  untrue  and  deceptive.  —  Octogesima  solstitia. 
"  Eighty  summers."  Literally,  "  His  eightieth  solstices."  Solsti- 
tium  denotes  "the  summer  solstice,"  as  distinguished  from  brvma, 
"  the  winter  solstice,"  but  is  here  put,  by  synecdoche,  for  the  sum- 
mer itself.  The  Delphin  editor  makes  solstitia  here  mean  the  two 
solstices  (winter  and  summer)  of  each  year,  and  equivalent,  ther»- 
fore,  to  annos. — His  armis.  He  means  the  temporizing  arts  of  dis- 
simulation, taciturnity,  and  obsequiousness. 

93-97.  Acilius.  M.  Acilius  Glabrio,  of  whom  nothing  more  is 
known. — Juvene.  M.  Acilius  Glabrio,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
who  had  been  consul  with  Trajan  in  A.D.  91.    To  gain  th«  favour 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  IV. 


I 


I 


169 


of  Domitian  Csome  say  at  his  command),  he  fonght  as  a  gladiator 
in  the  amjAitheatre  attached  to  the  emperor's  villa  at  Alba,  and 
slew  a  lion  of  unusual  size ;  but  the  applause  which  he  received  for 
this  feat  excited  the  envy  of  Domitian,  who  first  banished  him,  and 
afterward  put  him  to  death.— 0&.    "  For  a  long  time  baclj."    In 
the  sense  oljamdudum.    (Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  H4.)-7n  nobil- 
uate.    "In  the  case  of  our  nobility,"  i.  e.,  in  one  of  noble  birth. 
They  would  be  cut  off  by  the  reigning  tyrant  on  the  slightest  suspi- 
cion—/•ra<cr<»/iM  esse  gigmtis.    "  The  little  brother  of  some  gi- 
ant."   The  giants  (yvyeveic)  were  fabled  to  be  the  sons  of  Terra 
and  therefore  their  little  brother  would  be  a  Terr<B  fiSus  also,  thaJ 
1^  an  obscure  person  of  the  meanest  origin,  owing  hU  existence, 
like  a  mere  mushroom,  to  the  e.arth.    The  term/raterc«/.«  also  is 
meant  to  have  a  pecnUar  force,  and  to  denote  lowliness  of  size  as 
superadded  to  lowliness  of  birth. 

„  ^^T^'  ^u- "'/!''""■  ^''''  '"=  "^^  •"  *■"=  hunting-matches  fre- 
quently exhibited  by  Domitian.  His  combat  with  the  lion,  already 
referred  to,  would  seem  to  have  been  prior  to  this,  and  it  is  proba- 
ble that,  in  h,s  bear-hunts,  he  counterfeited  insanity  in  order  to  es- 
cape death  at  the  hands  of  the  emperor.-m««fa..  For  NunUdi- 
««.    Phny  (H.  N.,  vm.,  54)  denies  that  bears  are  produced  in  Af- 

TnH'^,  K  T""'  "''  *''*'  "^^'"^  ''•^*'  H«n>dotus  (ii.,  67;  iv.,  191) 
and  Strabo  (xvu.,  p.  82S).-Artes  Patricias.  The  artifices  to  ;hich 
the  Roman  patncians  disgracefully  had  recourse,  in  order  to  save 
their  hves.-iV^c„,„  ,//«/,  &c.  "  That  primitive  cunning  of  thine." 
It  .s  here  called  "  pr.mitive,"  because  it  would  not  pass  current  now, 
m  the  days  of  Domitian.  The  allusion  is  to  the  well-known  stor; 
of  Brutus  having  counterfeited  idiocy  in  order  to  escape  the  fate 
of  his  elder  brother,  who  had  been  put  to  death  by  Tarquin.-a.r- 
6a,o.mi^nere  regi.    «  To  impose  upon  an  old-fashioned  king."    Lit- 

umes,  and  therefore  more  simple  and  credulous  than  one  of  the 
present  d^y.  It  was  444  years  before  barbers  were  introduced  into 
Borne.    They  first  came  from  Sicily. 

0^^  r  "f  ."^"'e-'-Q-"'-  i9nMlis.  He  had  n^  nobility 
of  birth  to  bring  him  into  danger,  but  then  he  had  ofl-ences  to  an- 

T,Z  : "^.  T***  *^  "'"^  ^""y  equal.-7!,rfn^.  Bnbrius GaUns 
IS  n^eant,  who  had  assisted  in  suppressing  the  insurrection  among  the 
soldiers  after  the  fall  ofOtho,  and  whom  Vespasian  had  subseqLt- 
ly  sent  against  the  Sarmata.-Oj?i«.<.  veteris,  &c.  The  schoUast 
says  that  be  seduced  an  imperial  princess  named  Julia,  the  datigh- 


■  ■*^<<— ^*^ 


«\ 


170 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  iV, 


ter  of  Titus. — Et  iamen  improbiory  &c.  **  And  yet  more  lost  to  fham© 
than  the  satire-writing  Nero,**  i.  e.,  more  abandoned  and  profligate 
than  even  Nero  himself  had  been,  who  was  so  hardened  in  guilt  as 
to  have  written  a  satire  on  Quintianus  Afranius,  a  senator  of  disso- 
lute life,  in  which  he  taxed  him  with  the  very  excesses  of  which  ho 
himself  was  guilty. 

106-111.  Mcntani,   Curtius  Montanus,  described  here  as  a  corpu- 
lent epicure  and  parasite,  enjoyed  a  fair  reputation  in  early  life] 
His  unwieldy  paunch  prepares  us  here  for  the  prominent  part  which 
he  is  to  bear  in  the  debate.— 3/a/M/j/io  sudans  amomo,     "  Reeking 
with  momiog  unguent,"  t.  ?.,  with  perfume,  though  so  early  in  the 
day.—^mowa.     The  amoroum  was  a  shrub,  with  a  white  flower, 
from  which  a  very  costly  perfume  was  made.    It  grew,  according  to 
Pliny,  in  India,  Armenia,  Media,  and  Pontus.     Its  most  common 
epithet,  however,  is  Assyrium.    This  perfume  was  one  oft!  3  ingre- 
dients used  in  embalming ;  hence  the  allusion  ia/mera.  -  Pompewx. 
Of  this  individual  nothing  farther  is  known.— Teww/  jugtJos,  &c. 
"  In  severing  men's  throats  with  insinuating  whisper,"  t.  e.,  by  means 
of  the  secret  accusations  against  them,  which  he  whispered  into  the 
imperial  ear.— /Wcw.  Cornelius  Fuscus  was  slain  with  a  great  part 
of  his  army  in  an  expedition  against  the  Dacians.   Domitian  had  in- 
trusted him  with  the  command.     He  had  previously,  however,  dis- 
tinguished himself  under  Vespasian.— ZJuci*.   Dacia,  after  its  bound- 
aries had  been  fixed  under  Trajan,  answered  to  what  is  now  the 
Banat  of  Temesvar ;  Hungary,  east  of  the  Theiss;   the  whole  of 
Transylvania;  the  Bukowina;  the  southern  point  of  Galiciay  Mol 
davia  west  of  the  Pruth,  and  the  whole  of  WaOachja^—MamKn-ea 
meditatusy  &c.    After  having  studied  the  art  of  war  in  a  marble  vil- 
la, and  not  in  a  camp. 

112-117.  Veiento.  Fabricius  Veiento  had  been  banished  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  A.D.  62,  for  haring  published  several  libels.  He 
afterward  returned  to  Rome,  and  became,  in  the  reign  of  Domi- 
tian, one  of  the  most  infamous  informers  and  flatterers  of  that 
tyrant.— Ca/tt/fo.  Catullus  Messalinus  had  been  governor  of  the 
Libyan  Pentapolis  under  Vespasian  and  Titus,  where  he  treated  the 
Jewish  provincials  with  extreme  cruelty.  He  was,  in  consequence, 
recalled,  but  eluded  the  punishment  due  to  his  crimes  through  Do- 
mitian's  interest  with  his  father  and  brother.  Under  Domitian  he 
became  notorious  as  a  delator.  Josephus  represents  him  as  dying 
in  extreme  torments,  aggravated  by  an  evil  conscience.  Juvenal 
calls  him  "  blind"  (cacus),  and  the  younger  Pliny  also  speaks  of  him 
aa  **lumnibus  cqp<t«,'»  but  he  was  probably  not  quite  blind,  other- 


I 


1  I 


( 


1 


I 


i 


NOTES   ON  SAT.  IV. 


171 


■nea  the  tyrant.— 4  ponte.    "  From  the  bridge  "  ,•  .    frn„  h.  ■ 
been  once  a  common  beggar.    Beggar  were  S  Jiomedl  st2 
themselves  on  bridges,  wher«  they  could  ply  theirTJllL 

posed  to  their  importunities  _fl/!w  ""^  ''*  """^  '"'- 

.hrowblandlcissesrirtoki^filh    7- •'"'''"'  '""'"■   "^""J*" 

means  that  he  ^omhi^^nlt       '°  """""^  ''^'*-    •^"^*"'" 
his  life.  ^  ^^^  "  "'  P*"^--'"  "-emain  a  beggar  aU 

carries  with  it  the  additional  idea  oTg^e"tl"f  i!"!"!' '  '"?''""' 
.      unwieldy  animal,  as  the  elephant  t  .f  i.         '  '"*'"=""'«  »  '"ge, 
monsters.-^^      "In    t«  '„         ""'*'  '"**  Principally  sea- 

.inctly._Gfj;     " Of  ',e  r"?"'''    \  'l  "'""•"  ^<=<''"8  them  dis- 
diator,  a  natke  of  c?iL  a  •    .""  ^"""'"°'-"    ^"^  ^"""1  g'a- 

farourite  exhibitir  and  f-         ^'''"'  °""='''"«^  '"'^''y»  formed  a 
««at  height.    2ra„d^T;  "'"  "'''"'^  "^^^  "^  """^  *«  » 

them  to  Ihe  wfldTairl^^'j^tr*' "rtf""^'  *""-  ^""- 
Roman  theatres  were  onen  af  T.  .  t.  *"  ^'^'""g-''  The 
however,  they  were  ofk^  e^^^'d  ':!;^  ^f'  *«  >-^'-o™a»ee, 
draw  by  r.ieans  of  r.,pes  anZZf  .  ^  J"^^  *"™"?'  ""de  to 
fi-xed  into  the  outer  ,™ll        ^      ^    """"'"•' '"  "  ""'"'''^  "^  ™a«t3 

lating  influence."  O^TrJT'^r^  "'"'°  ""'"'="  ''^  '^^  '''"^^ 
sect,  perhaps  the  '^./^lo^r^.rreZ'-totr '""^'-'^  '^ 
merely  a  wasp  or  stineintr-beo  T,  •  T  '  "^^  *°"«  ""ke  it 
stinging  or  stimulating'Tnlt'ce  Is' It  w"  ""'l.''^™"™'^  for  the 


>i 


-*^; 


-«"'  ~ 


172 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  IV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  IV. 


173 


had  to  wound  their  own  arms  or  legs,  and  either  to  offer  up  the 
blood  or  drink  it  themselves,  in  order  to  become  inspired  with  a 
warlike  enthusiasm.  This,  however,  was  afterward  softened  iiovm 
into  a  mere  symbolic  act.  These  priests  were  called  Bellonarii,  and 
hence  fanaticus  is  here  the  same  in  fact  as  Bellonarius. 

125-128.  Beffem  aliquem.  Probably,  as  Gifford  suggests,  a  sarcas- 
tical  allusion  to  Decebalus^  whose  nanie  could  not  be  brought  into 
Terse,  but  whose  exploits  were  the  opprobrium  of  Domitian's  reign. 
—  Temone.  The  pole  of  the  car  put  for  the  car  itself.  — ylmra- 
gus.  This  British  monarch  is  otherwise  unkno\vn.  Later  legends 
tell  of  an  Arviragus  converted  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  Another 
is  introduced  into  Shakspeare's  Cymbeline.— Perej/nna  est  beJlua. 
One  thing  was  certain,  that,  .nasmuch  as  the  fish  was  a  foreign  one, 
it  denoted  some  foreign  conquest.— .^Md^^.  "Tlie  sharp  fins." 
These  sharp  fins  (literally  "stakes")  portended  the  spears  which 
Domitian  was  to  drive  into  the  backs  of  his  conquered  foes.— //oc 
de/ttit  mumy  &c.  He  was  so  diffuse  in  his  language  that  nothing, 
in  fact,  was  wanting  to  complete  his  history  of  the  fish,  except  to 
tell  where  it  had  been  produced,  and  how  old  it  was. 

129-134.  Quidnam  igitur  censes?  Domitian  now  speaks,  and  pro- 
ceeds to  put  the  question  to  the  assembled  senators  individually. 
Obsen-e  the  employment  of  censeo,  the  official  term  on  such  occa- 
sions.—ConaVt/Mr.?  ' as  it  to  be  cut  up?'*  Present  used  for  the 
future,  in  a  case  requiring  immediate  action.  {Madcig,  §  339.,  Obs. 
2-) — Testa  aha.  "A  deep  dish."— Qike  tenui  muro,  &c.  *' Which 
shall  inclose  its  spacious  circumference  with  a  thin  wall,"  i.  c,  it  is 
to  be  a  large  and  deep  round  dish,  with  thin  sides.  The  thinness 
of  the  earthenware,  according  to  Pliny,  constituted  its  excellence.— 
Prometheus.  The  case  urgently  demands  some  potter  no  less  cun- 
ning in  his  craft  than  was  Prometheus  of  old,  who  gave  proof  of  his 
skill  by  forming  the  first  man  out  of  c\&Y-—Argillam  atque  rotcan, 
&c.  Clay  is  the  material,  and  a  solid  wheel,  revolving  horizontally, 
the  engine  on  which  the  potter  forms  his  ware.— Fu/uli  tua  castra 
sequantur.  To  guard,  not  against  the  foe,  but  against  large  fish  be- 
ing spoiled  by  delay  in  cooking. 

135-142.  Noverat  ilk,  &c.  He  was  an  old  court-glutton,  and  well 
acquainted  with  the  luxury  of  former  emi^roTB.—Noctesque  Neronis, 
&c.  "And  the  nights  of  Nero  now  half  spent."  Nero,  according 
to  Suetonius,  used  to  prolong  his  banquets  from  midday  to  mid- 
night. —  Aliamque  faviem,  "  And  a  second  appetite."  Suetonius 
says  that  this  was  sought  to  be  procured  by  warm  baths  in  winter, 
and  cold  baths  in  summer.    As  ab^ady  remarked,  however,  emetics 


were  frequently  employed  for  the  purpose.— Foiemo.    The  Falemian 
was  a  fiery,  full-bodied  wine  of  Campania.— C/ift/^  edendi.     "  Expe- 
rience in  eating."    No  one  was  a  greater  connoisseur  in  good  eat- 
ing than  Montanus.  —  Circeiis  naia  forent,  &c.     All  the  localities 
mentioned  in  the  text  were  famed  for  their  oysters.     Circeii  was  an 
ancient  town  of  Latium,  on  the  promontory  Circeium,  and  was  fabled 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  its  having  been  the  residence  of  Circe. 
The  "  Lucrine  rock"  indicates  the  Lacus  Lucrinus,  in  Campania,  be- 
tween Baiae  and  Puteoli.     By  the  "Rutupian  bed"  is  meant  Rutu- 
piae  or  Rutupae,  now  Richborough,  a  port-town  of  the  Cantii,  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Britain.— F/  semel  aspecti,  &c.     "  And  he  told 
the  shore  of  a  sea-urchin  looked  at  but  once,"  i.  c,  at  the  first  glance. 
143-148.  Misso.     For  dimisso. — Albanam  in  arcem.     **  Into  his 
lofty  Alban  abode,"  .*.  c,  his  filla  situate  on  rising  ground.     Com- 
pare note  on  line  59.— Z)wj:  nuignus.     "  The  great  chief."     Said  iron, 
ically  of  Domitian.— Oz^a's.    The  Catti  were  a  powerful  German 
tribe,  occupying  what  answers  now  to  Hesse  and  the  adjacent  coun. 
tnes.—Si/gambris.    The  Sygambri  were  another  powerful  German 
tribe,  dwelling  at  this  period  between  the  Lippe  and  the  Sieg.— 
Dicturus.     "In  order  to  communicate."    Both  the  Catti  and  Sy- 
gambri were  troublesome  enemies  to  Domitian.     He  appears,  how- 
ever, to  have  gained  some  advantages  over  the  former  in  A.D.  84. 
—A nxia  prcEcipiti,  &c.    «  Some  alarming  dispatch  had  come  on  hur. 
ried  wing."    The  words  prmcipiti  penna  are  merely  figurative,  and 
do  not  refer,  as  some  erroneously  suppose,  to  any  peculiar  custom 
on  the  part  of  the  Romans  in  transmitting  intelligence.     CCasaub. 
ad  loc.)  * 

149-153.  Tota  ilia  tcmpora  scpvitice,     Tlie  last  three  years  of  Do- 
mitian's reign  are  especially  meant,  forming  as  they  do  one  of  the 
most  frightful  periods  that  occur  in  the  history  of  man.     We  have 
given  ilia  here  as  a  more  emphatic  reading  than  the  common  t/&.— 
Sedperiit.     Domitian  was  assassinated  in  A.D.  96,  in  the  45th  year 
of  his  age,  and  the  IGth  of  his  reign.     He  was  succeeded  by  Nerva. 
--  Cerdonibus.     "  By  men  of  lowly  birth."     Equivalent  to  ignobiUhus, 
Cerdo  properly  means  one  who  works  for  hire,  a  day-labourer,  a  low 
mechanic,  and  then  a  person  of  lowly  condition  generally.     The  as- 
sassins of  Domitian  were  persons  of  lowly  origin,  officers  of  his  court 
whom  ho  had  intended  to  put  to  death  himself;  and  hence  the  se- 
vere reflection  on  the  pusillanimity  of  the  patricians  implied  by  the 
closing  lines  of  the^satire.    The  tyraiit  shed  the  blood  of  the  noblest 
families  with  impunity;  but  when  he  began  to  single  out  victims 
from  the  lower  orders,  his  own  ruin  ensued.— //oc  nocuiL     "  This 


/ 


174 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  V. 


end  of  the  republic,  but  uuderle  ell  T"'  "''°"*'°"=''  ""  «■« 
the  noblest  fan,iUe,'i„  Ro:'  ^  Sj^lTf  th"  °"'  "^  "' 
was  one  of  Domitian's  victims-  hulh^ZT  r  '  °°"*'"  '"'"*« 
Boman  nobles  in  general         '  °  ^"'"''"  ''«'"*  f"'  "-e 


SATIRE  V. 

ARGUMENT. 

Under  pretence  of  advising  one  Trebin,  m  «!«.•/• 

of  Virro.  a  man  of  rank  .ndlnLitZZ^,^"'  ""^  *'  ""« 

•   .  spirited  detail  of  the  insults  and  I'nln^i^lZr^T  """ 

were  subjected  bv  the  nVh  „,  .1.  ■^""cations  to  which  the  poor 

count  of  the  poUticd  conn    ,         '"'"""■'■ncnts  to  which,  on  ac- 

round  one,  the  fo™crL„.T"  T"  *"  ^^""g-i'hed  from  a 
common  u'sagc-Z^^ «  triX^r  a^S  ""*, '"""  "'  -- 
taken  into  his  train  by  M^cenZ^Zh  u  T  °  ''"''  ""erward 
foonery,  and  finallv  admi  fed  ""^  The  h  11/"'''^  "^  ""  ''"^- 
whom  he  became  a  favour,"  te  I  t  e  de  0^  oT°,''"'"'"'  """ 
to  great  destitution  by  his  dissinatinn  !  7  ^*  ""^  ""'"'=«<1 

Ge^ris,  &c.    "At  the  i.n^„  ?T   .        "'""^agance-ZBij^^ 

from  th^  marked  dkreucei^^he  t     f  °'  ^'"^""■"     ^neqlT 
n.e  allusion  is  toApidus  L^b!  ^  '""'o'-Ptible  though  he  was." 

the  days  of  Augustus'  ndTSr  ot        """"  ""'  >""""«  - 
site  must  be  so  lost  to  all  senT.f  7^  "'"™''''  *<=•    ^  P"™" 

tha^one  would  besitr^^r^er:^^-^^^^^^^ 
6-11.  Fn^a/it«.     « More  easily  satisfied  »     /7    7         • 
"S-PPose.  however,  even  this  litfS  t  W^a^LT-'f  T""'  ^'^ 
pose  a  man  to  want  even  this  IitH»  .i...  •     I    .        '       *''  *"P- 

-here  you  can  take  yourlnd  anX      c  ""''^  ™""''"  '•  -' 

J  uDu  ana  Deg.     Crq>tdo  properlj  means 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


175 


»» 


any  raised  basement  upon  which  other  things  are  built  or  supported, 
as  of  a  temple,  altar,  obelisk,  &c.     Here,  however,  it  denotes  the 
trottoir,  or  raised  causeway  for  foot-passengers  on  the  side  of  a 
Roman  road  or  street.    An  illustration  of  this  is  given  in  the  ruins 
of  Pompeii.— Pon*.     Consult  note  on  Sat.  iv.,  ll5.^Teg€tis.    The 
teges  was  a  coarse  rug  worn  by  beggars.— 2>»;«ufta  brevier,    «  Short- 
er by  the  half."— Zan^/nc  injuria  coence  f    *'  Do  you  set  such  a  value 
on  a  supper  so  insulting  ?"  i.  e.,  will  you  endure  for  the  sake  of  a 
supper  the  gross  contumelies  that  await  you  at  the  great  man's  ta- 
ble ?    Literally,  "  Is  the  insult  of  a  supper  of  so  much  value  (in 
your  eyes)  ?''—^e;ttna.     «  Craving."— Po/.     «r  faith."    We  have 
adopted  here  the  elegant  emendation  of  Ruperti.    Many  of  the 
MSS.  give  quum  possis  honestius,  which  violates  the  measure,  the 
final  syllable  of  possis  being  long.     Tlie  Bipont  edition  reads  ;Iosa* 
in  the  sense  of  mendicas.     Jahn  and  others  prefer  possit,  making 
fames  the  subject.— //AV.     The  beggar's  stand,  either  on  the  fool^ 
pavement  or  the  bridge.— rrcwere.     "To  shiver."— ^<  sordesfar^ 
m,  &c.     "And  munch  a  filthy  piece  of  dog's  bread."    The  an- 
cients were  accustomed  to  make  a  coarse  kind  of  bran-bread,  which 
they  broke  up  and  mixed  with  dog's-meat,  as  food  for  their  animals. 
(Compare  the  Latin  term  caniccE.) 

12-15.  Fige.  "  Bear  it  in  mind."  Supply  animo.  So  in  vulgar 
English :  "  Regard  it  as  2ijixed  fact:*— Discuynbere  jussus.  "  When 
invited  to  take  a  place  at  table."  Literally,  « to  recline  (at  table)," 
in  allusion  to  the  Roman  mode  of  reclining  at  meals.  We  would 
say,  "  Wlien  asked  to  dinner."— il/erce<few  solidam,  "  The  entire 
recompense,"  ».  e.,  payment  in  full.—  Veterum  offidorum.  He  means 
"the  services"  rendered  by  the  client  in  waiting  upon  and  escort, 
ing  the  patron.  These  are  called  veterum,  **  of  long  standing,"  as 
having  been  rendered  for  so  many  days  and  months  beforehand.— 
Fructus.  All  you  get  by  it.—Imputat  hunc  rex,  «  The  great  man 
sets  this  down  to  your  account."  He  makes  a  merit  of  it ;  he  claims 
your  gratitude  for  it. 

10-23.  Si  Ubuit.  "  If  it  has  come  into  his  head."  Rxpressive  of 
indiflTerence.- ^c«Ai-6crc.  "To  invite."  Supply  viensai.^Tertia  ne 
vacuo,  &c.  "  Lest  the  third  cushion  should  be  unoccupied  on  the 
unfilled  couch."  Literally,  "  should  be  idle."  The  third  cushion 
on  the  lowest  couch  is  meant,  the  least  lionourable  place  at  the  ban- 
quet,  and  one  only  occupied  by  the  client  on  the  present  occasion, 
because  there  was  no  one  else  to  fill  it.  Culdta  properly  means  the 
mattress  placed  on  the  frame-work  of  the  couch,  but  it  is  taken  hero 
for  the  pillow  or  cushion  that  separated  the  individual  guests  on 


I .- 


176 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  V. 


each  conch,  and  against  which  they  reclined.— ^na  gimus.  The 
words  of  the  patron,  inviting  his  client  in  a  familiar  wav,  in  order 
to  enhance  the  obligation.— rreftit/,.  The  parasite  with'whom  Ju- 
venal is  remonstrating.— Z:;  ligulas  dimktere.  "  And  to  let  his  shoc- 
lappets  hang  down  untied,"  «.  c,  and  to  hurry  away  without  stoi>. 
ping  to  tie  his  shoes.  The  Uiptla  was  the  lappet  on  each  side  of  the 
shoe,  through  which  the  strings  {corrigice)  that  tied  it  on  the  foot 
passed. 

Ne  tota  salutatrix,  &c.     «'  Lest  by  this  time  the  whole  saluting 
crowd  may  have  completed  their  round,"  i.  «.,  lest  he  may  be  too 
late-for  the  time  of  morning  levee.     The  text  does  not  mean  that 
clients  waited  upon  several  patrons  in  succession,  which  would  bo 
directly  contrary  to  Roman  custom,  but  that  clients  were  accustom- 
ed to  go  round,  each  to-  his  particular  patron.     These  visits  com- 
bined  form  what  is  here  called  orbem.     Compare  Lucian,  A'.;     ..., 
22  :  nepi^iovrec  ^v  Km'Xt^  Hjv  iroliv.^Siderilms  dubiis.    *♦  Wlien  the 
stars  are  now  beginning  to  fade."    This  is  intended  to  mai  k  a  very 
early  period  of  the  mommg.^Aut  illo  tempore,  &c.     "  Or  else,  at 
that  time  w^en  the  chill  wains  of  slow  Bootes  are  alone  revolving." 
This  marks  a  somewhat  later  period  of  the  morning,  though  stiU 
qnite  early,  when  the  other  stars  have  disappeared,  and  only  the 
most  northern  constellations  are  still  seen  moving  around.    In  the 
language  of  poetry,  the  other  stars  have  sunk  l>cneath  the  ocean, 
but  Bootes  and  the  two  Bears,  inasmuch  as  they  never  sink  below 
our  horizon,  still  appear  in  the  heavens,  marking,  therefore,  the  pe- 
nod  immediately  preceding  the  dawn.    Compare  Statins,  Theh.,  iii., 
683,  seq.—Frigida,    Because  so  near  the  north  pole.  — Waco! 
In  the  plural,  because  both  the  Bears  or  Wains  are  meant.-^Boot<r 
The  constellation  of  Bootes  ("  the  herdsman")  is  frequently  called 
Arctophylax  ("  the  guard  of  the  bear"). 

24-29.   Quod  sucida  nolit,  &c.     Which  wool  just  shorn  will  refuse 
to  imbibe,"  ».  «.,  too  thick  and  worthless  to  be  used  even  for  wash- 
ing  out  the  grease  from  newly-shorn  wool.     Compare  Varro,  B.  i?., 
ii.,  11,6.     This  is  the  common  way  of  explaining  the  words'  of  the 
text.    It  IS  better,  however,  to  regard  them  as  referring  to  the  med- 
ical practice  of  antiquity,  in  which  freshly-shorn  wool  was  laid  upon 
wounds  after  having  been  made  to  imbibe  oil,  or  vinegar,  or  wine 
according  as  a  soothing  or  stimulating  effect  was  sought  to  be  ob^ 
tPined.     Compare   Celsus,  viii.,  3.-Z)e  coninva  Corybanta  videbis. 
The  bad  wme  will  disorder  your  head,  and  you  will  become  as  fran- 
tic as  one  of  the  Corvbantes,  or  priests  of  Cybele.-Pro/a^««/.   • 
*From  the  prelude  of  the  fruy,- -^  Mappa,    A  table-napkia  is  ' 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


177 


meant.    In  ordinary  cases,  the  host  did  not  furnish  his  guests  with 
napkins,  but  each  person  brought  his  own  mappa  with  him,  and  oc- 
casionally carried  away  in  it  some  of  the  delicacies  which  he  could 
not  consume  at  table,  a  practice  of  common  occurrence  also  among 
the  modern  Italians.— 7«/er  ros,  &c.     The  contest  will  be  between 
the  clients,  or  parasites,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  freedmen  on  the 
other,  the  latter  being  sometimes  admitted  to  the  lower  end  of  great 
men's  XahlQs, —Saguntina.    The  earthenware  of  Saguntum,  in  Spain, 
was  in  high  repute.    These  earthen  vessels,  however,  were  only  for 
the  use  of  the  gue§ts.     Compare  line  38,  seq.    The  lagena  was  a 
large  earthenware  vessel,  two  handled,  and  having  a  full  and  swell- 
ing body  like  a  gourd,  a  short  neck,  and  a  foot  to  stand  upon. 

30-32.  Capillato  diffusum  consU. .     "  Drawn  off  (from  the  doKum 
into  the  amphora)  under  some  consul  with  long  hair."    The  date 
of  the  vintage  was  always  marked  on  the  amphora  by  the  names  of 
the  consuls  then  in  office.     In  the  present  instance  a  very  old  wine 
is  meant,  made,  poetically  speaking,  many  ages  before,  when  the 
primitive  Romans  wore  the  hair  uncut.     (Consult  the  note  on  Sat. 
iv.,  102.)    In  making  thoir  wine,  the  Romans  first  put  the  must  into 
dolia ;  the  choice  kinds  of  wine  were  drawn  off'  into  amphoraj.    The 
doUa  were  never  of  wood,  hooped  tubs  of  wood  being,  according  to 
Pliny,  employed  in  cold  climates  orAy.— Tenet.     '*  Keeps  to  him- 
self."— Bellis  socialibus.    The  Social  war  occurred  B.C.  90-88.    But 
nothing  more  is  meant  here  than  a  fine  old  wine.    Although  the 
ancients  did  keep  their  wines  to  a  very  great  age.    Thus,  for  in- 
stance, the  famous  Opimian  wine  could  boast  an  antiquity  of  200 
years  in  Pliny's  day.     UI.N.,:^iy.,U.)—Cyathum.     "Even  a  small 
cup  of  it."    The  cyathus  was  properly  the  twelfth  of  a  pint.— Car- 
diaco  aviico.     "  To  a  friend  afflicted  with  the  heartburn."    This  was 
termed  cardiacus  morbus ;  in  Greek,  Kapdialyla,  and  the  only  remedy 
for  it  was  wine.    Hence  Seneca  {Ep.  15)  remark;^ :  ''Bibere  et  sudare 
cardiaci  vita  est  ;"  and  also  Celsus  (3,  19) :  "Cardiacis  maximum  re-- 
medium  vinum  esse  putatur.** 

33-37.  Albanis  de  montibus.  The  Alban  wine  was  produced  from 
the  hills  that  rise  to  the  south  of  Rome,  and  which  are  in  view  from 
^e  city.  It  is  ranked  by  Pliny  as  only  a  third-rate  wine,  but,  from 
the  commendation  bestowed  upon  it  by  Horace  and  Juvenal  we 
must  suppose  it  to  have  been  in  considerable  repute,  especially  when 
matured  by  long  keeping.  It  was  sweet  and  thick  when  new,  but 
became  dry  when  old,  seldom  ripening  properly  before  the  fifteenth 
ye&r.—Setinis.  The  Setine  hills  were  in  the  vicinity  of  Setia,  a 
town  of  Latium,  in  the  east  of  the  Pontine  marshes.    The  S^ne 


178 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


11 


was  a  deUcate  white  wine,  and  a  favourite  with  Augustus,  who 
prized  it  as  being  of  aU  kinds  the  least  apt  to  injure  the  stomach.— 
Titulum,    "  Date."    The  date  of  the  vintage  was  either  marked  on 
the  amphora,  as  we  have  already  stated,  or,  when  the  jars  were  of 
glass,  litUe  tickets  were  suspended  from  them,  indicating  this.— 
Muhafuligine.     "By  the  accumulated  soot."    The  soot  produced 
by  the  smoke  of  the  apotheca,  where  the  wine  had  been  placed  to 
ripen.— Qt/a/e  coronati,  &c.     On  days  of  particular  rejoicing,  the 
Romans  wore  gariands  at  their  carousals,  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks. 
Pajtus  Thrasea,  and  his  son-in-law,  Helvidius  Priscus,  from  their 
hatred  of  tyranny,  used  to  keep  the  birth-days  of  the  great  republi- 
can leaders  of  Rome.    The  former  was  put  to  death,  and  the  latter 
banished  by  HiQro.—Brutorum,    Three  of  the  name  are  in  fact  re- 
ferred to  :  L.  Junius  Brutus,  the  expellcr  of  the  Tarquins  ;  M.  Ju- 
nius Brutus,  the  chief  conspirator  with    Cassius  against  Julius 
Caisar ;  and  D.  Junius  Brutus,  who,  in  the  attempt  to  uphold  the 
cause  of  freedom  against  Antony,  was  put  to  death  by  the  latter. 

88-45.  Heliadum  crustas,  &c.    "Cups  incrusted  with  the  tears  of 
the  Heliades,  and  phialae  all  rough  with  the  beryl."     Literally 
« incrustations  of  the  tears,"  &c.    The  reference  is  to  cups  set  with 
amber,  standing  in  shallower  vessels  studded  with  gems.    The  cms. 
t(E  were  exquisitely  wrought  in  relief,  either  of  amber,  as  in  the 
present  instance,  or  else  of  gold  and  silver,  and  were  fastened  upon 
the  surf-ace  of  the  vessels  they  were  intended  to  adorn.     The  phialce 
were  shallow  circular  vessels,  like  the  modern  saucer.    The  term 
phiaia,  in  fact,  is  only  the  Greek  word  0m'A^  Latinized,  the  genuine 
Latin  term  being  patera.    Amber  was  fabled  to  have  been  produced 
by  the  tears  shed  on  the  banks  of  the  Eridanus  (Po)  for  the  loss  of 
their  brother  Phaethon  by  his  sisters  the  Heliades,  or  daughters  of 
the  bun  CHAiOf),  who  were  transformed  into  poplars— FiVro.   The 
wealthy  host^a^tas  affixus  ibidem,     "A  guard  is  fixed  in  that 
same  quarter,"  ,'.  e.,  a  slave  is  stationed  as  a  guard  in  the  same 
quarter  where  you  are  reclining  at  table.-Qm  numeret  ge,nmas,  &c. 
Lest  any  should  be  missing,  and  lest  you  should  tiy  to  pick  them 
out.-^a  veniam.   Such  precautions  are  excusable ;  you  must  not  be 
offended  at  them.-//^c.    "There,  on  that  cup,"  .'.  e.,  there  is  a 
particularly  bright  jasper,  which  is  universally  admired,  set  on  that 
cn^.--Gemmas,     Supply  diffiiis.^In  vaginae fronte,     "On  the  out- 
side of  his  scabbard."    Compare   Virg.,  iv.,  261,  seq.     -Atgue  ilU 
stelatus  taspide  fulva  Ensis  erat^     The  allusion  is  to  ^neas  - 
Zehtypo  juvenis,  &c.    ^neas,  whom  Dido  preferred  to  her  other 
suitor,  larbas,  king  of  the  G«tuli.    (  Virg.,  ^„^  iv,  36,  &c.) 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


179 


46-48.  Beneventani  sutoris.     "  Of  the  cobbler  of  Beneventum." 
This  was  Vatinius,  one  of  the  vilest  and  most  hateful  creatures  of 
Nero's  court,  equally  deformed  in  body  and  in  mind.    He  was 
originally  a  shoemaker's  apprentice,  next  earned  his  living  as  one 
of  the  lowest  kind  of  scnrrcv,  or  buffoons,  and  finaUy  obtained  great 
power  and  wealth  by  accusing  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the 
state.    A  certain  kind  of  drinking-cup,  having  four  nasi,  or  «  noz- 
zles," bore  the  name  of  this  Vatinius,  probably  because  he  brought 
them  into  {aslnon.-Siccabis.     "  Will  drain."-^'/  mpto  poscentem, 
&c.     "And  asking  sulphur  for  the  fractured  glass,"  i.  c,  calling  for 
the  aid  of  sulphur-cement  to  make  it  sound  again.    Cracked  and 
fractured  glass  was  repaired  by  means  of  a  composition  in  which 
sulphur  formed  th.  main  ingredient     Some  give  a  different  expla- 
nation to  this  clause,  and  make  the  poet  refer  to  a  cup  so  much 
broken  as  to  be  only  fit  to  be  exchanged  for  sulphur-matches,  it  be- 
ing customary  at  Rome  to  exchange  broken  glass  for  these.    This 
latter  explanation,  however,  though  the  livelier  one,  seems  less  cor- 
rect  than  the  first,  since  the  poet,  in  that  event,  would  rather  have 
employed/rocto. 

50-55.  Decocta,    "BoUed  water."    The  water  was  first  boiled, 
and  then  cooled  by  means  of  snow.    This  means  of  treating  water 
IS  said  to  have  been  first  introduced  hj  Nero.    (P&«,  H.  N°  xxxi 
23.)    The  snow  was  preserved'in  pits,  somewhat  like  our  modeZ 
ice-houses.     Snow  was  also  brought  on  table,  and  used  for  coolin- 
the  wine.    The  epitiiet  Geticis  is  employed  in  the  text  in  a  general 
sense,  equivalent  to  Scythids.    The  Getie  were  originaUy  a  Thra- 
cian  people,  bordering  on  Scythia.- Poni.  The  wine  was  not  circu- 
lated round  the  table,  but  was  placed  before  each  gnest.^AKam 
aqnam.   "A  different  kind  of  water,"  .'.  c,  neither  boiled  nor  iced  - 
Gcetulus  cursor,    "A  Gajtulian  running-footman."    The  cursor  was 
a  slave,  kept  by  the  rich  to  precede  their  carriages  on  foot,  similar 
to  the  running  footmen  of  modem  times.     One  of  this  class  is 
turned  into  a  waiter  for  the  poor  client.    By  G^tulia  was  meant  the 
interior  of  northern  Africa,  south  of  Mauritania,  Numidia,  and  the 
region  bordering  on  the  Syrtes,  reaching  to  the  Atlantic  on  the 
west,  and  of  very  indefinite  extent  toward  the  east  and  south  — iVi- 
gn  Mauri,    '^  Of  some  hUckamoor.--Et  cui  per  mediam,  &c.    Be- 
cause you  might  take  him  for  some  frightful  spectre  out  of  the 
tombs.-^Latmn',     Supply  rup,  and  consult  note  on  Sat  i    120 

56-66    Flos  Asirr.    The  master  of  the  feast,  on  the  other  hand 
has  for  his  attendant  and  cup-bearer  a  young  and  beautiful  Asiatic 
boy,  blooming  as  a  flower,  and  purchased  for  a  sum  exceeding  th. 


180 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


whole  revenue  of  one  of  the  old  Roman  kings. — TuUi  et  And.  The 
third  and  fourth  kings  of  Rome. — Omnia  frivola.  "All  the  poor 
goods  and  chattels,"  ».«.,  poor  and  trifling  in  comparison. — Gcetulum 
Ganymedem,  &c.  *'  Look  behind  you  for  your  negro  Ganymede,"  «.  c, 
when  you  want  your  cup  replenished,  look  to  the  *'  cursor  Gcctulus'* 
to  do  it  for  you,  not  to  the  ^'Flos  Asice.*' — Miliibus.  Supply  sesterti- 
orum. — Miscere.  *'  To  mix  wine."  It  was  the  duty  of  the  pincema 
or  pocillator  to  mix  the  wine  in  the  crater,  fill  the  cups,  and  hand 
them  round  to  the  guests.  The  wines  of  the  ancients  were  not  only 
inspissated  by  being  long  kept,  but  also  highly  seasoned  with  vari- 
ous aromatic  ingredients,  both  of  which  causes  rendered  them  unfit 
for  use  until  they  had  been  diffused  in  a  large  quantity  of  water. — 
Digna  superciiio,  *'Is  worthy  of  his  supercilious  air,"  t. «.,  justifies 
his  supercilious  and  disdainful  look,  as  far  as  waiting  on  you  is  con- 
cerned.— CaHdof  gelidivqna  minister.  "As  a  server  of  warm  and  cold 
water."  Supply  aquce.  The  Romans  had  both  hot  and  cold  water 
at  their  feasts,  that  the  guests  might  be  sened  with  either,  as  they 
preferred.  A  favourite  drink  was  warm  water  mixed  with  wine,  with 
the  addition  of  spices. — Quodque  aliquid poscas,  &c.  He  thinks  him- 
self the  more  entitled  to  be  a  guest  than  you.  Quodywith  the  indic- 
ative or  subjunctive,  is  employed  after  verbs  indicating  wonder,  in- 
dignation, &c.,  in  place  of  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive,  in  order 
to  denote  more  the  reason  of  the  feeling.  {Madrig,  §  397.) — Max- 
ima quaeque  dormis^  &c.  The  servants  in  the  mansions  of  the  rich  and 
great  take  their  cue  from  their  masters;  or,  in  other  words,  "Like 
master,  like  man." 

67-72.  Quanta  munnure.  "  With  what  grumbling." — Vix  frac- 
turn,  "  Scarce  broken  by  the  mill."  Supply  mola.  The  reference 
is  to  a  kind  of  very  coarse  bread,  with  the  grains  of  com  almost 
entire.  This  is  explained  immediately  after  by  the  words  solidct 
farina.  It  is  incorrect  to  refer  vix/ractum,  as  most  do,  to  the  hard- 
ness of  the  bread,  and  the  difficulty  of  breaking  it  while  eating. 
The  allusion  is  here  to  coarseness  of  material ;  the  hardness  is  re- 
ferred to  in  the  succeeding  line. — Quae  genuinum  agitent.  "  Intend- 
ed only  to  worry  the  jaw-tooth.**  Observe  the  force  of  the  subjunc- 
tive.— Mollique  siligine.  "  Of  the  finest  wheat  flour."  The  siligo  was 
a  species  of  very  white  wheat,  from  which  a  fine  flour  was  made.  It 
is  indigenous  to  Italy,  from  which  country  it  was  carried  into  Greece. 
,The  Greek  term  ai?uyvuv  is  formed  from  the  Latin. — Dextram  co- 
hibere.  S'rom  the  fine  white  bread  of  the  host. — Salva  sit  artoptie 
reverentia.  "  Let  the  respect  due  to  the  bread-mould  be  unimpair- 
«d,"  i.  e.f  let  a^l  du^  respect  be  shown  by  you  to  the  distinction 


.'-\ 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


181 


which  the  bread-mould  makes  between  the  kind  of  bread  meant  for 
you  and  that  intended  for  the  master  of  the  house.  For  artoptcB  the 
ordinary  text  has  artocopi,  "the  cutter  of  the  bread,"  which  is  the 
reading  also  of  several  MSS.  We  have  preferred,  however,  artop- 
to',  with  Heinrich  and  Jahn.  By  artopta  was  meant  a  kind  of  bread- 
mould,  or  bread-pan,  in  which  the  finest  bread  was  baked,  and  from 
which  it  was  served  up  hot.  In  one  of  the  bakeries  discovered  at 
Pompeii,  several  loaves  have  been  found  apparently  baked  in  moulds. 
They  are  round,  flat,  and  about  eight  inches  in  diameter. 

73-79.    Jmprobulum.     "A    little   impudent."  —  Fw    tu  impleri 
"  W^on't  you  fill  yourself."     Vis  tu  is  for  annon  vis  tu.     Consult  Bent^ 
ley,  ad  Ilorat.,  Senn.,  ii.,  G,  92.-  Canistris.     The  canistrum  was  a 
large,  flat,  open  basket,  made  of  wicker-work,  and  without  handles 
particularly  employed  as  a  hread-hasket. -Scilicet  hoc  fuerat,  &c. 
Tins  IS  the  client's  indignant  soliloquy :  "So,  then,  it  was  this  for- 
sooth  on  account  of  which,"  &c.     This  is  all  the  requital  I  get  for 
my  slavish  attendance  on  a  rich  and  haughty  patron !     Observe  the 
peculiar  employment  of  the  pluperfect.     This  end  I  had  proposed  to 
myself^Per  montem  adversum,  &c.     "Up  the  steep  ascent  of  the 
bleak  Esquiline."    A  hendiadys.     The  Esquiline  Hill  had  a  veiy 
8teep  ascent,  and  was  bleak  and  cold  at  the  top,  especially  in  bad 
weather.-.p^„„^.     «  My  cloak."     The  pcenuia  was  a  round  fn,ck, 
with  a  hood,  but  otherwise  entirely  closed  down  the  front;  or  some- 
times with  a  slit  reaching  halfway  up  from  the  bottom  of  the  skirt 
in  front,  so  that  the  flaps  might  be  taken  up  and  turned  over  the 
shoulder.    It  was  worn  over  the  tunic,  particularly  on  journeys,  and 
m  the  city  during  very  cold  or  wet  weather.     It  had  no  sleeves. 
80-85.  Distendat.     "  Seems  to  distend."    It  was  so  large  that  it 

The  lobster."    There  were  two  kinds  of  fish  known  by  this  name 
one  which  formed  a  dish  of  itself,  the  lobster,  as  here;  the  other  of' 
a  small  size,  sening  as  sauce  to  other  fish,  and  answering  to  our 
.hrimps  and  prawns. -5.;,,a.     "Garnished."    Literally,  "hedcred 
around."_^.;,a..^,..     Under  the  general  name  of  asparagus  Ire 
here  meant,  in  fact,  the  young  shoots  of  various  edible  plants.- 
<^^  Cauda      He  seems  to  look  down  upon  the  company  as  though 
proud  of  his  noble  tail,  which  is  the  choicest  part.-(^L  ,JZ 
He  IS  borne  on  high  by  the  hands  of  some  tall  attendant.     ThTs;^: 
iz"  ^^i^'  «J^7^!^-!-"^ -lected  by  the  rich  on  account  of  their 
Bize.     So  the  lerttcam,  or  litter-carriers.-/>,-;;,^e/,o  constrictus  &c 
A  common  crab,  hemmed  in  with  half  an  egg."  t  e    scantilv  a«r* 
niched  with  half  an  egg  sUced.-reraiis  cj''^::::::!!^::^ 


182 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


Ill 


accustomed  to  give  a  feast  in  honour  of  the  dead,  generally  on  the 
ninth  day  after  the  funeral.  It  was  done  to  appease  their  shades, 
and  consisted  of  a  little  milk,  honey,  water,  wine,  and  olives.  These 
articles  were  placed  commonly  at  the  entrance  of  the  tomb.  "  A 
fftneral  supper,"  therefore,  came  to  mean  a  very  scanty  one. — Ex- 
igua  patella.  Observe  that  patella^  although  a  diminutive  itself,  is 
made  still  more  so  by  the  epithet  exiyua. 

86-91.   Vena/rano.     Supply  oleo.    Venafrum,  a  town  in  the  north- 
em  part  of  Samnium,  near  the  River  Vultumus,  and  on  the  con- 
fines of  Latium,  was  famed  for  its  olives  and  oil.— Pallidus.     "All 
sickly  of  aspect."    The  cabbage  had  turned  yellow  from  long  keep- 
ing, and  had  then  been  carelessly  boiled.    But,  what  is  still  worse, 
the  oil  to  be  poured  over  it  is  quite  rancid,  and  fit  only  to  be  used  for 
lamps.— ///«</.     Supply  oleum.— Vestris  alceoHs.     "To  your  sauce- 
boats.**    Alveolus  signifies  any  wooden  vessel  made  hollow.     Here  it 
may  be  understood  of  wooden  trays  or  sauce-boats,  in  which  the  oil 
was  brought,  that  wag  to  be  poured  over  the.  cabbage.  —  Canna. 
"  Some  reed-boat,"  i.  c,  some  light  vessel.     Canna  is  properly  a  boat 
or  small  vessel,  the  framework  of  which  is  made  of  reeds  or  cane 
covered  with  skin.— Mia'psamm.     Put  figuratively  for  Numidarwn. 
Micipsa  was  king  of  Numidia,  and  the  eldest  of  the  sons  of  Masinis- 
B3,.—  (}um  Boccliare.    "  With  a  native  of  Africa."     Literally,  "  with 
a  Bocchar."     Bocchare  for  A/ro,  a  name  of  an  individual  put  again 
for  a  whole  race.     Bocchar  or  Bocchus  was  king  of  Mauritania,  and 
father-in-law  of  Jugurtha,  with  whom  at  first  he  made  war  against 
the  Romans,  but  whom  he  afterward  delivered  up  to  Sulla,  the  quaes- 
tor of  Marius.     Some,  however,  make  Bocchar  here  to  be  the  name 
of  a  certain  Numidian  living  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Juvenal. — Quod 
tutos  etiam^  &c.     This  line  is  deser\edly  regarded  by  many  as  spu- 
rious, not  only  on  account  of  the  awkward  repetition  of  quod,  but 
also  because  it  does  not  appear  in  some  of  the  best  MSS.     It  was 
interpolated  probably  by  one  of  the  scholiasts,  who  wished  to  explain 
why  no  one  would  bathe  at  Rome  with  a  native  of  Africa,  because 
this  oil,  with  which  they  anointed  themselves,  rendered  their  per- 
sons exceedingly  oft*ensive,  so  much  so,  in  fact,  that  it  even  secured 
the  Numidian  snake-charmers  from  harm.  . 

92-98.  Mullus.  Consult  note  on  Sat.  iv.,  H.—  Tauromenitance  rur- 
pes,  "The  rocks  of  Tauromenium."  This  city  was  situate  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily.  The  modem  name  is  Taormina.—Omne  nos- 
trum mare peractum  est.  "  All  our  own  waters  have  been  ransacked.** 
Literally,  "Have  been  gone  through  with."  The  sea  on  both  sides 
of  Italy  is  meant.— G'ttib.    " Gluttony."— ifocc^'o.    "The  market,*' 


A< 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


183 


•.c,  those ^who  supply  the  market. — Proxima.  "The  seas  imme- 
diately adjacent."     Supply  marli.  —  Crescere.     "To  reach  its  full 

growth."  —  Jnstruit  focum.     "  Has  to  supply  our  kitchen." Illinc. 

From  these  foreign  provinces  of  ours. —  Captator.  "The  legacy- 
hunter." — Aurelia  rendat.  "  Aurelia  may  sell  again."  A  rich  child- 
less widow,  who  had  so  many  presents  of  fine  fish  made  to  her  by 
Lenas,  and  others  of  his  tribe,  that  she  could  not  use  them  all  at  her 
own  table,  and  therefore  gratified  her  avarice  by  selling  part  of  them" 


agam. 


99-lOG.  Murana.  "  A  lamprey."  A  species  of  eel  found  in  the 
Mediterranean,  and  held  in  high  estimation  by  the  Roman  epicures. 
They  were  reared  with  the  greatest  care,  and  at  an  enormous  ex- 
pense, in  artificial  fish-ponds.  This  fish  must  not  be  confounded, 
however,  with  the  ordinary  lamprey  or  petrowyzon.—Gurgite  Siculo. 
"  The  Sicilian  whirlpool,"  t.  e.,  the  straits  between  Sicily  and  Italy, 
now  Faro  di  Messina.— Dum  se  continet  Auster,  &c.  The  fisherman 
takes  advantage  of  calm  weather  to  fish  in  this  dan-rcrous  locality. 
—  Carcere.     The  cave  of  iEolus.— J/er/mw  Chnryhdim.     "The  very 


centre  of  Charybdis."— Zo«^<c  cognata  coluirtp.  "  A  relation  of  the 
long  snake."  Akin  both  in  appearance  and  in  name,  anguilla  being 
the  diminutive  ofanguis. — Aut  glacie  adspersus,  &c.  "  Or  a  pike  from 
the  Tiber,  sprinkled  with  spots  by  the  ice."  Sujjply  lupus.  A  com- 
mon kind  of  river-fish  is  meant.  For  fish  of  this  kind  the  Roman 
epicures  cared  nothing,  particularly  when  they  were  sjjottcd.  These 
spots  were  commonly  ascribed  to  the  winter's  cold.—  I  \rnuh  rljHirum, 
&c.  "  A  native-bora  slave  of  the  river's  banks,  fattened  by  the  rush- 
ing sewer,"  i'.  c,  fed  on  the  filth  of  the  common  sewer.  Seven  rapid 
currents  of  water  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  Agrippa  into 
the  sewers  under  the  city.  Hence  the  epithet  torrente  in  the  text. 
The  pike  was  esteemed  in  exact  proportion  to  the  distance  it  was 
caught  from  the  common  sewers  of  Rome.  Compare  Horace,  Sat.^ 
ii.,  2,  31.  —  Cryptam.  "  Unto  the  dark-arched  drain."  The  fish 
was  accustomed  to  explore  these  dark  recesses  in  search  of  its  loath- 
some ioo^.—Suhur<x.    Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  6. 

107-113.  Ipsi.  Supply  Virroni.—Facilem.  "An  attentive.**— 
Nemo  petit,  &c.  These  words  are  addressed  to  Virro.  No  one  ex- 
pects from  you  such  presents  as  used  to  be  sent  to  their  humble 
friends  in  former  days  by  patrons  of  known  liberality.— ^cwcca.  The 
Stoic  philosopher  and  preceptor  of  Nero,  born  at  Cordxiha  (Cordova), 
in  Spain.— Piso  bonus.  "The  bounteous  Piso."  C.  Calpumius 
Piso,  leader  of  the  well-known  conspiracy  against  Nero,  for  which 
he  lost  his  life.    He  was  famed  for  his  wealth  and  liberality.— Cb^ 


184 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


I 


ir>  I 


ta.    Aurelius  Cotta,  another  munificent  individual  of  Nero's  time 
--Titulis.     "  Titles  of  ancestn-,"  /.  c,  a  Ion;,  line  of  ancestors.    By 
Utuhare  here  meant  the  inscriptions  on  the  images  of  ancestors,  and 
which  marked  the  antiquity  and  nobihty  of  a  line.^Fasdbus.    The 
higher  offices  of  magistracy  are  meant.     The/a*ce*  were  the  bad-es 
of  dictatorial,  consular,  and  praetorian  power.-t//  cccnes  civilUer. 
That  you  entertain  at  supper  just  as  one  citizen  should  another  " 
*.  e.,  as  an  equal  with  equals ;  that  when  you  give  a  supper-party, 
you  consider  all  your  guests  as  fully  on  an  equality  with  yourself 
and  that  you  fare  precisely  as  they  fare,  sharing  in  common  with 
them  all  that  the  banquet  may  afford,-I>iv€s  tibi,  jxiuper  amich 
If  you  follow  the  rule  just  laid  down,  you  may  be  as  parsimonious* 
as  you  please  when  entertaining  your  friends,  and  as  luxurious  and 
gluttonous  as  you  choose  when  supping  by  yourself.- 67  nunc  muUl 
A  hit  at  the  richer  class  of  the  day. 

114-119.  Anseris  jecur.     This  was  reckoned  a  very  great  luxury 
and  in  order  to  increase  the  size  of  the  liver,  the  geese  were  shut  up 
smgly  in  dark  and  extremely  warm  coops,  too  narrow  to  allow  them 
to  turn,  and  their  food  was   scientifically  varied   and  regulated. 
Dried  figs,  chopped  fine,  formed  their  principal  aliment  toward  tho 
end  of  the  process.     Their  drink  consisted  of  water  mingled  with 
honey.     In  the  Strasburg  mode,  at  the  present  day,  the  win'ter  is  the 
season  prefen-ed,  coolness  being  deemed  important.     Consult  St 
John,  Hellenes,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2-:Q.--Ansenbus par  AUilis,     -  A  crammed 
fowl,  equal  in  size  to  geese."     Supply  avl..     A  fatted  capon  is  prob- 
ably  meant.-/'^./.    "Golden-haired."    Imitated  from  the  Homeric 
sav%  mieaypo^.-Dlgnusferro  Meleagn.     Not  inferior  in  size  to 
the  one  slain  by  Meleager  at  the  famous  Calydonian  boar-hunt  - 
Aper.  Consult  note  on  Sat.  i.,125.-Tra<icnturtubera.  "  Tniffles  will 
be  served  up."   According  to  Pliny  (//.  .V.,  xix.,  3),  truffles  were  pro- 
duced amid  the  rains  and  thunders  of  autumn,  but  were  most  in 
season  and  tenderest  in  spring.     This  will  ser^•e  to  explain  what 
immediately  follows  in  the  te.U^Optata.    Devoutly  wished  for  bv 

truffles.---r.Az  habefmmentton,    -  Keep  your  com  to  yourself"  Afri- 

rZT  M*  T  ''.^''  ^'^  ^'°  '^'  ^"™^^  ^^^*«^  of  Carthage,  was 
«markab le  for  its  fertility,  and  formed  one  of  the  granaries  of 

fnder'tb  "  n  '  f^'"''  ^'^^  ^""^^°"  ^'^  P^^^^^^^^  is  made 
under  the  appellation  Ltbye  in  the  text,-Dum.  "Provided  only." 
The  glutton  cares  little,  if  any  thing,  about  the  high  price  of  bread 

2  !,T  ^'T''^  ""^  ^^^°  '"'"^ '  *"  ^^  ^'"^^  i«  ttat  Africa  mar 
send  his  darling  truffles.  ' 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


185 


120-124.  Stmctorcm.     "The  arranger  of  the  feast,**  i. «.,  the  one 
who  arranged  the  dishes  on  the  tray  or  ferculuni  in  which  they  were 
ierved  up.     We  must  suppose,  with  Heinrich,  that  the  structor  here 
discharges  also  the  duties  of  carver  or  scissor.     Carving  was  taught 
as  an  art,  and  frequently  performed,  as  in  the  present  instance,  to 
the  sound  of  music,  and  with  appropriate  gesticulations. — Indignatio, 
"Cause  for  indignation." — Saltantem  et  chironoinonta,  &c.     " Caper- 
ing about  and  gesticulating  with  nimble  knife."    We  have  given 
chironoumnta,  as  more  in  unison  with  the  Greek  x^^po'^ofiovvTa  than 
the  chironomonta  of  the  ordinary  text.     The  object  of  the  poet  is  to 
express  a  Greek  fashion  by  a  Greek  term. — Dictata  magistri.    "The 
lessons  of  his  instructor  in  the  art."     Nee  minimo  sane,  &c.     "Nor 
is  it,  I  assure  you,  a  matter  of  only  very  trifling  import."    More  lit- 
erally, "Nor  does  it,  in  truth,  bear  upon  the  matter  with  only  a 
very  slight  dlflfcrcnce."    It  is  by  no  means  reckoned  an  indifferent 
matter  in  what  manner  or  with  what  gesture  a  hare  or  a  fowl  is 
carved ;  this,  as  well  as  gluttony  itself,  is  now  become  a  regular 
science,  and  is  taught  by  a  master. 

125-131.   Velut  ictus  ab  Ilercule  Cacus.     Compare  Virgil,  JEn., 
Viii.,  264,  seq. — Quid  hiscere.      "To  open  your  mouth  about  any 
thing."    Not,  as  some  understand  tlie  word,  in  the  way  of  complaint 
at  the  treatment  which  you  undergo,  but  rather  as  presuming  to 
take  part,  even  in  the  slightest  degree,  in  the  conversation  going  on 
among  the  other  guests.— 7an<7m;A4  habeas  tria  nomina.     Free  Roman 
citizens  had  three  names,  prcenomen,  nomen,  and  cognomen.     Slaves 
had  no  prcenomcn.     He  means  to  imply  that,  by  turning  parasite, 
Trebius  had  virtually  forfeited  the  privileges  of  a  free  Rotaan.— 
Quando propinat  Virro  till?     "When  does  Virro  drink  wine  with 
you?"     Literally,  "drink  first  for  you."    Prcy^z^arc  has  here  the 
strict  meaning  of  the  Greek  TrpomvELv,  from  which  it  is  formed, 
and  refers  mainly  to  the  Greek  custom  of  first  drinking  one's  self 
when  pledging  another,  and  then  passing  the  cup  to  the  person 
pledged.— 5mw»7^mc  tuis,  &c.     This  is  the  direct  converse  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  means,  When  does  the  great  man  condescend  to  answer 
your  pledge,  in  case  you  should  have  the  effrontery  to  ask  him  to 
drink  Nvine  with  you  ?—Perditus.     "  So  lost  to  all  sense  of  shame." 
— Bi&e.     «  Drink,  sir !"    Denoting  familiarity,  and  equivalent  some- 
wfiat  to  the  modem  Bacchanalian  phrase,  "Put  the  bottle  about." 
—Pcrtusa  Ivna.     "With  a  cloak  full  of  holes,"  i.  c,  out  at  the  el- 
bows, in  modern  jiarlance. 

132-13G.    Qmdringenta.     Supply  millia  sestertiorwn.     An  eques- 
trian fortune  is  meant.— Melior/atis,    Because  they  have  been  un- 


186 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


in 


kind  to  you  in  making  you  voor.— Ilomuucio.  Though  now  a  aorry 
mortal.--/>a  Trebio,  &c.  Virro  now  directs  his  attendant  to  help 
Trebius  plentifully,  and  presses  him  to  taste  the  delicacies  of  the 
table.— Po«e  ad  Trehium.  "Place  before  Trebius."  The  preposi- 
tion ad  has  here  the  same  force  as  in  ad  pedes,  ad  mamm.^Vis  fro- 
ter  ah  ipsis  iUbus.  "  My  dear  brother,  will  you  take  some  of  these 
dainty  dishes."  Bia  literally  signifies  "entrails,"  of  which  some 
very  choice  dishes  were  made.  Under  this  head,  however,  many 
other  dainty  dishes  may  be  comprehended.— /Vafcr.  This  was  a 
courteous  appellation  between  equals.— To*  estis  fr aires.  "You 
and  he  are  brothers.*' 

136-145.  Dominns  et  domini  rex,  "A  lord  and  a  lord's  lord  "   The 
meaning  of  the  whole  passage  is  this :   If  you  wish  to  become  not 
only  a  domineering  patron  over  your  own  retainers,  but  even  over 
the  patron  himself  of  other  retainers,  you  must  be  childless ;  vou 
must  have  neither  son  nor  daughter  to  inherit  your  estate.    Then 
aU  the  legacy-hunters,  whether  poor  or  rich,  will  worship  you  - 
NuUus  uHparvulus,  &c.    A  parody  on  Virgil,  ^„.,  iv,  327,  seqq.^ 
Jucundum  et  carum.   He  means  to  legacy-hunters.-5erf  tm  nunc  Mi- 
gcde  panatr&c.     The  case  will  be  different,  however,  if  the  rich 
Trebius  live  with  a  female  not  united  to  him  in  lawful  matrimony  • 
for,  even  if  she  present  him  with  three  boys  at  a  birth,  Virro  will 
not  be  afraid  of  being  supplanted  by  these,  since  they  are  natural 
children ;  and  he  will  even  make  them  little  presents  in  order  to 
win  over  the  father.^Migak.    The  common  but  less  correct  form  is 
Mycale.     Compare  I/Orvil/e,  ad  Charit.,  p.  247,  and  Ileinnch,  ad  loc. 
—Ipse,    Y'lvro.—  Viridem   thoraca,     "A  little  green  corslet."     A 
mimic  piece  of  armor,  to  be  worn  by  children  plaving  at  soldiers. 
Some,  less  correctly,  render  thoraca  by  "  stomacher."— .l//;«ma5  ««- 
ces,    "  Filberts."— i2(>5ra^«;«.    Which  the  little  fellow  begs  for  to  buy 
playthings,  cakes,  or  irxnX.—Ad  mensain,  &c.    Virro  goes  so  far  as  to 
beg  Trebius  to  bring  one  of  the  little  darlings  with  him  when  he 
comes  to  dine  at  his  house. 

146-148.  Tliibus  amicis.  "Before  lowly  friends,"  i.e.,  his  poor 
clients.— ^nct>,Vc5.  "  Of  doubtful  character."  There  are  several 
species  of  the  mushroom  kind,  some  of  which  are  poisonous,  and  it  is 
sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  them.— Boletus.  "A  mushroom  of 
the  best  sort."- 5erf  quales.  He  means  such  as  were  not  poisoned, 
—Ante  ilium  uxorxs.  "  Before  that  one  furnished  by  his  wife,"  t.  e., 
by  Agrippina,  who  poisoned  him  with  it.  The  botanical  naLie  of 
this  species  of  mushroom  is  Agaricus  Casareus,  or  "  imperial  agar- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V. 


187 


IC 


It  IS  common  in  Italy,  and  is  brought  to  the  markets  there  for 


sale.  Tlie  Romans  esteemed  it  one  of  the  greatest  luxuries  of  the 
table.  The  notorious  Locusta  supplied  the  empress  with  the  poison 
which  the  latter  introduced  into  this,  her  husband's  favourite  dish. 
— Nil  amplius  edit.  Hence  Nero  jocosely  called  mushrooms  "  the 
food  of  the  gods,"  in  allusion  to  the  apotheosis  of  Claudius.  (Sue- 
ton.,  Ner.j  33.) 

149-155.   lieliquis  Virronihus,    "  The  rest  of  his  brother  Virros." 
—Potm.    "  Fruits."     Pulpy  fruits  in  general  are  indicated  by  this 
term,  such  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  &c.—PhcBacuin.    Homer  de- 
scribes the  gardens  of  Alcinous,  in  the  island  of  Phajacia,  as  fiUed 
with  perpetual  fruits.     Hence  an  eternal  autumn  reigned  there. 
The  ancients  sought,  erroneously  however,  to  identify  Homer's  fa- 
bled island  of  Pha;acia  with  Corcyra.— *Soror/6w5  Afris.     Alluding 
to  the  far-famed  garden  of  the  Ilesperides,  the  daughters  of  Atlas, 
King  of  Mauritania.— ^Sca^ic  mali.     "A  scurf-covered  thing  of  an 
apple."— /tt  aggere.    «  On  the  rampart."     The  agger  of  the  Pncto- 
rian  camp  is  meant,  and  the  allusion  is  generally  supposed  to  be  to  a 
monkey  exhibited  riding  on  a  goat,  chewing  an  unsound  apple,  and 
equipped  as  a  soldier  with  shield  and  helmet.     The  animal,  tlms 
accoutred,  is  taught,  under  the  terror  of  the  lash,  to  huri  the  jave- 
hn  like  a  mounted  horseman.    The  only  objection  to  this  mode  of 
cxplammg  the  passage  is,  that  strict  Latinity  requires  ex  (not  ab) 
hrsuta  cnpella.     Some,  however,  think  that  a  raw  recruit  is  meant, 
and  therefore  read  Ursuto  Capelk,  making  this  latter  term  to  be  a 
proper  name,  and  to  indicate  the  ca^npidoctor,  or  drill-sergeant,  who 
taught  the  recruits  their  exercises.    The  difficulty  here,  however,  is, 
that  the  instrument  for  correcting  soldiers  was  not  iheJlageUum,  but 
the  vitis     Hence  Lobeck  {Aqlaoph.,  p.  1325)  supposes  a  barbarian 
recruit  (txrunculum  barbarum)  to  be  meant.    The  first  interpretation, 
however,  appears  to  be  the  better  one,  and  is  given,  moreover,  by  the 
scholiast,  who,  in  reference  to  the   apple,  remarks,  -quale  simia 
manducat.^ 

^  156-1G5.  Forsitan  iwpenscF,  &c.  Juvenal  now  appears  to  be  act- 
ing the  rhetorician,  and  shifting  his  ground,  in  order  to  rouse  the 
anger  or  excite  the  hatred  of  Trebius  against  Virro,  by  attributing 
the  conduct  of  the  latter  not  so  much  to  meanness  after  all,  as  to  a 
settled  intention  to  insult  and  annoy.-//oc  agit,  &c.  "  Why,  he 
docs  this,  in  fact,  that  you  may  feel  hnrtr -P/orante  gula.  "  Than 
deplonng  gluttony,"  ,*.  e.,  than  a  parasite  in  all  the  agonies  of  dis- 
appointed  huns^r.^Ffundere.  -  To  give  vent  to."-Prmo  molari. 
With  closely.prossed  grinder."  The  teeth  have  no  food  between 
to  keep  them  asunder.-Tam  nudus.   «  So  utterly  destitute. "-///u,«. 


188 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


"Him  and  his  insolence." — Etruscum  tmero^  &c.  "If  the  Etruscan 
gold  fell  to  his  lot  when  a  boy,  or  else  the  knot  merely,  and  the 
badge  afforded  by  the  leather  band  of  the  poor,"  i. «.,  if  bom  a  Ro- 
man, whether  of  rich  or  humble  parents.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
bulla^  as  worn  by  the  Koman  boys  up  to  the  period  of  assuming  the 
manly  gown.  The  children  of  the  rich  wore  one  of  gold,  those  of 
the  poor  one  made  of  leather.  The  former  consisted  of  two  con- 
cave plates  of  gold,  fastened  together  by  an  elastic  brace  of  the  same 
material,  so  as  to  form  a  complete  globe,  within  which  an  amulet 
was  contained.  The  bulla  of  the  poor  was  made  in  a  similar  way, 
but  of  leather,  and  was  worn  attached  to  a  thong  or  band  {lorwn)  of 
the  same  material.  The  thong  or  band  in  both  cases  passed  around 
the  neck,  and  the  bulla  was  suspended  from  it,  hanging  on  the 
breast.  Observe  that  nodus  is  employed  here  in  the  sense  of  "  knob" 
or  "boss,"  as  "knot"  often  is  in  English. 

16G-173.  Spes  bene  canandi  vos  decipit.  Your  love  of  gluttony 
gets  the  better  of  your  reflection,  and  deceives  you  into  a  belief  that, 
however  ill-treated  you  may  have  been  before,  this  will  not  happen 
again. — Ecre  dabitjam,  ttc.  The  soliloquy  of  the  expectant  para- 
site.—C/"w/6tt5.  "  The  haunch."— il/inor  aitiiis.  '"  That  diminish- 
ed capon."  After  the  great  man  has  now  helped  himself  from  it. — 
Inde.  "Hence,"  ».  c,  owing  to  this  constant  state  of  expectation. 
— Parato^  intactoqve^  &c.  "  With  your  bread  clinched  in  your  hand, 
ready  for  action,  and  yet  still  untouched  (by  the  expected  food),** ». 
c,  because  you  are  still  lying  in  silent  e.xpectation  of  the  good  things 
which  are  to  come. — Sapit.  "  Shows  his  wisdom."  —  Et  debes. 
"You  ought  also  so  to  do." — Qmndoqtie.  "Some  day  or  other.** 
The  meaning  is,  One  of  these  days  we  may  expect  to  see  you  play- 
ing the  morio^  or  clown  in  a  pantomime,  with  shaven  head,  or  sub- 
mitting to  any  servile  indignities.  You  will  prove  yourself  richly 
deserving  of  such  scurvy  fare  as  you  are  insulted  with  at  Virro*8  ta- 
ble, and  of  just  such  a  patron  as  Virro  to  give  it  to  you. 


SATIRE  VII. 

ARGUMENT. 

This  Satire  contains  an  animated  account  of  the  general  discour- 
agement under  which  literature  laboured  at  Rome.  Beginning  with 
poetry,  it  proceeds  through  the  various  departments  of  history,  law, 
oratory,  rhetoric,  and  grammar,  interspersing  many  curious  anec- 
dotes, and  enlivening  each  different  head  with  such  satirical,  hu- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  ni. 


189 


morous,  and  sentimental  remarks  as  naturally  flow  from  the  sub- 
ject. 

The  date  of  this  Satire  is  uncertain.     The  mention  of  the  The- 
bais  (v.  83),  which  was  completed  A.D.  94,  forbids  us  to  place  it 
earlier  than  the  last  year  of  Domitian's  reign.     But  the  opening 
lines,  which  speak  of  the  arts  as  reviving  under  Cassar's  smile  after 
a  period  of  neglect,  will  not  apply  to  Domitian's  time.     It  only  re- 
mains for  us,  therefore,  to  inquire  whether  they  may  be  best  refer- 
red to  Nena,  Trajan,  or  Hadrian.     Hadrian  may  be  left  out  of  the 
account;  for,  though  he  was  an  encouragcr  of  learning,  yet  it  can- 
not be  said  that  it  was  neglected  by  his  predecessor  Trajan.     Nerva 
is  addressed  by  Martial  in  words  very  similar  to  tliose  of  Juvenal  : 
"Conti(/it  Ausoniii' procerum  jnitissimus  anltr  iVert'a,"<f ,T.(xii.,  G,  1,  scy.). 
Most,  however,  fix  upon  Trajan  as  the  Caesar  intended.     For,  if 
Nona  was  a  patron  of  letters,  still,  in  two  years  (the  length  of  his 
reign),  he  could  do  little  to  recover  them  from  their  decline ;  the 
Cumencc  might  be  found  tristes  by  his  successor.     Teuffel  and  C.  F. 
Hermann  think  that  this  view  is  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  Trajan 
had  a  favourite  actor,  Pylades,  who  they  suppose  may  have  been 
the  actor  who  is  said  to  have  taken  offence  at  verse  87,  "  Quod  non 
dant  proceresy  dabit  histrio  ;'*  but  the  whole  story  seems  unworthy  of 
credit.     {Mayor.) 


1-10.  Et  spes  et  ratio  studiorum,  &c.  "  Both  the  hope  and  the 
inducement  of  studies  depend  on  Caesar  alone."  Trajan  is  proba- 
bly meant,  not,  as  some  suppose,  Domitian,  though  the  latter,  in 
the  beginning  of  his  reign,  affected  the  character  of  a  patron  of  lit- 
erature. Consult  Introductory  Remarks,  where  the  question  is 
briefly  discussed.  Observe  that  studia  is  here  employed  for  studia 
artium  liberalium,  a  meaning  which  it  often  has  when  thus  standing 
alone  in  the  Latinity  of  the  Silver  Age.—Respexit.  "  Casts  a  fa- 
voucing  eye  upon."  Present  perfect,  as  some  term  it,  or,  in  other 
words,  continuance  of  action  denoted  by  the  perfect.— 6'a6«s.  Ga- 
bii  was  at  this  period  a  poor  and  almost  deserted  country  town. 
(Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  192.)  In  so  small  a  place  but  little  custom 
could  be  expected.  Observe  that,  besides  the  public  baths  and 
those  in  private  houses,  there  were  also  balnea  meritoria,  to  which 
any  one  was  admitted  on  payment  of  a  small  sum.  —  Con^Mcere. 
"  To  hire,"  and  thus  obtain  a  livelihood. — Furnos.  *'  Ovens  "  i.  e. 
a  bake-shop.  —  7c«tore«/.  "Would  willingly  try.'' —  Aganippes. 
Aganippe  was  a  celebrated  fountain  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Helicon, 


fl 


\l 


ill 


190 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


sacred  to  the  Muses.—Esnriens.     "  If  staning."— /n  atria.     "  To 
the  auction-halls,"  ».  c,  would  be  willing  to  turn  crier  herself.    The 
reference  is  to  the  Atria  Licinia,  and  others  of  the  kind,  near  the 
Forum,  in  which  auctions  were  held,  and  not,  as  some  think,  to  the 
halls  of  rich  patrons.— r,«6ra.     Some  MSS.  give  area,  but  this  sa- 
TOurs  of  the  petty  acumen  of  some  sciolist.— ^wcs  nomen,  <fec.     *'  Be 
content  with  the  name  and  calling  of  Machara."    This  personage 
is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  a  well-known  crier  of  the  day. 
Weber,  however,  from  the  name  fidxaipa,  supposes  him  to  have 
been  a  cook.— Cb/«//ima  quod  auctio,  &c.    "  What  the  pitted  auction 
sells  to  the  standers-by."    The  epithet  commissa  here  refers  to  the 
parties  that  bid  being  pitted  (commissi)  against  each  other  like  glad- 
iators.   Many,  however,  render  commissa  by  "  intrusted,"  and  make 
the  expression  "  intrusted  auction"  refer  to  the  circumstance  of  the 
goods  being  intrusted  to  the  auctioneer  by  the  owner  or  some  mag- 
istrate.    This,  however,  is  less  spirited. 

11-16.  aJnophomm.     « A  wine-basket."     The  ccnophomm  was  a 
basket  or  other  contrivance  for  carrying  small  quantities  of  wino 
about  frohi  place  to  place,  especially  for  the  supply  of  persons  on  a 
journey,  who  preferred  carrying  their  own  wine  with  them  to  tak- 
ing the  chance  of  buying  what  they  could  upon  the  road.— rn/W^* 
Tables,  seats,  vases,  &c.,  supported  on  three  feet.    Boissonade  {ad 
Herod.,  Epimeris.)  conjectures  ripidas,  ''  fans  ;"  but  no  Latin  wrfter 
employs  the  word  n>w,  the  regular  term  hi^mgJlaheUum.^Armaria. 
*  Cabinets."    By  annanum  is  meant  an  armoire,  cabinet,  or  cup- 
board for  keeping  domestic  utensils,  clothes,  monev,  curiosities  or 
any  articles  in  daily  use.     It  stands  also  for  a  book-case.-^  fovioc« 
Pacci,  &c.     "  The  Alcithoe  of  Paccius,-  &c.    We  have  here  the  ti- 
tles of  three  tragedies  written  by  .vTetched  poets,  and  which  were 
sold  along  with  the  other  lumber.    The  common  but  erroneous 
reading  is  Alajonen  Bacchi.    Alcithoe,  daughter  of  Minyas,  kinc.  of 
Orchomenus,  was  changed  into  a  bat  for  having  refused  to  shar°e  in 
^e  worship  of  Bacchus.-7^.6a..     The  scene  of  the  tragedies  of 
(Edipus  Rex,  the  Seven  against  Thebes,  and  the  Epigoni.     (  Welck-^ 
«•,  Grtech.  Tmg„  iii.,  1490.)-//oc  satins,  &c.     This  line  of  life 
however,  mean  as  it  may  appear,  is  still  getting  your  bread  honest^ 
ly,  and  far  better  than  hiring  yourself  out  as  a  false  witness.-Fa- 
^ant  equues  Asiani,  &c.     Alluding  to  persons  who  do  thus  perjure 
themselves,  fellows  who  were  originally  Asiatic  slaves  from  Cappa- 
docia,  and  Bithynia,  and  Gallo-Gra^cia,  but  who  have  now,  by  per- 
jnij  and  cheating,  amassed  equestrian  fortunes.- Q«„„y««;;.  et  Cap. 
Padoces,  &c.    Heinrich  very  justly  regards  this  line  as  a  mere  in- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  Vll.  jgj 

terpolation.— yl/^era  Gallia.     "The  other  Pnni  «   •        ^ 
Gallo-Gr.cia.-^«./.  ,«,,.     .^l  "^^^^ ^^^^^^    ^ ->  Galatia,  or 

chalked  feet.     Consult  note  on  Sa^.i: ll^Tr^Z  "  ^^^.^  "^ 
over  for  sale."  -  J^raauat.     "Bnngs 

17-21.  Nen«>  tamen,  &c.     A  compliment  for  the  rei,r„i„ 
or,  from  whom  another  golden  a-^e  in  lltZT  ^^  ^'"^'- 

-  ^o^.  "  Melodious  eSon  "  /T  "  '"^  -^---Elo^ui- 
has  chewed  the  bay"  IZT  ~^""""1'^ ^'''"ordit.  "And 
chewing  bav-leaves   bv  wilt  T' f''"  '"^"^^"r".,  from  their 

srired.i„<;  ^ro*^!!:'  *i  tr  :itt  r  "-r" '"- 

men!"    This  form  of  exDres,inn  i.  '  '"'  '"''•'='  y<"">? 

tion  of  those  addresscdT« TA  1  ™^''  •""""'  '°  ^''"  ""«  a«en! 
observers,  in  which  c^s^  Ui^!  1  '""""'  '"""''"^'^  "'  °>«~ 
•'Auend,''  and  somotire,  :s  TZT  "'""  *"  ""  '^"«"^''  '^™ 
to  action.  In  ,he  foZ'  "  • '  "''*''"*  '"'"'"'^«'  '»«'«"?  them 
also  uttered  by 'LcXren  »:"""'  '"  """""'  "'^^--d.-as 
ccs._.V„,^4  "ObTecT,  f  ".""^  '■'"'  "■"  "^°S  ""«  ""^Pi- 
"The  kindness  of  ou?em"ror"^      ''"''"'•':" -^  ^"i^enL 

coloured  note-book."  There  fs  a  ^"'f'^"'  '""'  °^  *•"*  ^'"^™- 
•'-0  meaning  of  these  words  We  hf  f  n  ""r"  "'"P'"'""  "'-'" 
poses  that  a  species  JZZ'        ,  ^"^^'"'^^  Heinrich,  «  ho  sup- 

of  parchment^  d:e.::~r-''f  J'  ""'"'  "'">  "■<=  '-- 
*e«.  will  her    be  empWdIn  the  ~'»r'^*"'"''  ^»  "'"'  '- 

»ould  be  used  to  contShe  ve^  L  that  m  hf""-  '"''"  "  "^^ 
at  the  moment  to  the  poet  -!rl?  "'^'.""8'"  ^"Eg««  themselves 
-Te/esinc.    TelcsinusTar^    .T  "'"•    ^*'"'. '•  «•,  the  fi,«. 

d-^ssed.    The  name  i   7/  ^' '"  '^'"""  ""'  »«*-»  i»  ad 

form,  however,  r„rS::rtTr"  '"  *'''"'"'•  '"'"  '- 
tions-Claude.  "  Lock  hTm  ua"  T  '  "  '""'"' ""  '"^"^ 
with  the  book-worm,"  ,'  eZ  Z  TT  ^"'""'^^  "^^^ome 
"As  they  lie  stored  aw^^^^VJl^^'rCt  r'^'^^'^-^"'^-'- 
a  sleepkss  night."     AfL  ,-,  'T  '  ''*''*  ""''  y"  many 

The  allusion  in^Ua^   to  E         "''      '^""^''^  "''"''  ^'^^^f-^' 
your  nam>wga4t."lrlL'    .?r'^"""-^"^-'"'««'-   "In 
Poets  were  crowned  not  only  with  W  bTJ^  ''°"''"-^«'-- 
«ce,  Od.  i.,  1,  29 :    "I>octJuZZ^^'  "^^   ^""P^^  «or. 

""cro.      A  meagre  imace."    Rv  »i,:=  •  J'"''ttum.  —Imagine 

recompense  for  the  pains  it  costf  til,  •'"""'!  ""'  ""'^  "  "^^S™ 


,' 


192 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


If 


lie  libraries  were  adorned  with  the  busts  of  writers  who  had  distin- 
guished themselves. — S/>€s  nulla  ulterior.  "  You  can  hope  for  noth- 
ing more  than  this  empty  honour." — Tantum  admirari,  &c.  As 
children  admire  and  praise  the  beauty  of  the  peacock,  which  is  of 
no  service  to  the  bird,  so  the  rich  patron  gives  you  compliments 
merely,  but  no  substantial  j)roofs  of  patronage. — Junonis  avem.  The 
peacock  came  from  India  into  Asia  Minor,  and  thence  into  the 
island  of  Samos,  where  it  was  consecrated  to  Juno.  The  coins  of 
Samos  bore  the  impress  of  a  peacock. 

32-35.  yEtas  patiens^  &c.  "  That  period  of  life  which  is  able  to 
endure,"  &c.  You  little  think  that  while  you  are  thus  spending 
your  time  to  little  pur|)ose,  in  comj)osing  verses,  the  most  valuable 
portion  of  your  existence,  in  which  you  might  lay  up  a  provision  for 
the  future,  is  passing  rapidly  away. —  Tcedia  tunc  subetmt  cmi'uos. 
"Then  weariness  creeps  over  the  spirits,"  i.e.,  as  age  approavhes. 
— Facunda  et  nuda  senectus.   "A  tuneful  and  yet  destitute  old  age." 

36-37.  Artes.  "The  devices  resorted  to,"  t. c,  by  your  supposed 
patron,  in  order  that  he  may  have  a  plausible  excuse  for  doing  noth- 
ing for  you.  He  makes  verses  himself,  and  gives  you  poem  for 
poem,  and  expects  praise  for  his  own  compositions — Que?7i  colis,  &c. 
"  To  whom  you  now  pay  reverence,  having  abandoned  both  the 
temple  of  the  Muses  and  that  of  Apollo,"  t.  c,  whom  you,  having 
abandoned  your  fealty  to  the  Muses  and  Apollo,  are  now  reverenc- 
ing and  offering  homage  to  as  a  mere  present  deity.  The  temple 
of  the  Muses  (or,  rather,  of  Hercules  Musagetes)  was  dedicated  by 
Fulvius  Nobilior,  and  restored  by  Marcius  Fhilippus  ;  that  of  Apol- 
lo was  erected  by  Augustus  on  the  Palatine  Hill.  These  edifices 
were  used  both  as  libraries  and  as  places  where  men  of  letters  might 
assemble  for  the  purpose  of  conversation  or  recitation.  They  are 
both  deserted  here  by  Telesinus  for  the  hall  of  his  wealthy  but  nig- 
gardly patron. 

38-47.  Propter  mille  annos.  On  the  score  of  his  priority  merely 
by  a  thousand  years.  In  other  words,  he  judges  of  poetry  as  of 
wine,  by  its  age,  as  if  Homer  had  little  else  save  his  antiquity  to 
recommend  him. — Aut  si  dulcedine^  &c.  If,  however,  you  are  par- 
ticularly anxious  to  recite  your  poems,  and  care  more  for  fame  than 
money,  he  will  lend  you  some  untenanted  mansion  for  the  purpose, 
which  has  long  been  barred  up,  and  is  full  of  dirt  and  cobwebs. 
He  will  furnish  you  also  with  an  applauding  audience  of  his  freed- 
men  and  clients,  but  as  for  contributing  any  portion  of  the  expens^, 
that  is  quite  out  of  the  question ;  all  this  will  fall  to  you. — Maculo- 
aas  cedes.     "  Some  mansion  all  soiled  with  dirt."    The  common 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


193 


text  has  Maculoms  as  a  proper  name.    But  this  is  evidently  a  cor- 
rupt reading.— /-erraiw.     "  Barred  up.^—Servire.     "  To  be  at  your 
service."  —  Sollicitas  imitatur  portas.     "Is  like  the  anxious  gates 
(of  some  besieged  city)." — Extrema  in  parte  ordinis.     "At  the  far- 
thest end  of  the  row."     He  places  his  freedraen  in  the  back  rows, 
that  they  may  give  the  cue,  unobserved,  for  frequent  plaudits. — 
Disponere.     "  To  place  in  different  parts  of  the  room."     His  clients 
he  distributes  over  the  benches,  that  their  loud  plaudits  may  appear 
to  come  from  all  i)arts  of  the  room. — Regum.     "  Of  these  great 
lords." — Suhsellia.    The  "benches"  in  the  body  of  the  room. — Et 
qucB  condwto,  &c.     "  And  the  side  seats  which  hang  supported  by 
the  hired  beam.**     The  anahathra  were  temporary  wooden  seats, 
rising  one  above  another  like  a  flight  of  stairs,  and  placed  round  the 
sides  of  a  room.     They  were  supported  by  timbers  from  below. — 
Quaque  reportandis,  &c.     "And  the  orchestra  which  is  placed  there 
with  its  seats  to  be  carried  back,"  i.  c,  carried  away  and  paid  for 
when  the  performance  was  over.     By  orchestra  is  here  meant  the 
row  of  chairs  in  front  for  the  accommodation  of  the  higher  class  of 
company,  just  as  the  orchestra  in  the  Roman  theatre  was  resenred 
for  the  Senate  and  persons  of  distinction. — Reportandis  cathedris. 
To  be  returned,  after  the  recitation,  to  the  person  from  whom  they 
were  hired. 

48-62.  Nos  tamcn  hoc  agimus.     "  Yet  still  we  ply  this  (unprofita- 
ble) task."     Compare  note  on  line  20.  —  Sterili.     *' Sterile,"  be- 
cause affording  us  no  prospect  of  any  return  for  our  trouble. — Si 
discedas.     "  Even  if  you  try  to  draw  off,"  t.  c,  to  abandon  the  pur- 
suit of  writing. — Ambitiosi  consuetudo  mall.     Evil  ambition,  which  it 
is  so  customary  for  poets  to  be  led  away  by. — Scribendi  cacoethes. 
"  Itch  for  scribbling."— ^«7ro.    "  Distempered."— iVbra publica  vena. 
"No  vein  that  marks  the  common  herd." — Nihil ezpositum  deducere. 
"To  spin  out  no  \'ulgar  theme." — Nee  qui  communis  &c.     "And 
who  strikes  off  no  hackneyed  productions  of  the  common  stamp." 
Moneta  is  here  employed  in  the  sense  of  a  stamp  or  die  for  coin- 
ing.— Qualem  nequeo  monstrare^  &c.     "  Such  a  one  as  I  cannot  point 
to,  and  only  feel  in  soul,"  i.  c,  the  poet  such  as  I  can  conceive,  but 
cannot  point  out  among  living  men.     Observe  that  monstrare  is  not, 
as  some  suppose,  equivalent  here  to  describere  ("  describe  in  words"), 
a  signification  that  does  not  belong  to  it,  but  means  "  to  point  to." 
(Compare  Sat.  viii.,  45.)     Juvenal  here  touches  on  the  inquiiy 
whether  the  idea  can  be  adequately  realized,  which  has  been  warmly 
discussed,  not  only  in  ancient  times,  but  by  different  schools,  philo- 
sophical and  theological,  in  our  own  day.     (^Mayor,  ad  loc.y—Omnis 


ii 


194 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  VII. 


/ 


acerbi  impaiiens.     *'  Exempt  from  every  thing  embittering,"  i.  e^ 
every  thing  that  can  embitter  existence. — Aonidum,    "  Of  the  Aoni- 
an  maidens,"  i.  c,  the  Muses.    By  both  the  Greek  and  Roman 
poets  Bceotia  is  often  called  vlonia,  from  the  Aones,  an  ancient  peo- 
ple of  the  land,  and  the  adjective  Aonius  is  in  like  manner  used  as 
synonymous  with  Boeotian.     Hence  the  Muses,  who  frequented 
Mount  Helicon  in  Bceotia,  are  styled  Aonide*^  and  also  Aoni(B  so- 
rores,  —  Pierio.     "Pierian,*'  ».  c,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  who  were 
called  Pierides  from  Pierioy  near  Mount  Olympus,  where  they  were 
first  worshipped. — TJiyrsumve  contingere.     "Or  to  handle  the  thyr- 
sus,'* f.  «.,  to  feel  poetic  inspiration.    The  thyrsus  of  Bacchus  was 
believed   to   communicate  inspiration   generally.     Compare   the 
^reek  ^paon^TJye^.—Sana,     "When  of  sober  mood,"  i.  c,  cowed 
down,  and  rendered  tame  and  spiritless  by  the  wants  and  troubles 
of  life.— ^m.     "  Of  that  pelf."— 5a/«r.     "  Full  of  good  cheer." 
If  Horace  ever  felt  what  it  was  to  want,  it  was  but  for  a  short  time. 
He  was  m  comfortable  circumstances  before  the  battle  of  Philippi, 
and  three  years  after  it  he  was  taken  inlo  the  favour  of  Maecenas. 
—Etta!    Consult  Hor.,  Od.  ii.,  19,  6  :  "£««  /  recenti  mens  trepidai 
metUy'*  &c. 

64-71.  Feruntur.     "Are  hurried  onward."    The  "lords  of  Cyr- 
rha  and  Nysa"  are  respectively  Apollo  and  Bacchus.     Cyrrha  was 
the  port  of  Crissa,  on  the  Crisssean  (a  bend  of  the  Corinthian)  Gulf, 
and  Crissa  itself  lay  to  the  southwest  of  Delphi,  and  on  the  route 
pursued  by  pilgrims  to  the  latter  place.    Nysa,  in  India,  was  the 
legendary  scene  of  the  nurture  of  Bacchus.    The  name  indicates  " 
both  a  place  and  a  mountain,  particularly  the  latter.— JDuas  cvras, 
"Two  sources  of  care,"  i.  c,  poetry  and  the  providing  of  necessa- 
ries.—iVec  de  iodice  paranda  attonitce.     "  And  of  one  not  bewildered 
about  procuring  a  blanket,"  ».  f.,  how  to  get  enough  to  buy  one. 
The  lodix  was  a  coarse  and  rough  sort  of  blanket,  chiefly  manufac- 
tured at  Verona,  used  sometimes  as  an  outside  wrapper,  at  others 
as  a  counterpane  for  a  bed,  and  also  as  a  nig  for  the  floor.— Oirru,* 
et  equos,  &c.    In  this  and  the  following  line  Juvenal  alludes  partic- 
ularly to  yEn.,  2,  G02,  seqq.,  and  7, 445,  seqq.    The  latter  is  the  splen- 
did passage  where  Alecto  discovers  herself  to  Tumus.— AW»  si  Ftr- 
gilio,  &c.    Had  not  Virgil  been  in  easy  circumstances,  the  energy 
of  his  genius  would  have  flagged.     Virgil,  by  the  bounty  of  his  pa. 
trons,  lived  in  comparative  affluence.— Pwrn     "  A  slave."— roimi- 
Hk,    "  Comfortable."— Z>fe.v5e/.     To  be  read  as  a  dissyllable.     Ob- 
serve that  deesset  and  caderent  are  for  defuissent  and  cecidissent.     So 
fftmeret,  in  line  71,  for  gemuisset,     {Zumpt,  §  625.)—^  crinibus. 


s 


1 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  VII. 


195 


"From  the  locks  of  Alecto."— /S«rda  nihil gemeret^  &c.  "The  si- 
lent trumpet  would  have  sent  forth  no  dread  re-echoing  sound,"  t. 
e^  the  trumpet  staned  to  silence.  The  adjective  surdus  signifies 
"mute"  as  well  as  "  deaf."  So  /ccj^f  in  Greek.  Juvenal  alludes 
to  the  fine  passage  in  JEn.,  7,  511,  seqq.,  where  Alecto  arouses  with 
the  horn  the  rustic  population  of  Latium.  The  buccina  originally 
was  a  particular  kind  of  horn,  formed  in  spiral  twists ;  afterward, 
when  made  of  metal,  it  had  a  bent  form,  with  an  enlarged  mouth 
and  was  one  of  the  three  wind  instruments  with  which  signals  were 
made,  or  the  word  of  command  given  to  the  soldiery. 

72-78.  Poscimus.  "  And  yet  we  require."  More  forcible  with- 
out the  interrogation.  We  require  that  a  poor,  standing  poet  equal 
the  best  efibrts  of  former  days.— Cothumo.  The  cothurnus,  or  bus- 
kin of  the  tragic  actor,  put  for  tragic  composition  itself.— Cujus  et 
alveolosj  &c.  "  Whose  Atreus  obliges  him  to  pawn  both  his  sauce- 
boats  and  cloak."  Atreus  is  the  title  of  a  tragedy  which  he  is  com- 
posing, and,  while  engaged  on  this,  he  has  to  pawn  his  very  table 
utensils  and  clothing  to  keep  himself  from  stan-ipg.  Observe  that 
pignerat  here  literally  means  "gives  to  pawn,"  being  equivalent  to 
pi'jneri  dat. — Aon  hahet  infclix  Numitor,  &c.  Ironical.  Numitor  is 
the  name  of  some  rich  patron,  who,  of  course,  is  quite  poor  when 
his  friends  want  aid,  and  very  unhappy  at  not  being  able  to  give 
them  any  thing,  but  who,  at  the  same  time,  has  money  enough  to 
scjuander  upon  his  pleasures,  or  wherewith  to  purchase  some  useless 
curiosity,  such  as  a  tame  lion,  the  keeping  of  which  entails  a  heavy 
expense. — QuintiUa:.  Some  female  friend. — Leonem.  For  his  viva- 
rium. This  was  no  uncommon  fancy  among  the  rich  Romans. — 
Constat  leviori,  &c.  Irony  again. — BeUua.  "  The  huge  beast."  Con- 
sult note  on  Sat.  iv.,  \2Q.—Ninnrmn.  "No  diO\x\it:'—Capimt plus, 
"Hold  more." 

79-81.  Lucanvs.  M.  Annaeus  Lucanus,  the  celebrated  poet,  and 
author  of  the  Pharsalia,  who  inherited  a  large  fortune  from  his  fa- 
ther. He  was  at  first  a  favourite  with  Nero,  but  excited  at  length 
that  emperor's  literary  jealousy,  and,  having  subsequently  joined  the 
•conspiracy  of  Piso,  was  put  to  death  in  the  2Gth  year  of  his  age.— 
Jaceat.  On  a  lectus.  Compare  line  105. — Marmoreis.  "  Adorned 
with  marble  statues." — Serrano.  Sarpe  assigns  to  this  Serranus  the 
Eclogues  which  have  come  down  to  us  under  the  name  of  Calpur- 
nius  Siculus.  (Qua^st.  PhiloL,  Rostoch,  1819.)  —  Tenuique  Saleio. 
Saleius  Bassus,  poor  in  purse,  but  rich  in  merit  and  poetical  talents. 
On  one  occasion  he  received  a  present  of  five  hundred  sesterces  from 
Vespasian,  and  this  sum,  though  small,  was  suflicient  perhaps  to 


196 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


make  Domitian  neglect  him.  —  Gloria  quantalibet  quid  erit  t     "  Of 
what  avail  will  glory  be,  however  great  ?" 

82-89.  Curritur.  "  People  run  in  crowds." — Ad  vocem  juamdam. 
To  the  modulation  of  the  voice  great  attention  was  paid  in  recita- 
tions.—  Amicce  Thebaidos.  "Of  the  favourite  Thebais."  The  sub- 
ject of  the  Thebais  of  Statius  is  the  war  between  Eteocles  and  Poly- 
nices,  sons  of  (Edipus,  for  the  crown  of  Thebes. — Promisitque  diem. 
"And  has  fixed  a  day  for  reciting  it."  Notice  was  given  publicly 
in  such  cases  by  a  programma  or  edictum,  or  what  we  would  term  "  a 
bill."  Pressing  invitations  were  also  sent  to  the  author's  friends. — 
Statius.  P.  Papinius  Statius,  a  native  of  Neapolis.  He  was  famed 
for  the  brilliancy  of  his  extemporaneous  effusions,  and  gained  the 
prize  three  times  in  the  Alban  contests.  From  Juvenal's  language 
we  might  infer  that,  in  his  earlier  years  at  least,  he  had  to  struggle 
with  poverty ;  but  he  appears  to  have  profited  subsequently  by  the 
patronage  of  Domitian,  whom  he  addresses  in  strains  of  the  most 
fulsome  admiration.  He  may  justly  claim  the  merit  of  standing  in 
the  foremost  rank  among  the  heroic  poets  of  the  Silver  Age. —  Tanta 
libidine  vulgi.  "  With  so  much  eager  desire  on  the  part  of  the  mul- 
titude."— Fregit  subsellia.  A  figurative  form  of  expression  to  indi- 
cate loud  and  oft-repeated  applause. — Esurit.  " He  stanes." — Pa- 
ridi.  This  Paris  was  the  celebrated  pantomime,  and  the  favourite 
of  Domitian,  and  these  lines  of  Juvenal  upon  him  are  commonly, 
though  perhaps  not  very  correctly,  supposed  to  have  been  the  cause 
of  the  poet's  banishment.  —  Intactam  Agave n.  "His  unpublished 
Agave,'*  i.  e.,  as  yet  unexhibited  on  the  stage.  Hcinrich  supposes 
this  to  have  been  a  pantomimic  ballet  on  some  tragic  subject. — Mi- 
liti(E  honorein.  "High  military  preferment." — Semestri  vatuni,  &c. 
"He  encircles  the  fingers  of  poets  with  the  gold  conferring  six 
months'  rank,"  i.  e.,  the  equestrian  ring.  Seniestris  here  refers  to  an 
honorary  military  commission,  conferred  on  favourites,  even  though 
not  in  the  army,  and  called  "  Semestris  tribunatus  militmn.*'  It  lasted 
for  six  months  only,  but  conferred  the  privilege  of  wearing  the  eques- 
trian ring,  with  perhaps  others. 

90-97.  Tu  Cajnerinos,  &c.  The  Camerini  and  Bareie  are  put  hero 
for  rich  nobles  generally.  If  the  poet  wishes  to  succeed,  he  must 
not  go  to  them.  He  must  pay  court  to  the  actor  Paris,  who,  by  his 
performances  on  the  stage,  and  more  particularly  in  the  two  pieces 
entitled  Pelopea  and  Philomela,  has  so  won  the  favour  of  Domitian 
as  to  be  allowed  to  bestow  high  offices,  not  only  on  the  authors  of 
these  pieces,  but  on  whomsoever  else  he  may  please. — Pelopea.  A 
piece  turning  on  the  legend  of  Pelopea,  daughter  of  Tbyestes,  and 


> 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


197 


mother  of -^gisthus. — Philomela.  A  piece  having  for  its  subject 
the  story  of  Philomela,  metamorphosed  into  a  nightingale. — Ilaud 
tamen  invideas  vati,  <fcc.  The  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows :  Though, 
however,  in  some  instances,  great  things  have  been  done  for  some 
individuals  through  the  influence  of  Paris,  yet,  in  general,  those 
who  hav3  nothing  else  to  depend  on  but  writing  for  the  stage  are 
left  to  stan'e,  and  therefore  are  not  to  be  envied. — Pulpita.  "The 
stage."  The  sale  of  his  dramatic  productions.  —  Proculeius.  A 
contemporary  of  Majcenas,  and,  like  him,  a  liberal  patron  of  liter- 
ary men.  He  is  the  same  individual  to  whom  Horace  alludes  in 
Od.  2,  2, 5. — Fabius.  Fabius  Maximus  also  was  a  noble  patron,  and 
Ovid  addressed  to  him  several  of  his  Epistles  from  Pontus. —  Cotta. 
Aurelius  Cotta,  as  well  as  Fabius,  joined  to  great  liberality  the  rarer 
quality  of  fidelity  in  distress.  —  Letitulus.  P.  Lentulus  Spinther, 
who  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  recall  of  Cicero  from  exile. — 
Par  ingenio  pretium.  "Talent  met  with  a  suitable  reward." — Et 
vinum  totoy  «tc.  That  is,  to  be  a  stranger  to  wine,  lest  it  might  im- 
pede their  studies,  and  to  refrain  from  it  even  during  the  whole 
month  of  December,  when  the  celebration  of  the  Saturnalia  would 
allow  one  to  indulge  himself  more  freely. 

98-104.  Fecundior.  "More  profitable."  He  now  speaks  of  the 
writers  of  history,  whose  labour  is  much  greater  than  that  of  poets, 
and  yet  they  are  equally  neglected. — Petit.  "Demands." — Old, 
Figuratively  for  nocturnal  toil. — Oblita  modi.  "Forgetful  of  all 
limit,"  t.  c,  exceeding  all  ordinary  bounds. — Surgit.  In  the  sense 
of  incipitur. — Et  multa  crescit,  &c.  "  And  grows  in  bulk,  ruinous  by 
reason  of  the  abundant  papyrus,"  t.  c,  which  is  consumed  by  the 
work.  Writing  a  history  is  a  ruinous  undertaking,  and  does  not 
pay  for  the  paper.  Papyrus  was  a  very  expensive  article,  and  hence 
the  bulk  of  many  histories  made  a  complete  transcript  very  costly. 
Epitomes,  therefore,  such  as  those  of  Floras,  Eutropius,  Aurelius 
Victor,  &c.,  took  the  place  of  the  larger  works.  Hence  the  loss  of 
many  of  the  latter,  or  else  the  imperfect  state  in  which  they  have 
come  do>vn  to  us. — Rerum.  "Of  facts." — Oj)erum  lex.  "The  law 
that  regulates  such  works,"  t.  e.,  the  rules  of  historic  composition, 
which  compel  the  writer  to  be  particular  in  his  narration  of  facts,, 
and,  consequently,  to  be  more  diffuse  than  in  other  departments  of 
composition. — Apertce.  "Even  after  it  has  been  opened  up,"  ».  e., 
upturned,  as  it  were,  by  the  plough. — Acta  legenti.  "  To  one  read- 
ing the  public  register."  By  acta  is  here  meant  a  kind  of  gazette 
or  public  chronicle,  published  daily  at  Rome  by  the  authority  of  the 
govenunent,  during  the  latter  times  of  the  republic,  and  also  under 


198 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


the  empire,  and  corresponding  in  some  degree  to  a  modem  news* 
•  paper.  It  contained  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Senate, 
the  edicts  and  decisions  of  the  magistrates,  births,  deaths,  marriages, 
accidents,  &c.  By  legenti  is  here  meant  the  actuariusy  who  made  a 
transcript  of  the  actOy  and  used  to  read  them  aloud  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  the  company  at  table.  Compare  Pctronius,  63 :  "  Actua- 
riusj  qui  tanquam  wins  acta  recitavit." 

105-107.  Sed genus  ignavum,  &c.     "But  (historians,  you  will  re- 
ply, are)  a  lazy  race,  who  delight  in  the  couch  and  the  shade,**  ».  c, 
in  a  life  of  Hterary  leisure,  away  from  the  bustle  of  public  life. 
This  is  the  excuse  on  the  part  of  the  rich  for  neglecting  them  — 
Lecto.    The  ancients  had  couches  made  purposely  for  writing  and 
studying.    Hence  the  historian  is  called  an  idle  and  lazy  fellow,  who 
writes  lolling  on  a  cowoh.— Umbra.     A  sedentary  life  is  meant, 
what  Cicero  calls  ''vita  umhratilisr.     (Tusc.  Disp.,  ii.,  27.)    This 
kind  of  life  is  often  spoken  of  with  contempt  by  both  Greeks  and 
Romans,  who  daily  devoted  some  time  to  athletic  exercises  in  the 
open  air,  and  whose  institutions  (those  of  Athens  and  republican 
Rome  at  least)  required  all  citizens  to  take  part  in  public  affairs. — 
Die  igitur  quid  causidids,  &c.     The  poet  now  takes  up  the  case  of 
the  lawyers,  and  proceeds  to  show  how  little  they  also  make  by  their 
profession.— Prcestent,     "  Bring  in."    On  the  legal  restrictions  upon 
the  fees  of  the  causidici,  consult  Diet.  Ant.,  §  v..  Lex  Cinda.—Et 
magno  comites,  &c.     *'  And  the  briefs  that  accompany  them  in  a  big 
bundle."    By  libelli,  however,  which  we  have  here  rendered  freely, 
are  meant,  in  fact,  depositions  of  witnesses,  extracts  from  laws,  Ac. 
108-114.  Ipsi  magna  sonant.      "They  themselves  talk  grandly 
enough  (of  their  gains),"  «.  c,  they  boast  of  their  extensive  and  lu- 
crative practice  in  the  law  courts.     This  they  do  particularly  on 
two  occasions  :  first,  before  a  creditor  of  their  own,  whom  they  aro 
anxious  to  impress  with  a  high  opinion  of  their  professional  gains, 
in  order  that  he  may  be  less  solicitous  about  repayment  of  his 
debts ;  and,  secondly,  before  some  rich  litigant,  who  comes  to  them 
with  an  important  and  doubtful  case,  and  from  whom  they  wish  to 
squeeze  a  larger  fee  by  leading  him  to  entertain  a  very  lofty  notion 
of  their  professional  standing.     (Madvig,  ad  loc.)—Vel  si  tetigit  la- 
tusj  &c.     *'  Or  if  one  still  more  urgent  than  he  has  nudged  their 
side,  who  comes  with  his  great  account-book  to  sue  for  a  doubtful 
debt." — Nomen.    This  word  was  of  extensive  use  in  money  transac- 
tions.   Properiy,  it  denoted  the  name  of  a  debtor  registered  in  a 
banker's  or  any  other  account-book,  and  hence  it  came  to  signify 
the  articles  of  an  account,  a  debtor,  or  a  debt  itself.— Cart yb^. 


I 
I 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


199 


"The  hollow  bellows,"  i.  e.,  ©f  cheeks  and  Ixxno^.—Conspviturqw 
sinus.  "And  each  bosom  is  all  bespattered  with  foam."  They 
talk  about  themselves  till  they  foam  at  the  mouth  and  bespatter  the 
«tnt«,  or  bosom  of  the  toga — Vcram  messem.  "The  actual  har- 
vest,** i.  e.,  of  their  professional  labours.— If/nc.  "In  the  one 
scale."— 5o/ttm  russati  Lacernce.  "  The  single  fortune  of  the  red- 
clad  Lacema."  Supply  patritnonium.  Lacema  was  a  favourite 
charioteer  of  Domitian's,  and  belonged  to  the  "Red  party.**  The 
parties  or  factions  of  the  Circus  were  distinguished  by  the  colours 
which  they  wore. 

115-121.  Consedere  duceSy  &c.  A  parody  on  Ovid's  account  of  the 
dispute  between  Ulysses  and  Ajax  for  the  armour  of  Achilles. 
(i/e^,«iii.,  1,  seq.)  It  is  here  humorously  introduced  to  describe 
the  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice.  The  duees  in  the  present  in- 
stance are  the  judges.— Pal/^dus  Ajax.  "A  pallid  Ajax.'*  Ajax 
stands  here  for  the  barrister,  sallow  from  confinement ^at  the  desk, 
and  not  bronzed  by  the  sun  like  the  weather-beaten  hero  in  Homer- 
Some,  however,  rcfar  pallldus  to  anxiety  for  success.  — Dubia  pro 
libertate.  "In  behalf  of  freedom  called  in  question,*'  t.  e.,  in  be- 
half of  a  client  whose  title  to  freedom  is  disituted.—Bubuleo  judiee. 
"With  a  neat-herd  for  a  juryman."  The  allusion  is  to  the  court 
of  the  centumviri.  There  were,  in  all,  35  city  and  country  tribes, 
from  each  of  which  were  chosen  three  judices  or  jurymen.  These 
were  called,  in  round  numbers,  centumviri,  though  the  whole  amount- 
ed to  105.  Owing  to  this  arrangement,  it  often  happened  that  ig- 
norant rustics  had  to  decide  upon  knotty  points.  After  the  changes 
introduced  by  Augustus,  the  office  of  Judex  was  no  longer  an  hon- 
our, but  a  burden.  Any  free  male  adult  who  had  no*!  been  con- 
demned for  a  criminal  offence  might,  it  would  seem,  now  sit  as  jt*- 
dex.  (Diet.  Ant.y  s.  v.)—Jecur.  Some  suppose  that  a  blood-vessel 
in  the  lungs  is  meant,  as  the  ancients  in  general  were  but  indiffer- 
ent anatomists.— F«>an^ur.  "  May  be  fixed  up."  When  advocates 
gained  an  important  case,  the  triumph  was  made  known  by  the  en- 
trance of  their  houses  being  decorated  with  palm-branches.— S'cofo- 
rum.  "Of  your  staircase."  These  poor  laAvjcrs  here  referred  to 
lived  in  garrets,  and  could,  therefore,  only  deck  with  evergreens  the 
staircase  leading  up  to  their  apartments.  —  Q;/o</.  "And  what, 
after  all.'*  Put  for  quale.  What  do  you  get  for  all  the  noise  you 
have  been  making  ?— Siccus  petasunculus.  There  seems  to  be  no 
reason  for  distinguishing  ;>c<aso,  as  the  shoulder  of  ham,  from;>ema, 
as  the  leg.  Rather  the  pema  was  a  part  of  the  pcfaso,  although  For- 
cellini  thinks  otherwise.     The  important  distinction  is  that  the  per- 


200 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


201 


na  was  smoked  or  salted,  whereas  ihcpctaso  was  eaten  fresh.  Our 
pleader  receives  one  small  of  size  and  musty  (siccus)  besides.  (Mat/^ 
orjodloc.) — Pelamidum.  *' Of  young  thunnies."  These  were  salt- 
ed and  brought  to  Rome,  where  they  afforded  a  cheap  diet.  The 
name  palamyde  is  still  given  them  at  Marseilles. — Aut  veteres,  A/ro- 
rum,  &c.  "  Or  some  shrivelled  onions,  the  monthly  allowance  of 
African  slaves."  The  allusion  appears  to  be  to  the  monthly  rations 
of  onions  allowed  to  African  slaves,  who  were  accustomed  to  plenty 
of  them  in  their  own  country, — Tiberi  devectum.  Poor  wine,  brought 
down  the  Tiber  from,  the  northern  vineyards,  such  as  those  of  Veil 
and  Etruria  generally,  and  not  up  the  river,  from  the  southern  ones 
of  Campania.— Za^^cB.  Consult  note  on  *Sa/.  v.,  29.— 5»  quater 
effisti.  There  must  be  a  full  stop  after  effisti,  and  a  comAa  after 
lagejuB,  The  fee  consists  of  five  jars  of  wine  for  pleading  four 
times. 

122-I2i, ^Aureus  mus.    "  A  single  gold  piece.''    If  you  have  been 
lucky  enough  to  touch  a  gold  piece  for  a  fee,  you  cannot  pocket 
any  thing  until  you  have  satisfied  the  claim  of  the  attorneys.    The 
aureus  varied  in  Value.    It  was,  at  this  time,  worth  about  sixteen 
shillings  sterling.— /m/e  cadunt  partes,  &c.    "  The  shares  of  the  at- 
torneys, fixed  by  previous  agreement,  are  deducted  therefrom."    In 
Cicero's  time  these  pragmatici  (attorneys  or  solicitors)  were  confined 
to  Greece.     The  Roman  advocates  were  then  in  the  habit,  if  igno- 
rant of  a  point  of  law,  of  referring  to  learned  men  of  rank,  such  as 
the  Scaevolae,  &c.   Under  the  successors  of  Augustus,  however,  there 
was  not  the  same  encouragement  for  the  leading  men  to  study  that 
science,  and  therefore  the  advocates  were  obliged  to  adopt  the  Gre- 
cian method.      Quintilian  forcibly  depicts  the  embarrassment  of 
those  causidici  who,  themselves  ignorant  of  law,  rely  for  all  legal 
arguments  on  these  attorneys.    (Inst.  Or.,  xii.,  3, 1,  seq.)— Quantum 
Hcet.    "  As  much  as  the  law  allows,"     The  Lex  dncia  de  Muneribus 
forbade  any  one  to  take  any  thing  for  his  pains  in  pleading  a  cause. 
In  the  time  of  Augustus  it  was  confirmed  by  a  senatus  consultum, 
and  a  penalty  of  four  times  the  sum  received  was  imposed  on  the 
advocate.    In  the  time  of  Claudius,  however,  the  law  was  so  far 
modified  that  an  advocate  was  allowed  to  receive  ten  sestertia;  but 
in  Trajan's  time  this  permission  was  so  far  restricted  that  the  fee 
was  not  to  be  paid  till  the  work  was  done.— Z"^  jne/ius  nos  erpmus. 
Observe  that  et  is  here  for  et  tamen,  "  and  yet,"  as  in  Greek,  Kai  for 
KaiTOL.     The  pronoun  nos  is  emphatic :  "  We,  poor  lawyers." 

125-133.   Hujus.     Depending  on  vestibulis.-^Currus  yEneus,  &c. 
Indicative  of  the  triumphs  gained  by  his  ancestors.— Bd&i^ore. 


<« Charger."    Supply  equo. — Curvatum  hostile  minatur.    "Aims  the 
bending  spear."     So  exquisitely  is  the  statue  wrought,  that  the 
spear  seems  to  tremble  as  it  is  poised. — Statua  lusca.    ^milius  was 
represented  as  closing  one  eye  to  take  better  aim.    This  vagary  of 
^milius,  which  is  here  ridiculed,  namely,  in  choosing,  though  a 
man  of  peace,  to  be  represented  on  a  war-horse,  seems  to  have 
taken  mightily  at  Rome,  and  to  have  had  a  great  many  imitators. 
.—Sic.    "  In  this  same  way,"  ».  e.,  by  foolishly  imitating  -^milius, 
and  wanting  to  appear  rich  in  order  to  draw  clients. — Conturhat. 
"Becomes  involved."     Supply  rationes.     A  legal  form  of  expres- 
sion.   So  deficit  immediately  after,  "  fails,"  t.  c,  becomes  insolvent. 
^Magno  cum  rhinocerote.     "  With  a  huge  rhinoceros'  horn  of  oil." 
Such  a  horn  would  be  very  expensive,  and  Tongilius,  therefore,  does 
this  in  order  to  appear  rich.     The  animal  is  put  for  its  horn ;  so 
elej>Iias  for  ivory. —  Vexat.    He  annoys  the  people  at  the  baths,  not 
only  by  the  condition  of  his  retinue,  who  have  followed  him  through 
the  miry  streets,  and  are  themselves  muddy  and  dirty,  but  also  by 
the  numbers  (turbo)  comprising  his  train. — Juvenes  longo  premit,  <kc. 
"  Presses  down  with  long  litter-pole  upon  the  Median  youths  that 
bear  him,"  i.  c,  both  with  his  own  weight  and  with  that  of  a  litter 
haWng  longer  poles  than  ordinary,  as  if  intended  to  bear  some  very 
important  burden.— J/ee/o5.     The  Medes  were  not  subjugated  by 
the  Romans,  but  Media  is  sometimes  taken  in  a  wider  sense,  so  as 
to  include  Assyria,  Persia,  and  other  countries  of  Asia.— Murrhina, 
Murrhine  vases.     Supply  vasa.     These  were  extremely  costly,  and 
came  from  the  East.    Most  recent  writers  are  inclined  to  think  that 
they  were  true  Chinese  porcelain.    Some,  however,  are  in  favour  of 
fluor  spar  (^Derbyshire  spar).     Consult  Becker's  Galhs,  ii.,  277.— 
Emturus.    "To  bid  for,"  though  not  to  h\xy .—Argerttum.    "Plate." 
134-138.  Spmdet  enim  Tyrio,  &c.     "  For  it  is  his  foreign  purple 
with  its  Tyrian  tissue  that  gains  him  credit,"  i.  c,  causes  him  to  ap- 
pear a  wealthy  man.     Sthtari<i  is  an  old  Latin  form,  derived  from 
stJata,  itself  an  old  form  for  lata,  just  as  they  said,  in  early  Latin, 
stUs  for  lis,  and  stlcxras  for  locus ;  according  to  some  of  the  best  com- 
mentators, it  means  here  " imported," or  "foreign ;"  the  term  from 
which  it  is  derived,  namely  *<foto,  signifying,  according  toFestus,  "a 
broad-beamed"  merchant  ship.    Others  take  the  word  to  mean  "  de- 
ceitful," and  refer  it  to  the  attempt  to  impose  on  the  public  by  an 
unreal  display  of  wealth.    Lobeck  (Aglaoph.,  p.  1318,  n.)  is  in  fa- 
vour of  this  latter  explanation.— FcwrftV  causidicum.     The  purple 
cloak  is  said  "  to  sell"  the  lawyer,  because  it  recommends  him  to 
notice,  and  makes  him,  as  it  were,  fetch  more  montj.-^Amethysti' 

12 


in 


202 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


na.  "  His  violet-coloured  garments."  Supply  vesHmenta. — Convenii 
iilis.  "  It  suits  these  people/'  «*.  «.,  such  pretenders  as  Fedo  and  the 
rest. — Majoris.  "  Greater  than  they  really  possess." — Sedjinem  im- 
penscEy  &c.  "  But  prodigal  Rome  sets  no  limit  to  her  extravagance." 
We  have  here  the  reason  given  why  so  many  wished  to  appear  rich, 
because  no  one  was  held  in  any  estimation  who  was  not  deemed 
able  to  live  extravagantly ;  and  this  same  extravagance  finally  ruins 
them. 

139-149.  Fidimus  eloquio  ?  '*  Do  we  trust  in  our  eloquence  ?"  i. «., 
to  bring  us  professional  emolument.  Such  is  the  importance  of 
fashionable  and  expensive  appearance,  that  even  Cicero  himself,  if 
he  could  return  from  the  dead,  would  not  receive  even  the  smallest 
fee,  unless  he  appeared  with  a  ring  of  great  value  glittering  upon 
his  finger.  Several  MSS.  read  Ut  redeant  veteres,  "  Even  though 
the  old  (orators)  return  to*  life."  But  this  is  less  forcible. — Ducen- 
tos  nummos.  *'  Two  hundred  sestertii.'*  Between  seven  and  eight 
dollars  of  our  currency. — Servi  octo.  To  carry  your  litter.  Tlic 
litters  were  more  or  less  respectable  as  to  their  appearance  from 
the  number  of  bearers.  Consult  note  on  SaL  i.,  53.  —  Decern  co- 
mites.  Clients  ijre  meant. — Post  te  sella.  This  refers  to  what  was 
termed  the  sella  gestatoria^  a  kind  of  portable  chair  in  which  the  occu- 
pant sat  upright,  and  which  was  entirely  open,  and  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  lectica.  The  sella  here  comes  aft(;r  him,  in  ordei* 
that  he  may  enter  it  whenever  he  pleases.  The  empty  lectica,  with 
its  eight  bearers,  if  present,  precedes.— Toj/a/t.  "Friends  arrayed 
in  the  toga." — Conducta.  "Hired  for  the  occasion."  He  was  too 
poor  to  buy  one.^Agebat.  "Used  to  plead."— ^ar^/on^c/ic.  The 
sardonyx  is  a  reddish-yellow  or  orange-coloured  gem,  nearly  allied 
to  the  onyx.— P/am.  "For  a  higher  fee."— iRara.  "  Rare"  in  the 
opinion  of  the  day,  not  in  re&Mty. —Quando  licet  Basilo^  &c.  When 
will  Basilus,  or  any  pleader  of  mean  appearance,  be  employed  in  a 
case  of  great  importance,  as  when  Cicero  appeared  for  Fonteius, 
who  had  been  accused  of  extortion,  and  be  able  to  bring  into  court 
the  near  relatives  of  the  defendant,  in  order  to  excite  the  compas- 
sion of  the  judges  ? — Bene  dicentem.  "  Though  pleading  with  great 
ability."  Who  would  not  resent  it  as  presumption  if  Basilus  should 
plead  a  cause  with  eloquence  ? — Accipiat  te  Gallia^  &c.  The  lawyer 
is  recommended  to  go  to  Gaul,  and  more  particularly  Africa,  in 
which  countries  eloquence  still  flourished,  by  reason  of  the  multi- 
}>licity  of  lawsuits. — Mercedem  ponere  linguoe.  "  To  set  a  reward 
upon  your  tongue,"  i.e.,  to  let  your  tongue  for  hire. 

150-154,  Declarnare  duces  f    He  now  proceeds  to  show  that  the 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


203 


teachers  of  rhetoric,  who  instructed  young  persons  in  the  art  of 
declamation,  are,  if  possible,  still  worse  off  than  the  lawyers.— O 
ferrea  pectora  Vetii.     "  Oh,  bosom  of  Vettius,  steeled  against  fa- 
tigue!"   Vettius  Valens,  an  eminent  professor  of  rhetoric,  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  meant  here.    The  correct  form  of  the  name  is 
Fettius,  not  Vectius. — Quum  perimitj  &c.    Alluding  to  the  declama- 
tions of  the  pupils  against  tyranny. — Numerosa.    In  this  sense  the 
word  belongs  to  the  Silver  Age.    The  Augustan  wTitcrs  use  it  in  no 
other  than  "rhythmical,"  "  harmonious,"  &c. — Nam  qucecunqu€f  &c. 
Whatever  the  class  learn  by  reading  over  at  their  seats,  this  they 
repeat  standing,  the  very  same  lines  in  the  same  sing-song  tone  and 
twang.    The  instructor,  it  would  appear,  first  taught  them  the  pro- 
nunciation and  utterance  while  they  were  sitting,  and  then  gave 
them  directions  about  the  gesture  and  action,  at  which  time  they 
stood  up,  and  repeated  the  same  things  over  and  over  again,  the 
master  all  the  while  exerting  himself  to  show  them  the  best  method 
of  si>eaking  and  action.— Pcr/ercf.   "Will  rehearse  from  beginning 
to  end."— Occu//<  miseros,  &c.    "  It  is  the  cabbage  continually  re- 
produced that  kills  the  Nvi-etched  masters."     An  allusion  to  the 
Greek  proverb,  6ic  Kpu/iCi]  Mvaro^.    The  poet  means  that  the  hear- 
ing of  the  same  things  constantly  (like  cabbage  warmed  up  and 
scned  at  table  many  times  to  the  same  person)  must  be  surfeiting 
and  disgusting  enough  to  wear  out  and  tire  the  poor  masters  to 

<leatli. 

1 55-100.  Quis  color.    "  What  is  the  plea  to  be  urged  ?"     Color  is 
a  rhetorical  term,  analogous  to  the  xp^l^^  o^  ^^^^  Greeks,  and  indi- 
cates the  mode  in  which  a  speech  is  to  be  dressed  up,  and  its  argu- 
ments brought  forward  in  extenuation,  mitigation,  &c.     In  other 
words,  it  means  the  colouring  which  is  to  be  given  to  it.    Hence 
cdorare  is  often  employed  in  the  same  way,  in  a  rhetorical  sense,  to 
signify  "  to  gloss  over,"  "  to  give  a  false  colouring  to."    Among  the 
Declamations  of  Quintilian,  forty-three  are  distinguished  from  the 
rest  as  cohratoe ;  and  in  the  Controversice  of  Seneca  the  cobr  regu- 
larly follows  the  diiisio.    The  term  color  will  also  apply  to  accusa- 
tions, as,  for  instance,  where  matters  are  urged  in  aggravation  of  a 
crime,  &c.     (Mayor,  ad  loc.}-Et  quod  sit  causce  genus.     Causes  were 
variously  classified,  as,  for  instance,  into  the  demonstrative  (where 
8ome  certain  person  is  praised  or  blamed),  the  deliberative  (where 
the  speaker  advises  or  dissuades),  and  the  judicial  (where  he  ac- 
cuses or  defends).    This  classification  is  borrowed  from  Aristotle 
{Rhet^  1,  3,  3).—Summa  qucestio.     "  The  main  point."    The^^isf,  or 
that  on  which  the  whole  case  hinges.— 5a^t«(E.    "  Shafts.'*    Fig- 


iaasmmm 


204 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


205 


\ 


nratively  for  argmnents. — Mercedem  solvere,  "  To  pay  the  teacher's 
feQ."—Mercedem  appellas  f  &c.  **  Pay  do  you  ask  for  ?"  The  com- 
mon construction  is  appellate  aliquem  de  pecunia. — Quid  enim  scio  ? 
"  Why,  what  do  I  know  (more  than  before)  ?"  The  language  of 
the  dull  or  inattentive  scliolar,  who  lays  the  whole  blame  of  his  ig- 
norance upon  the  teacher. — Culi>a  docentis^  &c.  "  The  fault  of  the 
teacher,  it  seems,  is  alleged  (as  a  reason  for  non-payment)." — In 
Iceva  parte  viamilkv.  Some  of  the  ancients  made  the  seat  of  wisdom 
*and  understanding  to  be  in  the  heart. — Nil  salit  Arcadico  juveni. 
"  There  is  not  a  spark  of  energy  in  this  scion  of  Arcadia."  Arca- 
dia was  famed  for  its  breed  of  asses,  which  were  in  request  in  every 
part  of  Greece  (Varro,  R.  R.,  ii.,  1, 14 ;  P/in.,  //.  N.y  viii.,  43,  68)  ; 
hence  Arcadicus  juvenis  is  here  the  same  as  "  blockhead."  Per- 
haps, however,  it  is  better  to  make  the  reference  to  be  to  the  low 
reputation  for  intelligence  which  the  Arcadians  had  among  the  oth- 
er Greeks. 

lGl-164.  Sexta  quaque  die.  We  would  say,  regularly  once  a 
week.  It  appears  from  Quintilian  (x.,  5,  21)  that  it  was  customary 
to  hear  classes  on  stated  days  ("  Consuetudo  «lassium  certis  diehvn 
audiendarum**). — Dims  Hannibal,  &c.  No  themes  were  more  com- 
mon in  the  Roman  schools  of  declamation  than  those  drawn  from 
the  movements  of  Hannibal. — An  petal  Urbem^  &c.  The  question 
was  often  mooted  in  the  schools  whether  Hannibal  ought  not  to 
have  marched  to  Rome  immediately  after  the  battle  of  Cannae. 
This  was  Maharbal's  adviee.^-^ln  post  nimbos,  &c.     This  usage  of 

an an  is  only  poetical,  and  does  not  properly  belong  to  classical 

prose.  (Zumpt,  §  654,  sub  Jin.)  The  allusion  in  nimhosy  &c.,  is  to 
the  storm,  which,  according  to  Livy  (xxvi.,  11),  discouraged  Hanni- 
bal, when,  in  the  fifth  year  after  the  battle  of  Canna;  (B.C.  211),  he 
did  march  upon  the  Roman  capital,  and  which  induced  him  to  draw 
off  his  forces  into  Apulia.  Livy's  account,  however  (which  may  be 
compared  with  those  of  the  deliverance  of  Delphi  from  the  troops 
of  Xerxes  and  of  Brennus),  would  seem  to  be  a  mere  fable.  It  was 
unknown  to  Polybius  (ix.,  6,  h).^Circumagat.    In  the  sense  of  ab- 

ducat. 

165-170.  Quantum  vis  stipulare.  "  Bargain  for  as  much  as  you 
please,"  i.  «.,  ask  any  sum  you  choose.  The  teacher  is  here  sup- 
posed to  be  addressing  some  third  person,  and  declares  himself 
ready  to  give  the  latter  any  sum  he  may  choose  to  ask,  on  condition 
Aat  he  got  this  stupid  boy's  father  to  hear  him  declaim  and  go 
trough  his  school  exercises  as  often  as  he  has  done.  Parents  were 
ACcyBtosie4  tQ  visit  occasionally  the  Roman  schools,  with  their  coD' 


I 


\ 


nections  and  friends,  and  listen  to  the  exercises  of  their  sons. — 
Quod  do.  "  What  I  am  perfectly  willing  to  give."  The  present  in 
a  future  sense. —  Ut.  *'  On  condition  that." — Ast  alii  sex,  &c.  The 
connection  is  as  follows :  Not  one  instructor  merely  complains  thus, 
but  many  do.  Several,  indeed,  have  abandoned  the  profession  of 
teaching,  and  have  betaken  themselves  to  that  of  the  law,  where 
they  now  declaim  in  loud  accents  (conclamant'),  and  plead  real  in- 
stead of  imaginary  causes. — Sophistce.  Professors  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  are  meant.  That  the  word  sophist  originally  denoted 
a  teacher,  chiefly  of  rhetoric,  such  as  Gorgias  was,  has  been  shown 
by  Mr.  Grote  in  his  chapter  on  the  Sophists. — Raptore  relicto.  "  The 
abductor  (of  Helen)  being  abandoned  by  them."  They  have  now 
abandoned  all  fictitious  declamations  about  Paris. — Fusa  venena  si- 
lent. No  more  declamations  now  are  heard  about  poison  "  poured 
into  another's  cup."  Some  think  that  the  allusion  here  is  to  the  le- 
gend of  Medea  and  Creusa,  but  it  is  more  likely  to  be  a  general  one. 
— Mains  ingratusque  maritus.  A  general  case  of  ill-treatment  on 
the  part  of  a  husband.  Some  suppose  Jason  to  be  meant,  others 
Theseus.  We  have  an  imaginary  case,  however,  in  Seneca  (ii., 
Chntr.,  13),  that  would  seem  to  apply  best. — Et  quae  jam  veteres, 
&c.  "  And  the  drugs  that  heal  the  now  aged  blind."  This  is  gen- 
erally supposed  to  allude  to  the  story  of  ^son,  the  father  of  Thes- 
eus, restored  to  youth  by  Medea.  Some,  however,  more  correctly 
make  the  reference  to  be  to  an  imaginary  case,  where  a  step-moth- 
er discovers  her  step-son  preparing  a  medicament  for  the  purpose 
of  curing  his  father's  blindness,  and  accuses  him  of  mixing  poison 
for  his  parent. — Mortaria.  Literally,  "  mortars,"  and  then,  figura- 
tively, medicines  brayed  in  a  mortar,  &c. 

171-175.  Sibidabit  ipse  rudem.  "Will  discharge  himself."  Lit- 
erally, "  will  give  himself  the  rudis.'*  This  was  a  stick  with  a  knob 
at  the  end,  or  else  blunted  at  the  point,  employed  by  gladiators  and 
soldiers  while  learning  the  art  of  attack  and  defence,  and  usually 
presented  to  a  gladiator  when  he  received  his  discharge.  JuvenaJ 
advises  the  teacher  of  rhetoric,  who  has  now  turned  lawver,  to  aban- 
don  this  latter  profession  also,  as  being  no  better  than  the  one  which 
he  has  left,  and  to  pursue  some  totally  different  vocation. — Adpug^ 
nam.  *'  To  real  conflicts,"  i.  c,  to  the  actual  collisions  of  the  bar. 
— RJietorica  nb  nmhrn.  "  From  the  retirement  of  the  rhetorician's 
school."  Umhra  is  here  put  for  the  vita  umbratilis,  the  retired  life, 
spent,  as  it  were,  in  the  shade,  that  is,  led  by  those  Avho  pursue 
such  studies.  Consult  note  on  line  105. — Qua  vilis  tessera  venit,  &c. 
*'  From  which  the  miserable  corn-ticket  has  come,"  t.  c,  with  which 


206 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


it  has  been  purchased.  The  poorer  citizens  were  furnished  month- 
ly, on  the  nones,  by  the  magistrates,  with  a  small  tablet  of  lead 
(tessera),  which,  on  being  presented  to  the  keepers  of  the  public 
granaries,  entitled  the  bearers  to  a  certain  quantity  of  corn.  These 
tallies,  as  appears  from  the  text,  were  transferable ;  those  who  were 
QOt  in  want  of  com  disposed  of  them  for  a  trifling  sum.  Consult 
JOict.  Ant,f  s.  V.  Frumentarice  Leges. — Quippe  hcec  merces  lautissima. 
**  Since  this  is  their  most  splendid  reward,"  t.  e.,  this  is  all  they  can 
expect  to  make  by  their  labours.    Ironical. 

176-177.  Chrysogontis  qttanti  doceat,  &c.  He  now  proceeds  to  tho 
teachers  of  music,  and  shows  how  much  better  they  were  paid  than 
those  who  gave  instruction  in  the  more  solid  branches  of  education. 
Chrysogonus  was  a  favourite  singer,  and  Pollio  a  favourite  musician, 
but  both  of  them  men  of  very  loose  principles.  The  wealthy  nobles 
placed  their  sons,  at  an  enormous  expense,  under  the  tuition  of  these 
two  worthies,  from  whom  they  learned  every  thing  that  was  bad. — 
Artem  scindes  Theodori.  "  You  will  tear  up  the  *  Art*  of  Theodo- 
ras." Theodoras  of  Gadara  was  an  eminent  rhetorician  in  the  time 
of  Tiberius,  and  wrote  several  works,  of  which  a  few  fragments  arc 
preserved  by  Quintilian.  His  "  Art  of  Rhetoric"  is  here  particularly 
referred  to,  and  the  meaning  of  the  passage  is  this :  Make  but  a  trial 
of  the  gains  of  music-masters,  and  you  will  tear  up  your  "Elements 
of  Rhetoric,"  i.  c,  will  abandon  the  schools  of  declamation  for  this 
more  lucrative  emplojrmcnt.  The  common  reading  is  scindcns, 
which  some  explain  by  "  going  into  all  the  details  of  the  treatise  of 
Theodoras."  But  this  will  make  Chrysogonus  and  Pollio  teachers 
of  rhetoric  themselves.  Heinrich,  on  the  other  hand,  considers  scin- 
dens  to  be  for  proscindens,  in  the  sense  of  "  deriding"  (cutting  yjt  for 
the  amusement  of  their  pupils).  The  trae  reading,  however,  is  tho 
one  which  we  ha^^^e  given  in  the  text. 

178-185.  Balnea.  The  Roman  baths,  both  public  and  private, 
were  remarkable  for  their  magnificence. — Sexcenils.  "  Will  cost  six 
hundred  thousand  sestertii."  Supply  millibus  sestertiorwn  constahunt. 
The  sum  here  given  would  be  equivalent  to  1^23,400. — In  qua  geste- 
tur  dominus,  &c.  Consult  note  on  Sat.  iv.,  5. — Anne  serenum  ex.tpcc' 
tetf  *'Is  he  to  wait,  forsooth,  for  fair  weather?"  No:  let  him 
drive  about  under  cover,  where  there  is  no  fear  of  splashing  the 
mules.;— i/ic  potius.  "  Here  rather  does,  he  wish  to  take  his  exer- 
cise." Supply  gestari  vult. — Numidarum.  The  Numidian  marble 
was  in  high  repute.  It  had  a  dark  surface  variegated  with  spots. — 
Ciznatio.  "A  banqueting-hall."  The  cotnatio  in  rich  houses  was 
fitted  up  with  great  magnificence. — Algentem  rapiat  soiem,    "  Catch 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VII. 


207 


the  cool  sun."  The  rich  had  dining-rooms  facing  different  quarters, 
according  to  the  season  of  the  year,  with  a  southern  aspect  for  the 
winter,  and  an  eastern  one  for  the  summer.  The  former  is  here 
probably  meant. — Qttanticumque  domus.  Supply  constabit.  However 
expensive  the  house  may  have  been,  money  will  be  forthcoming  for 
the  purchase  of  a  structor  and  a  cook ;  but  only  a  small  pittance, 
grodgingly  given,  for  the  education  of  a  son.  —  Qui  /ercula  docte 
componat.  An  artiste,  or  arranger  of  the  dishes,  technically  called 
structor.  Compare  note  on  Sat.  v.,  120.  —  Qui  pulmentaria  condat. 
"  To  prepare  the  food."  The  cook  is  meant.  Pulmentaria  is  a  gen- 
eral term  for  victuals,  and  is  derived  from  puls^  a  thick  pap  or  pot- 
tage made  of  meal,  pulse,  &c.,  and  which  the  Romans  long  used  as 
food  before  they  became  acquainted  with  bread.  The  true  reading 
here  is  condat  (from  condcre),  not  condit  (from  condlre,  "  to  season"). 
The  subjunctive  is  required  by  the  context,  not  the  indicative.  Lach- 
mann  conjectures  condiat,  to  be  pronounced  as  a  dissyllable. 

186-188.  S('ster!ia  duo.  About  %19>.  —  Quintiliano.  The  cele- 
brated rhetorician. —  Ut  multum.  »'  As  a  great  dea.V'—Filius.  "  His 
son's  education."  Here  intrusted  to  Quintilian. —  Undc  igitur  tot, 
&,c.  Juvenal  instances  Quintilian  as  a  rich  man,  whereas  the  youn- 
ger Pliny,  in  a  letter  which  does,  as  Gifford  remarks,  equal  honour 
to  himself  and  his  master  (for  such  Quintilian  was),  talks  of  his 
moderate  fortune,  and  makes  him  a  present  of  50,000  sesterces 
($1950)  as  a  contribution  toward  the  outfit  of  a  daughter  about  to 
be  married.  It  must  be  borae  in  mind,  however,  that  Juvenal  here 
employs  a  tone  of  declamatory  exaggeration,  and  that  he  speaks 
with  evident,  though  suppressed  bitterness  of  the  good  fortune  of 
Quintilian,  probably  in  consequence  of  the  flattery  lavished  by  tho 
latter  on  the  hated  Domitian.  It  must  be  observed,  also,  that  though 
the  means  of  Quintilian  may  not  have  been  so  ample  as  to  render 
an  act  of  generosity  on  the  part  of  a  rich  and  powerful  pupil  in  any 
way  unacceptable,  still  the  handsome  salary  which  he  received  from 
tho  state  (100,000  sestertii  =  $3900)  must  have  appeared  boundless 
wealth  when  compared  with  the  indigence  of  the  troops  of  half- 
starved  grammarians  who  thronged  the  metropolis,  and  whose  mis- 
eries are  so  forcibly  depicted  by  Juvenal.— ASa/fus.  "  Forests."  P.ut 
figuratively  for  acres  or  landed  property. 

189-196.  Exempli  novorum  fatorum  transi.  "Pass  by  instances 
of  unprecedented  good  fortune  (like  Quintilian's),"  i.  c,  Quintilian's 
case,  however,  is  only  to  be  regarded  as  an  instance  of  rare  good 
luck,  and  must  not  be  mentioned  as  an  example  for  others.  The 
idea,  therefore,  intended  to  be  conveyed  by  the  text,  when  freely 


^m 


208 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


209 


expressed,  will  be  this:  "Do  not  instance  Quintilian  unto  me  as  a 
proof  of  the  incorrectness  of  my  remarks  respecting  the  miserable 
compensation  of  rhetoricians.  He  is  only  an  instance  of  great  good 
luck,  and  an  instance,  too,  that  very  rarely  occurs." — Felix  et  pulcher 
et  acer.  "  He  who  has  luck  is  both  handsome  and  talented.**  Ju- 
venal means  that  luck  is  every  thing.  Observe  that  acer  here  is 
equivalent  to  acris  ingenii. — Generosus.  "  Well-born." — Appositam 
nigrce  lunam^  &c.  He  becomes  also  a  senator,  and  wears  the  cres- 
cent on  his  foot.  Senators  wore  a  kind  of  high  shoe,  like  a  buskin, 
of  soft  black  leather,  having  the  letter  C  woven  or  embroidered  on 
the  top  of  the  foot.  This  C  (compared  to  a  crescent,  luna)  is  sup- 
posed to  have  referred  to  the  original  number  of  100  (Cttitum)  sen- 
ators.— Aiutce.  The  material  taken  for  the  boot  itself.  The  term 
properly  means  a  kind  of  leather  softened  by  means  of  alum. — Ja- 
culator.  **  Debater."  So  called  facetiously  from  his  hurling  argu- 
ments, as  it  were,  against  his  opponents. — Et  si  perfrixit.  "  Even 
though  he  has  a  bad  cold.**  From  perfrigcsco. — Distat.  "  It  makes 
all  the  difference." — Te  excipiant.  "Welcome  you,**  i.  e.,  preside 
over  your  natal  hour. — Rubentem.  A  new-bom  infant  looks  red, 
owing  to  its  thin  and  tender  skin. 

199-202.  Ventidius.  Ventidius  Bassus  is  meant.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Picenum,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  Social  War  by  Pom- 
peins  Strabo  (B.C.  89),  and  carried  captive  to  Rome.  When  he 
grew  up  to  man's  estate,  he  got  a  poor  living  by  undertaking  to  fur- 
nish mules  and  vehicles  for  those  magistrates  who  went  from  Rome 
to  administer  a  province.  In  this  humble  employment  he  became 
known  to  Julius  Caesar,  whom  he  accompanied  into  Gaul.  In  the 
civil  war  he  executed  CaBsar*s  orders  with  ability,  and  became  a  fa- 
vourite of  his  great  commander.  In  B.C.  43  he  was  made  praetor. 
After  Ca;sar*s  death  he  sided  with  Antony,  and  the  same  year  with 
his  praetorship  was  made  consul  suffectus.  He  subsequently  was 
sent  by  Antony  against  the  Parthians,  over  whom  he  gained  a  bril- 
liant victory,  for  which  he  obtained  a  triumph.— 7tt//tM«.  Servius 
TuUius,  born  of  a  slave,  but  who  became  the  sixth  king  of  Rome. — 
Servis.  Alluding  to  Servius  Tullius. — Capticis.  Ventidius  is  meant. 
— Felix  tile  tamen.  The  reference  is  now  again  to  Quintilian. — 
Corvo  quoque  rarior  alio.  The  Latiuity  of  tamen quoque  is  some- 
what harsh. 

203-206.  Vance  sterilisque  cathednv.  "  Of  this  fruitless  and  bar- 
ren profession,**  i.  c,  the  teaching  of  rhetoric. — Cathedra.  The  in- 
structor's seat  is  here  put  for  the  profession  itself  of  a  teacher. — 
Thrasyjnachi  exiltu.     Thrasymachus  of  ChaJcedon  was  one  of  the 


earliest  cultivators  of  the  art  of  rhetoric,  and  a  contemporary  of 
Gorgias.  Suidas  very  erroneously  makes  him  a  pupil  of  Plato  and 
Isocrates.  He  opened  a  school  of  rhetoric  at  Athens,  but,  meeting 
with  no  encouragement,  hung  himself. — Secundi  Carinatis.  Secun- 
du8  Carinas  was  a  rhetorician  of  the  time  of  Caligula,  by  whom  he 
was  expelled  from  Rome  for  having,  by  way  of  exercise,  declaimed 
on  one  occasion  against  tyrants. — Hunc.  Socrates  is  meant,  not,  as 
some  erroneously  think,  Carinas. — Ausce  conferre,  "  You  who  had 
the  heart  to  bestow  upon  him.**  Socrates  was  condemned  to  death 
by  the  Athenians,  and  compelled  to  drink  hemlock. 

207-214.  Di.  Supply  either  date  or  dent. — Tenuem  et  sinepondere 
terram.  This  was  a  common  wish  on  the  part  of  survivors  toward 
their  friends,  and  was  generally  indicated  on  monuments  by  the  let- 
ters S.  T.  T.  L.,  an  abbreviation  for  Sit  tihi  terra  levis^  "  Light  lie 
the  earth  on  thee.'* — Spirantesque  crocos,  «tc.  The  ancients  used  to 
strew  fragrant  flowers  annually  on  the  tombs  of  their  departed 
friends,  and  they  even  believed  that  flowers  grew  spontaneously  on 
their  graves,  so  that  the  shades  of  the  deceased  enjoyed  a  perpetual 
spring. — Metuens  virgm  jam  grandis.  "In  awe  of  the  rod,  though 
now  grown  up,** ».  c,  regarding,  even  when  large  of  size,  his  precep- 
tor Chiron  with  respectful  deference. —  Cantabat.  "Learned  to 
sing," «.  c,  to  sing  and  to  accompany  his  voice  on  the  lyre. — Patriis 
in  montibus.  Mount  Pelion  in  Thessaly,  the  abode  of  the  Centaurs. 
^Citharcedi  cauda  magistri.  "  The  tail  of  his  master,  the  harper.'* 
Chiron,  being  a  Centaur,  was  half  man,  half  horse. — Sed  Rufum  at- 
que  alios^  &c.  Times  arc  now  changed,  and  so  far  are  the  masters 
from  meeting  with  reverence  from  their  pupils,  that  it  is  a  common 
practice  for  the  scholar  to  beat  the  master.  The  Rufus  here  re- 
ferred to  was,  according  to  the  scholiast,  a  native  of  Gaul.  He  is 
represented  in  the  text  as  charging  Cicero  with  barbarisms  or  pro- 
vincialisms. Jahn  reads  qwm  toties  for  qui  toties,  making  his  own 
scholars  to  have  nicknamed  Rufus  "  the  Allobrogian  Cicero.**  We 
have  followed  the  common  text  with  Heinrich.— ^//<>6roj7a.  "The 
Allobrogian."  The  AUobroges  were  a  Gallic  people,  dwelling  be- 
tween the  Rhodanus  (R/ione)  and  Isara  (here),  as  far  as  the  Lacui 
Lemannus,  or  Lake  of  Geneva^  and,  consequently,  in  the  modem' 
Dauphine  and  Savog. 

215-221.  Qttis  gremio,  <tc.  The  grammarians  come  next,  and 
are  shown  to  be  no  better  off  than  the  others.  As  regards  gremio, 
observe  that  money  was  usually  carried  in  the  sinus  of  the  toga. — 
Celadi.  Of  this  Celadus  nothing  is  known.  The  common  text  has 
Enceladiy  but  the  tme  form  is  Celadi^  as  confirmed  by  inscriptions. 


210 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  VII. 


211 


—Paicemonis,  Q.  Remmins  Palacmon  was  a  celebrated  grammarian 
in  the  reigns  of  Tiberias,  Caligula,  and  Claudius,  but  a  man  of  very 
profligate  character.  The  scholiast  on  Juvenal  (vi.,  45 IJ  makes 
him  to  have  been  the  master  of  Quintilian. — Orammaticus  labor, 
**  Their  grammarian  labours." — Rhetoris  cera.  **  The  pay  of  a  rhe- 
torician.**— Discipuli  custos,  &c.  "  Acoenonetns,  the  one  who  has 
the  pupil  under  his  care,  takes  the  first  nibble."  By  custos  is  here 
meant  the  same  as  padagogusy  namely,  the  slave  who  had  the  care 
of  the  boy  from  his  sixth  or  seventh  year  until  he  attained  the  ago 
of  puberty,  and  who,  among  other  duties,  went  with  him  to  and 
from  school  or  the  gymnasium. — Qui  dispensat.  "The  steward.*' 
The  dispensator  is  meant,  a  kind  of  steward  or  account-keeper, 
through  whose  hands  the  money  passes,  and  who  will  also  deduct 
something  for  himself.— Cfecfe.  "Yield  to  their  demands.'*— 7«</e. 
For  ex  hoc. — Aliquid  decrescere.  "  Some  abatement  to  be  made.*' — 
Institor.  "The  salesman.'*  This  was  a  salesman,  factor,  or  man- 
ager, who  was  placed  over  an  establishment  or  shop  to  manage  its 
concerns.  Sometimes  also  he  travelled  about  with  goods  for  the 
manufacturer. —  Cadurd.  "  Cadurcian  bed-linen.**  So  called  from 
the  Cadurci,  whose  district  is  now  Querci  in  GuyennCj  and  who  were 
famous  for  its  manufacture. 

222-232.  Dummodo  non  pereat^  &c.  Provided  only  you  do  not 
utterly  lose  the  fruits  of  your  labour.— 3/ccfiVE  quod  noctisy  &c.  The 
Roman  schools  opened  very  early,  long  before  daybreak.  The  mas- 
ter is  here  represented  sitting  in  his  cathedra,  awaiting  the  arrival 
of  his  pupils,  at  an  hour  when  the-  meanest  artisan  would  be  unwil- 
ling to  commence  his  daily  toil. — Totidem  oi/ecisse  lucernas.  Each 
boy  had  his  lamp,  as  it  was  not  yet  daylight.  They  brought  these 
to  school  with  them. — Quot  slahant  pueri,  &c.  During  recitations 
the  master  sat,  the  scholars  stood. — Quum  decolor  esset  Flaccus,  Ac. 
From  this  passage  we  learn  that  Horace  (as  he  himself  predicted, 
Ep.  i.,  20, 17,  &c.)  and  Virgil  were  the  standard  books  in  the  schools 
of  those  days.  Compare  Quintilian,  i.,  8,  5.—Fuligo.  Soot  from 
the  smoky  lamps. — Rara  tamen  merces,  &c.  Seldom,  however,  small 
as  the  sum  is,  can  the  amount  be  recoyered  without  a  recourse  to 
law. — Cognitions  tribuni.  "The  cognizdnce  of  the  tribune.**  The 
tribunes  of  the  commons,  under  the  empire,  presided  in  a  court  for 
the  recovery  of  small  debts.— To*.  "  You  parents.'*  The  remain- 
ing verses  are  ironical. —J7<  prceceptori,  &c.  "That  the  rule 'of 
words  be  clear  to  the  preceptor,**  i.  c,  that  the  teacher  be  never  at 
fault  in  his  syntax,  but  be  perfect  in  the  rules  of  grammar  for  each 
word. — Uistoi-ias,    Not  only  regular  histories,  but  also  legendary 


tales.  —  0wnc5.  To  be  taken  with  both  kistorias  and  auctores.—- 
Tanquam  ungues,  &c.  We  would  say,  to  have  all  these  things  at  his 
fingers'  ends. 

232-241.    Jliermas.      "The    thermae.'*     Hot  water  and  vapour 
baths.— PAait  balnea.     Cold  baths.     Phoebus  was  the  name  proba- 
bly of  some  bath-keeper.     The  scholiast  says,  'Trivatce  balnem,  quce 
Daphnes  appeUantur:'—Dicat  nutricem  Anchisce.    Her  name,  accord- 
ing to  the  scholiast,  was  Tisiphone.— iVomcw  pairiamque,  &c    The 
step-mother  of  Anchemolus,  who  fought  on  the  side  of  Tumus 
(yEn.,  X.,  389),  was  Casperia.     (Serv.  ad  Virg.,  I.  c.)    She  was  the 
wife  of  Rhoetus,  king  of  the  Marrubii,  in  Italy.     Thi^  absurd  curios- 
ity about  trifles  was  common  among  the  ancients.    Tiberius  was 
very  fond  of  propounding  such  questions  to  the  grammarians  of  the 
day,  with  the  view  of  puzzUng  them,  and  then  enjoying  their  confu- 
sion.—Acestes.     The  Sicilian  monarch  mentioned'  in  the  ^neid. 
Virgil  calls  him  "  cevi  maturus'*  (.En.,  v.,  7S).Siculus.     Alluding 
to  the  wine  bestowed  by  Acestes  on  the  Trojans,  as  related  by  Vir- 
gil (j-En.,  l,  195),  "Vina  bonus  quaj  deinde  cadis  onerarat  Accs- 
tes.*'—Umas.     "Vessels.**    Here  used  generally.     Strictly  speak- 
ing, however,  the  uma,  as  a  liquid  measure,  contained  four  com/ii, 
or  half  an  amphora,  which  last  was  about  six  gallons.— C7^  ducat. 
"  That  he  would.**     The  moral  education  of  the  pupil  must  b^ 
equally  attended  to.— Cera.     Thus  Horace  speaks  of  the  youth  as 
being  "  cereus  in  vitium  Jlecti"  (Ep.  ad  Pis.,  163).— Facit.  '  "  Mod- 
els."—/foe  inquit  cures.    The  father  insists  on  having  all  these 
points  carefully  attended  to.— ^  verterit.    "Shall  have  come  round 
again."    The  school  year,  according  to  Macrobius  (Sat.  i.,  12),  end- 
ed in  the  month  of  March,  at  which  time  teachers  were  paid.— ^c- 
cipe  victori,  &c.     "  Receive  as  much  gold  as  the  people  demand  for 
the  victor  in  the  chariot-race.'*    The  victorious  charioteer  in  the 
Circensian  games  is  meant.     He  was  not  allowed  to  receive  more 
than  five  aurei.    The  aureus,  as  before  remarked,  was  worth  at  this 
time  about  sixteen  shillings  sterling.    The  yearly  income  of  a  gram- 
marian, therefore,  does  not  exceed  what  a  jockey  is  presented  with 
for  a  single  race. 


^ 


212 


f  . 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  VIII. 


SATIRE  Vm. 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  VIII. 


213 


ARGUMENT. 

Juvenal  demonstrates,  in  this  Satire,  that  distinction  is  merely 
personal ;  that,  though  we  may  derive  rank  and  titles  from  our  an- 
cestors, yet,  if  we  degenerate  from  the  virtues  by  which  they  obtained 
them,  we  cannot  be  considered  truly  noble.  This  is  the  main  ob- 
ject of  the  Satire,  which,  however,  branches  out  into  many  collater- 
al topics — the  profligacy  of  the  young  nobility ;  the  miserable  state 
of  the  provinces,  which  they  plundered  and  harassed  without  mer- 
cy; the  contrast  between  the  state  of  debasement  to  which  the  de- 
scendants of  the  best  families  had  sunk,  and  the  opposite  virtues  to 
be  found  in  persona  of  the  lowest  rank  and  humblest  descent. 


1-5.  Stemmata  quid factunt ?    "What  do  pedigrees  avail?'*    The 
images  of  ancestors  in  the  atrium,  or  hall  of  the  dwelling,  were  con- 
nected together  by  festoons  {line(x\  so  that  the  descent  from  father 
to  son  could  be  readily  traced.     The  images  themselves,  together 
with  the  connecting  linea,  constituted  what  the  Romans  termed  the 
stemma,  or  "  pedigree."    {Decker,  Rbm.  Alt.,  ii.,  1,  p.  220.) — Longo 
sanguine  censer i.    "  To  be  ranked  by  a  long  descent,"  i.e.,  to  take 
rank  by  or  in  proportion  to  one.     Censere  is  the  term  properly  ap- 
plied to  the  exercise  of  their  official  functions,  on  the  part  of  the 
censors,  in  estimating  or  valuing  the  property  of  individual  citizens, 
80  far  as  it  was  subject  to  the  census,  and  is  then  taken  to  denote 
valuing  or  ranking  generally.— i^tc/o*  vuitus.    The  images  of  their 
ancestors  were  merely  busts  made  of  wax  (hence  the  term  vuitus), 
coloured  so  as  to  represent  life.     They  were  therefore,  in  fact,  a 
collection  of  fjimily  ])ortraits.     We  learn  from  Polybius  (vi.,  63) 
that  at  funerals  tlie  ancestors  of  the  deceased  were  personated,  and 
their  imagines  worn,  by  jKirsons  resembling  them  in  stature  and 
bearing. — Stantes  in  curribus.     Triumphal  statues   are  meant. — 
JEmilianos.    The  son  of  Paulus  ^milius,  wh^^n  adopted  by  the  son 
of  Scipio  Africanus  the  elder,  received  the  name  of  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  ^milianus  Africanus  Minor. —  Curios.    M\  Curius  Dentatus, 
the  celebrated  opponent  of  Pyrrhus. — Dimidios.    "  Diminished  one 
half,**  t.  e.,  mutilated  from  the  effects  of  time. — Ilumeros  minorem. 
A  Grajcism.     The  common  text  was  kumero. —  Corvinum.    Compare 
Sat,  i.,  93. — Galbam.    The  Emperor  Galba  traced  his  pedigree  up 
to  Jupiter !    {Suet.^  Galb.,  2.)    One  of  his  ancestors  is  here  meant. 


l! 


6-9.  Generis  tabula.   A  genealogical  table  is  meant.   The  Roman 
nobles  had  these  in  addition  to  the  stemmata.    Schneideft(a</  Vitruv., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  458)  thinks  that  the  rcrcrcnce  here  is  to  the  tabUnum,  an 
apartment  immediately  adjoining  the  atrium,  and  in  which  the  fam- 
ily archives  were  kept.    But  the  epithet  capad  is  opposed  to  this.— 
Corvinum  posthac,  &c.     Several  MSS.  omit  this  verse.     It  certainly 
cannot  have  followed  upon  verse  Cth,  for  two  reasons:   first,  be- 
cause Corvinus  has  been  mentioned  just  before ;  and,  secondly,  be- 
cause the  genealogical  table  need  not  be  capax  to  contain  merely  a 
single  name.    {Mayor,  ad  loc.)—Multa  contingere  virga.    "To  reach 
after  travelling  along  many  a  branch,"  t.  c,  along  many  a  linea  or 
ramus,  connecting  together  the  different  imagines.    We  would  say, 
along  many  a  branch  of  the  genealogical  tree.    This  is  certainly  the 
most  natural  explanation.      The  scholiast,  however,  makes  multa 
virga  equivalent  to  multis  fascibus ;  while  K.  F.  Hermann  thinks 
that  virga  means  the  rod  which  the  noble  lord  holds,  and  with  which 
he  points  to  {contingit)  the  images  of  his  ancestors.    He  also  retains 
verse  7,  but  strikes  out  verses  5th  and  Gth.     {Rhein.  Mus.,  1848, 
p.  454,  seqq.)—Fumosos.     "All  dingy  with  smoke,"  i.e.,  from  the 
atrium.    This,  of  course,  would  be  an  indication  of  high  antiquity. 
—Si  coram  Lepidis  male  vivitur.     "  If  one  leads  an  evil  life  under 
the  very  eyes  of  the  Lepidi."    A  noble  family  of  the  -^milian 
gens.    He  means  in  the  presence  of  their  imagines. 

9-15.   Quo.    Supply  ;>er/tnew<.     "Whither   tend,"  i.e.,  of  what 
real  value  are?— 5t  luditur  aim  pemox.     "If  the  dice  are  played 
with  all  night  long."    In  prose,  aka  peniox  would  be  in  the  abla- 
tive, and  luditur  would  be   an   impersonal. — Numantinos.     Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger,  who  forced  Numantia  to  surrender,  B.C. 
133,  received  for  this  the  surname  of  Numantinus. — Luci/eri.    The 
planet  Venus  was  called  Vesper  or  Hesperus  in  the  evening,  and 
Lucifer  or  Phosphorus  in  the  morning. — Duces.    "  Those  leaders  of 
old,"  i.e.,  your  martial  forefathers. — Cur  Allobrogicis,  <tc.    "Why 
■hall  Fabius,  though  born  in  an  Herculean  home,  plume  himself  on 
many  an  Allobrogicus,  and  on  the  great  altar  of  his  line."   Lare  is 
here  for  domo.    Fabius,  the  founder  of  the  Fabian  gens,  was  said 
to  have  been  a  son  of  Hercules  by  Vinduna,  a  daughter  of  Evan-' 
der ;  and  by  virtue  of  this  descent,  the  Fabii  claimed  the  exclusive 
right  of  ministering  at  the  altar  consecrated  by  Evander  to  Hercu- 
les.   It  stood  in  the  Forum  Boarium,  near  the  Circus  Flaminius, 
and  was  called  Ara  Maxima.    Q.  Fabius  Maximus  ^milianus,  the 
consul  in  the  year  B.C.  121,  defeated  the  Allobroges  in  southern 
Gaul,  at  the  junction  of  the  Isara  {Isere)  and  the  Rhone,  and  re- 


t 


214 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  V;il. 


215 


ceived  for  this  the  surname  of  Anohrogicus,  which  he  transmitted  to 
his  descendants.— ^«<7a«e«.  The  Euganei  originally  inhabited  Ve- 
netia  on  the  Adriatic,  but  were  driven  toward  the  Alps  and  the  La- 
cus  Benacus  by  the  Ileneti  or  Veneti.  They  possessed  numeroun 
flocks  of  sheep,  the  wool  of  which  was  very  celebrated. 

16-23.  Catinensi  pumice.    The  pumice  found  at  Catana,  now  Co- 
tania,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  ^tna,  was  used  by  the  effeminate  and 
luxurious  to  rub  the  body  with  and  make  it  smooth,  after  the  haira 
had  been  removed  by  TQsxn.—Squalentes  tradudt  avos.   "  He  shames 
his  rugged  sires."    Squalentes  is  put  for  incomptos.     The  literal 
meaning  of  tradmo  here  is  "  to  expose  to  ridicule,"  "to  disgrace." 
The  metaphor  is  taken  from  offenders  being  led  around  through  the 
public  places  of  the  city,  with  the  name  and  nature  of  their  mis- 
deeds inscribed  on  a  tablet  suspended  from  the  neck.    Hence  to 
expose  to  public  derision  generally.— Fraw^/e/jc/a.     The  busts  and 
statues  of  such  as  had  been  guilty  of  any  capital  crime  were  deliv- 
ered  up  to  the  common  executioner,  to  be  destroved,  that  they 
might  not  disgrace  the  name  by  being  exhibited  in  the  funeral  pro- 
cessions of  the  family.— Ccrec.    For  imagines  cereal. -^Unica    "  The 
only  real."-Pa.//...    "APauUus."    Such,  for  instaflce,  as  the  con- 
queror of  Perseus,  king  of  Macedoum.- Cossus.     Such  as  Corne- 
lius Cossus,  who  won  the  sjwiia  opima  from  Lar  Tolumniiis  kin.- 
ofVeiL-Drusus.    Such  as  one  of  the  many  eminent  members  of 
this  distinguished  family  of  the  Livian  gens.-Ilos.    Ilefcrring  to 
nH>res     He  means,  Kank  virtue   above  high  birth,  and  let  it  take 
precedence  even  of  the  consular  fasces. 

24-29.  Prima  mild  debes,  <tc.     "  You  owe  me  first  the  noble  quali- 
ties of  the  mind."    If  you  look  for  respect  from  me,  I  will  tell  you 
what  I  exact  first  from  you,  namely,  the  noble  and  virtuous  quali- 
ties  of  the  bosom,  duly  cultivated  and  brought  into  cxercisc-^anc 
tns.      '  A  man  of  spotless  integrity."-  Agnosco  procerem.    «  Then  I 
recognize  the  true  nobleman."     Charisius  (i.,  13,  §  3,  p  \q  ed. 
Lind.)  and  Ser^ius  {ad  Virg.,  .En.,  ix.,  309,  where  one  MS.,  how- 
ever, acknowledges  a  genitive  singular  proceris)  reckon  this  noun 
among  the  pluraiia  tantmn.    Capitolinus,  however,  uses  procer  and 
Paulinus  of  Nola />rocem.    {Gesn.,  Thes.— Mayor,  ad  loc.)~Gcetuiice, 
Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Cossus  received  the  surname  of  GiHulicus 
from  his  victory  over  the  Gajtuli,  A.D.  6,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 
He  had  been  consul  in  B.C.I  ,^Seu  tu  Sihnus.     Supply  es.    Silanus 
was  a  cognomen  of  the  Junian  gens.    The  reference  hero  is  particu- 
larly to  the  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor  Claudius,  who,  as  Tacitus 
says  (Ann.y  xvi.,  7),  "  Oaritudine  generis,  et  modeata  juventa  pracel- 


khaV'—Patrim  contingis  ovanti.  "  Thou  fallest  to  the  lot  of  thy  re- 
joicing country."  Contingere  is  said  of  good  fortune,  accidere  of  mis- 
fortunes. —  Ostn  invento.  Osiris  was  the  great  Egyptian  divinity 
and  husband  of  Isis.  The  allusion  in  the  text  is  to  the  great  festival 
of  the  finding  the  scattered  remains  of  the  god,  who  had  been  dis- 
membered by  Osiris.  The  cry  of  the  populace  on  this  occasion  was 
EvpiJKaMEv,  avyxaipufiev.  * 

30-38.  Qui  indignus,  <fec.    Observe  the  omission  of  est  in  a  relative 
sentence,  and  compare  Horace,  £pist.  ii.,  2,  139 :  "  Cui  sic  extorta 
voluptas.^^-^Prwclaro  nomine  tantum  insignis.    Panegyric  then  be- 
comes irony,  and  can  only  be  applied  by  antiphrasis,  as  in  the  in- 
stances cited  immediately  after.  -  iVb„«;«.     Nawor.     The  older 
Latin  term  was  pumilio  {GelL,  xix.,  13).     Dwarfs  often  formed  part 
of  the  household  of  the  rich.    Domitian  was  fond  of  these  deformed 
specimens  of  humanity,  and  the  poet  may  possibly  allude  to  that 
emi>eror  here.-.EM.Vc;..     Such  slaves  were  much  used  at  Rome, 
and  always  commanded  a  high  price.  -Europen.     -A  Europa7» 
Daughter  of  Agenor,  and  sister  of  Cadmus.-^Scai/c  veiusta.    "  With 
long-standing  mange."-^icccE  lamhentihus,  &c.     -Licking  (in  their 
hunger)  the  edges  of  tha  lamp,  now  diy.--^,'  quid  adhu^  est.    An 
asyndeton  for  sen  quid  (scil.  aliud)  adhuc  est.     Compare  the  Greek 
Kat  el  Ti  dUo.     (Toup,  Emend  in  Suid.,  p.  207.)  -  Ergo.     Since  a 
great  name  is  sometimes  ironically  applied.-iVe  tu  sic  Cretims,  &c 
^  Lest  you  in  this  same  way  be  a  Creticus,"  &c.,  i.  e.,  lest  it  may  l.e  mere 
irony  m  him  who  thus  addresses  you.    The  common  reading  is  ne 
tu  sis,  for  which  we  have  not  hesitated  to  give  ne  tu  sic,  the  conjec- 
ture of  Junius  and  Schrader.     Supply  sis.  -  Creticus.     -  A  Creti-. 
cus."    Q.  Caicilius  Metellus,  consul  B.C.  69,  in  the  two  following 
years  completed  the  conquest  of  Crete,  for  which  he  received  the 
surname  of  Creticus.  —  Camerinus.     Servius  Sulpicius  Camerinus 
was  consul  B.C.  500,  and  in  the  early  period  of  the  republic  other 
members  of  the  family  filled  high  offices.     Under  the  empire  the 
Camerini  again  appear  in  history.     (Dio  Cass.,  Ixiii.,  18.) 

39-43.  Rubein  Plaute.  C.  Rubellius  Blandus  married  (A.D.  33) 
Juha,  daughter  of  Drusus,  the  son  of  Tiberius.  By  her  he  had  a 
sor^  Rubellius  Plautus.  The  latter  was  thus  the  great-grandson  of 
liberius,  and  the  great-great-grandson  of  Augustus,  in  consequence 
of  Tiberius  haWng  been  adopted  by  Augustus.  Descended  thus  from 
the  founder  of  the  "Roman  empire,  Plautus  incurred  the  jealousy  of 
Kero,  and  was  put  to  death  by  him.  He  is  the  individual  alluded 
to  m  the  text.  The  common  reading  is  Blande,  for  which  we  have 
given  Plaute,  the  conjectural  emendation  of  Lipsius.    It  is  evident 


i 


ill 


'■•Ml 


216 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


that  the  son,  not  the  father,  is  meant,  since  the  words  tumes  alto 
Dmsorum  stemmate  can  only  apply  to  the  former,  who  w^as  descend* 
ed  from  tlie  Drusi  through  his  mother  Julia. — Et  te  conciperet,  Ac. 
"And  a  mother  should  conceive  you  who  shines  resplendent  with 
the  blood  of  lulus,'*  i.  e.,  and  on  account  of  which  you  should  de- 
serve to  be  born  of  a  Julia.  We  have  given  et  te,  the  conjecture  of 
Heinrich,  in  i)lace  of  the  common  reading  ut  te,  and  which  makes 
the  connection  plainer.  If,  however,  u(  be  retained,  it  must  be  re- 
garded as  equivalent  to  et  ut,  and  even  then  makes  an  awkward 
construction.  The  Julian  tjens,  it  will  be  remembered,  claimed  de- 
scent from  lulus,  the  son  of  ^neas. — Non  qu(r.  vcntoso,  A-c.  "  Not 
one  that  weaves  for  hire  beneath  the  shelter  of  the  windy  rampart.'* 
The  reference  is  to  the  ngger,  or  rampart  of  Servius  Tullius  (com- 
pleted and  enlarged  by  Tarquinius  Superbus).  This  was  a  moimd 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  city,  on  which  were  raised  a  waii  and 
towers,  and  which  extended  from  the  CoUine  gate  to  the  Esquiline. 
{Fahretti,  ap.  (Jncv.,  t.  iv.,  p.  1751.)  The  height  of  the  mound  and 
wall  cx])Oscd  the  place  to  the  winds,  whence  tlic  epithet  ventostts. 
At  the  base  of  the  mound  were  establishments  for  weaving,  Ac, 
where  the  poorer  classes  worked  for  daily  wages,  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  which  they  dwelt. 

44-50.  Inquit.  Says  Rubellius.  —  Qnontm  nemo  queat,  &c.  Of 
such  obscure  parentage  as  to  be  unable  to  trace  out  the  birth-place 
of  your  parents. — Cex-ropides.  "  A  descendant  of  Cecroj)S."  Cecrops 
was  a  hero  of  the  Pelasgic  race,  and  the  first  king  of  Attica.  The 
patronymic,  therefore,  is  here  emjdoyed,  not  in  its  literal  sense,  but 
figuratively,  merely  to  denote  a  jHirson  of  royal  and  ancient  lineage. 
— Vivas.  "  Long  life  to  you."  Ironical.  Sir,  I  wish  you  long  life 
and  much  joy  of  your  noble  descent. —  Taincn.  Though  you  scorn 
the  poor. — (j,mrUein.  Not  used  in  the  singular  by  good  prose  writ- 
ers. It  is  found  in  poets  and  in  some  legal  formuLt. — Nofnlis  in- 
docti.  "Of  some  ignorant  noble."  Xobilis  is  here  employed  as  a 
substantive.  Compare  Sat.  vii.,  170:  "  Veteres  cwcos  "  and  C/c, 
L<^t.,  54:  *^ Insipicus  Jbrtunatus.^*  —  De  pltbe  tof/ata.  "From  the 
gowned  crowd,"  i.  c,  from  this  herd  of  low-born  civilians.  Togata 
is  op{)osed  to  annis  indnstrius,  the  tof/a  being  the  garb  of  peace  and 
of  the  law-courts.  Tlie  general  idea  is  this :  Among  low-bom  ci- 
yilians  will  be  found  great  lawyers,  among  low-born  soldiers  great 
captains. — Qui  juris  nodos,  &c.  "One  that  shall  solve  the  knotty 
points  of  the  law  and  the  enigmas  of  the  statutes."  Students  of 
law  in  their  fourth  year  were  termed  Lytin  {Ivrat),  or  soiutore^,  he- 
cause  they  were  then  occupied  with  the  ^^/iesjtonsii  Pauli,^*  which 
were  regarded  as  ?o  many  ?ynrir^  or  soiutiones. 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  VIII. 


217 


51 -CO.  Ilic.  Another  plebeian.  —  Petit  Euphraten.  He  serves 
against  the  Parthians  and  Armenians.  —  Domitique  Batavi,  &c. 
"And  the  eagles  that  keep  watch  over  the  conquered  Batavi." 
Aquilas  put  for  legiones,  the  main  standard  of  the  legion  being  the 
eagle.  The  Batiivi,  or  Batavi  {Lnean),  were  a  German  people,  who 
occupied  the  country  between  the  rivers  Rhenus,Vahahs,  and  Mosa. 
They  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt,  under  Claudius  Civ^s  (A.D. 
CD),  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of  Rome. — Industrius.  "  Ever  active." — 
Truncoqm  siimllimus  Hertncc.  "And  most  like  a  Hermes-trunk.'* 
The  Ilcrmie  (or  Mercuries)  were  a  particular  kind  of  statues,  in 
which  only  the  head,  and  sometimes  the  bust,  was  modelled,  all  the 
rest  being  left  as  a  plain  four-cornered  post,  a  custom  which  de- 
scended from  the  old  Pelasgic  style  of  representing  the  god  Mercn- 
ry.  The  noble,  therefore,  who  has  nothing  but  his  birth  to  recom- 
mend him,  is  as  useless  as  if  he  had  neither  hands  nor  feet. — Dis- 
crimine.  "  Point  of  difference."— ///<.  The  Hermes-trunk.— Twa 
vivit  imago.  "Whereas  thy  image  is  endowed  with  life,"  «.  c,  thou 
art  a  breathing  statue. — Teucrorum  proles.  Alluding  to  the  descent 
of  the  Julian  gens  from  lulus  and  the  regal  line  of  Troy. — Gcneroscu 
"  Highly  bred."— Forruz.  "  Spirited."— iVCT;j/>e  sic.  "  It  is  on  this 
score  surely."  After  an  interrogation  the  Latins  often  give  an  af- 
firmative reply  hy  nempe  when  the  case  is  too  clear  to  admit  of  any 
doubt.  {Hand,  ad  Turs.,  iv.,  p.  IGl. )—Facili.  "Conquering  with 
ease." — Fervet.  "Glows,"  i.e.,  with  frequent  clapping.  —  Rauco. 
"  Hoarse  with  many  a  shout." 

61-G5.  Fuga.  "Speed."  —  Primus.  "Foremost."  —  Sed  venale 
pccus  Coryphcei,  &c.  "  But  the  brood  of  Coryphaius  and  the  poster- 
ity of  Hirj)inus  are  put  up  for  sale,  if  victory  has  but  rarely  perched 
on  their  yoke."  For  a  literal  translation,  supply  venalis  w  ith  poster- 
itas.  Coryphaeus  and  Hirpinus  are  the  names  of  two  horses  cele- 
brated for  their  speed.  The  former  of  these  appellations  is  of 
Greek  origin,  Ko[yv<palo^,  and  means  "  leader."  The  other  appears 
to  be  derived  from  the  country  of  the  Hirpini,  in  Central  Italy, 
which  was  famed  for  its  breed  of  horses.  Both  Coryphaeus  and 
Hirpinus  were  celebrated  for  their  victories  in  the  Roman  Circus. 
The  grandsire  of  Hirpinus  was  Aquilo,  who  had  won  the  first  prize 
130  times ;  the  second,  88  times ;  the  third,  37  times.  Hirpinus 
himself  was  victorious  114  times  as  the  first  winner,  56  times  as  the 
second,  and  36  times  as  the  third.  These  particulars  are  obtained 
from  ancient  inscriptions.  (Lips.,  Epist.  ad  It.  et  Hisp.,  26.)  The 
names  of  several  horses  are  given  by  Orelli,  (Tnscr.  2593,  4322). 
—Oiryfthai.     The  common  text  has  Cory  thee,  which  offends  against 

K 


218 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


the  metre,  the  first  and  second  syllables  being  both  short— Ibi.  "  Jy 
their  case.**— J/q;aniw.  The  pedigree  of  the  steed.— GVa/w'  nulla 
mnbrarum.  "No  favour  is  shown  on  account  of  their  departed 
nres:'—Dominospretus,  &c.  Tlio  horse  of  highest  pedigree  is  sold 
for  a  small  sum,  to  draw  a  cart,  if  he  wins  no  palms  in  the  course. 

66-70.  Epiredia.     "Carts."    Epiredium  is  a  hybrid  word,  com- 
pounded^om  the  Greek  preposition  It:!  and  the  Gallic  terra'  reda. 
The  true  meaning,  however,  is  not  settled.    Schaffer  and  Ginzrot 
believe  it  to  have  been  a  square  or  oblong  cart,  inclosed  with  four 
sides  in  the  same  manner  as  the  rtda.    Others,  however,  consider 
the  word  to  have  reference  only  to  the  ornamental  decorations  of  a 
redo,  or  that  it  designates  the  liarncss  of  the  horses  which  drew  it. 
The  schoUast  gives  both  opinions :  **  Omamenta  rcdarum,  aut  plafts'. 
trar    We  have  followed  Ginzrot.— TW/o.    "  Galled."— ^f-iTni^ede*. 
This  word  seems  to  occur  nowhere  else.— J/o/aw.    Mills  were  com- 
monly worked  by  asses  or  mules,  sometimes  by  horses.    Above  the 
upper  mill-stone  a  horizontal  beam  projected,  to  which  the  animal 
was  fastened  by  a  trace  (hcL-iimO,  and  thus,  as  he  was  driven  round 
the  mill,  turned  the  upper  stone  on  a  pivot.— AV;w  is,    A  well- 
known  miller  at  Rome,  who  kept  his  mill  at  work  night  and  day.— 
Tey  nm  tua.     "You,  not  yours,"  i.  e.,  you  personally  for  your  own 
sake,  and  not  merely  for  your  family,  or  fortune,  or  title.— Pm-Mm 
aliquidda.     "Exhibit  something  of  your  own."    Literally,  "give 
(forth  to  the  view)."    Tlic  common  text  has  primwn,  for  which  wc 
have  substituted  ;>runzw,  the  excellent  emendation  of  Salmasius  (ad 
Solin.,  p.  Cl.y-Tiiuiis.    The  titles  marked  either  on  a  tomb  or  on 
the  pedestal  of  a  statue.— //ono/w.     The  honorary  titles  of  fore- 
fathers—Z>crfi/«tt.».     Markland  (ad  Stat.,  p.  48)  conjectures  dabimus. 
This,  however,  weakens  the  meaning. 

71-78.  Juvenem.  Rubellius  Tlautus. — Fama.  "  Report."- P/c- 
numque  Nerme  profwiquo.  Consult  note  on  line  39.— /m«c.  " la 
general."  Generally  8j>eaking,  it  is  only  now  and  then  that  you 
will  meet  with  an  example  of  due  consideration  for  others  in  that 
rank  of  nre.—Sengux  cowinunU.  "Tlie  courtesies  of  good  breeding." 
Not  to  be  rendered  by  our  phrase  "common  sense,"  which  means 
something  quite  different.  The  idea  of  Juvenal  is  well  given  in 
SirW.  Hamilton's  Reid,  p.  759,  a,  as  cited  by  Mavor:  "An  ac- 
quired perception  or  feeling  of  the  common  duties  ind  proprieties 
expected  from  each  member  of  society,  a  gravitation  of  opinion,  a 
sense  of  conventional  decorum,"  &c.—Fortuna.  « Condition  of 
life."— CVn.«r/  luude  tuonim.  "To  be  valued  for  the  renown  of  your 
ancestors."    Compare  line  2.-Noluerim.    "  I  don't  think  I  would 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


219 


like."  The  subjunctive  elegantly  employed  to  denote  a  modest  and 
friendly  expression  of  opinion.  (Madvig,  §  350,  b.) — Futurce  laudis. 
"  Worthy  of  the  praise  of  posterity."  Obser^'e  the  peculiar  employ- 
ment of  the  genitive. — Rmnt.  "  Fall  in  ruins." — Stratus  humi. 
"  Strowed  on  the  ground,"  «.  e.,  that  trails  along  the  ground.  Vines 
were  commonly  trained  on  trees,  especially  on  the  elm.  The  idea 
is :  If  you  owe  the  support  of  your  fame  entirely  to  that  of  others, 
let  the  latter  be  removed,  and  you  will  be  like  a  vine  which  has  been 
deprived  of  the  aid  of  the  elm,  along  which  it  was  wont  to  climb, 
and  now  trails  along  the  ground. —  Vidaas.  The  training  of  the  vine 
along  the  tree  is  termed,  by  the  Latin  jjoets,  marrying  the  former  to 
the  latter. 

79-86.  Esto.  "  Strive  by  your  own  merits  to  become." — Arbiter. 
The  arbiter  decided  according  to  equity,  the  judex  according  to 
strict  law. — IVmlaris.  This  most  cruel  of  all  the  Sicilian  tyrants 
seized  ui)on  the  government  of  Agrigentum  about  570  B.C.  His 
brazen  bull  passed  into  imperishable  memory.  This  piece  of  mech- 
anism was  hollow,  and  sufficiently  capacious  to  contain  one  or  more 
victims  inclosed  within  it,  to  perish  in  tortures  when  the  metal  was 
heated.  The  cries  of  these  suftering  ])risoners  passed  for  the  roar- 
ings of  the  animal.  The  artist  was  named  Perillus,  and  was  said  to 
have  been  himself  the  first  person  burnt  in  it  by  order  of  the  despot. 
Consult  Grote,  Tlist.  of  Greece,  vol.  v.,  p.  274. — Admoto.  "  Brought 
near,"  t.  e.,  placed  before  your  eyes. — Animam  praferre pudori.  "To 
prefer  life  to  honour." —  Vivendi  perdere  causas.  "  To  part  with  the 
true  motives  for  existing,"  i.  c,  to  sacrifice  life's  true  and  only  end. 
The  only  causes  that  make  life  truly  valuable,  the  only  motives  to 
existence  are,  according  to  the  heathen  view,  however,  truth,  and 
suniving  fame. — Digmts  inorte  perit,  &c.  "  He  who  is  desening  of 
death  is  dead,  even  though  he  sup,"  &c.  He  who  prefers  existence 
to  honour  descnes  to  lose  existence ;  and  he  wl«o  dcsenes  to  lose 
it  is  nlrcinly  dead,  even  though  he  indulge  in  all  manner  of  luxuri- 
ous and  sensual  excesses.  To  live  is  to  live  virtuously  and  worthily. 
An  opposite  course  of  life  is  only  moral  death. — Gaurana.  Gaums, 
or,  rather,  monies  Gauraniy  was  the  name  given  to  a  volcanic  chain 
of  hills  between  Cuma;  and  Neapolis,  which  produced  excellent 
wine.  At  their  foot  lay  the  oyster-beds  of  Baia;  and  of  the  Lucrine 
lake. — Cosmi  toto  aheno.  "  In  a  whole  cauldron  of  (the  jierfume  of) 
Cosmus."  This  was  the  name  of  a  celebrated  perfumer  of  the  day, 
mentioned  repeatedly  by  Martial. 

87-97.  Exspectata  diu,  &c.     He  now  proceeds  to  advise  Ponticus 
•8  to  his  government  of  the  province  which  he  has  long  been  wait- 


\M\ 


220 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  VIII. 


ing  for. — Ir<z.  "To  vindictive  feelings." — Sociorum,  The  inhab> 
itants  of  the  province  arc  meant,  according  to  KujKjrti.  It  is  bet- 
ter, however,  to  suppose,  with  lleinrich,  that  actual  allies  are  here 
spoken  of,  unto  whom  the  Romans  had  left  kings  only  in  name. — 
Vacuis  exsucta.  Hypallage  for  vacua  ezsuctis. — Fulmine.  The  fig- 
ure turns  not  so  much  on  the  severity  of  the  j)unishment  as  on  its 
being  a  sudden  and  unexpected  one  amid  so  much  public  corrup- 
tion.— Capita.  Cossulianus  Capito,  a  Roman  advocate  in  the  rcigus 
of  Claudius  and  Nero.  In  A.D.  5G  he  obtained  Cilicia  as  a  prov- 
ince, and  in  the  year  following  was  accused  by  the  Cilicians  of  ex- 
tortion. Having  been  condemned,  he  lost,  in  consequence,  his  sen- 
atorian  rank.  But  he  afterward  received  this  back  through  the 
mediation  of  Tigellinus,  his  father-in-law,  and  subsequently  came 
forward  as  the  accuser  of  Thrasea  Pictus,  who  had  supported  the 
cause  of  the  Cilicians  against  him,  and  had  been  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  his  condemnation.  Capito  was  rewarded  by  Nero 
with  an  immense  sum  of  money. — Numitor.  No  governor  of  Cilicia 
p bearing  this  name  is  mentioned  in  history. — PlraUv  Cilicum.  '•  Pi- 
rates of  the  Cilicians,"  i.  «.,  robbers  of  those  who  had  once  l>een 
robbers  themselves.  The  Cilicians  in  former  days  had  been  notori- 
ous for  their  bold  piracy,  and  were  put  down  at  length  by  Pompcy. 
— Qnum  Pansa  eripiat^  &c.  Since  what  one  governor  leaves  you, 
his  successor  plunders.  This  line,  in  many  MS8.  and  editions,  is 
erroneously  placed  after  the  9Gth.— Prarowf-w,  Clurrippe,  &c.  "Cha;- 
rippus,  look  around  for  a  crier  to  sell  your  i)atched  clothes  at  auc- 
tion." The  idea  is.  Waste  no  more  time  or  moncv  in  endeavour- 
ing  to  bring  oppressive  governors  to  justice.  Sell  at  auction  the  lit- 
tle that  remains  of  your  impoverished  property,  and  when  you  have 
placed  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  out  of  the  reach  of  extortionate  gov- 
ernors, give  over  complaining.— ^Mror.  *'  Downright  madness."— 
Naulum.  "  The  passage-money  to  Rome."  Do  not  waste  the  little 
remnant  of  your  fortunes  in  an  unprofitable  journey  to  Rome  to  ac- 
cuse your  plunderer. 

98-104.  Neqtie  vulnus  eratjKtr,  &c.  They  could  better  afford  then 
to  be  deprived  of  superfluities,  than  to  be  stripped  of  necessaries 
now. — Sociis.  The  dative. — Modo.  "  But  recently."  Some  give 
modo  here  the  force  of  tantwnmoih,  and  make  modo  victis  mean 
"  only  subdued,  not  yet  plundered."  The  former,  however,  is  the 
more  natural  explanation. — Spartana  chlamys.  "  The  Spartan  mil- 
itar}'  scarf."  The  epithet  Spartana  here  refers  to  its  purple  colour, 
one  of  the  localities  where  the  murex  was  obtained  being  the  prom- 
ontory of  Taenarus,  in  Laconia.    The  chlamys  was  not,  as  some 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


22  J 


suppose,  a  mantle  or  cloak,  but  a  species  of  scarf  worn  by  youths, 
soldiers,  hunters,  &c.  The  usual  mode  of  wearing  it  was  to  pass 
one  of  its  shorter  sides  round  the  neck,  and  to  fasten  it  by  means 
of  a  brooch,  either  over  the  breast,  in  which  case  it  hung  down  the 
back,  reaching  to  the  calves  of  the  legs,  or  over  the  right  shoulder, 
so  as  to  cover  the  left  arm,  as  is  seen  in  the  well-known  example 
of  the  Belvidere  Apollo. — Conchylia  Coa.  "The  purples  of  Cos." 
Tiie  shell-fish  put  for  garments  coloured  with  the  dye  which  it 
yielded.  The  island  of  Cos  was  famed  for  its  purple  dye. — Par- 
rhasii.  l^arrhagius,  the  celebrated  painter,  was  a  native  of  Ephesus, 
and  contemporary  with  Zeuxis.  He  flourished  about  B.C.  400. — 
Myronis.  Myron,  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  Greek  statuaries, 
and  also  a  sculptor  and  engraver,  was  bom  at  Eleuthera;,  in  Boeo- 
tia,  about  B.C.  480. — Phidiacum  vivebat  ebur.  "  The  ivory  of  Phid- 
ias seemed  instinct  with  life."  Literally,  "  the  Phidian  ivory 
lived."  Phidiiis,  the  greatest  sculptor  and  statuary  of  Greece,  was 
a  native  of  Athens,  and  was  born  about  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  B.C.  490.  He  constructed  the  Propylaa  and  Parthenon. 
His  chief  works  were  the  statue  of  Minerva  in  the  Parthenon,  and 
that  of  Jupiter  at  OljTnpia.  Many  of  his  productions'  were  in  gold 
and  ivorj',  or  chryselephantine. — Polydeti  multus  labor.  "  Many  an 
elaborate  work  of  Polycletus."  Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  198. — 
IlariE  sine  Mentors  nicnsce.  "  Few  were  the  tables  without  a  Men- 
tor," i.  e.,  without  a  cup  of  Mentor's  chasing.  Mentor,  the  most 
celebrated  silver-chaser  among  the  Greeks,  must  have  flourished 
before  B.C.  3oG.  His  works  were  vases  and  cups,  and  were  most 
highly  prized  by  the  Romans.  Cicero  describes  the  efforts  made  by 
Vcrrcs  to  possess  himself  of  a  Mentor,  the  property  of  one  Diodorus 
(Terr.,  iv.,  38,  seqq.). 

105-112.  DolahelUi.  There  were  three  depredators  of  this  name. 
(1.)  Cn.  Cornelius  Dolabella,  impeached  by  Ca;sar  for  extortion  as 
proconsul  of  Macedonia,  but  acquitted.  (2.)  Cn.  Dolabella,  praj- 
tor  of  CiHcia,  accused  by  M.  Scaurus,  and  found,  guilty  of  a  like  of- 
.fence.  (3.)  P.  Cornelius  Dolabella,  Cicero's  son-in-law,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  who  seems  to  have  been  the  worst  of  the  thi«e. — 
Antonius.  C.  Antonius  Hybrida,  younger  son  of  Antonius  the  ora- 
tor, uncle  and  father-in-law  of  the  triumvir.  After  his  consulship, 
in  which  he  was  Cicero's  colleague  (B.C.  C3),  he  received  Macedo- 
nia as  his  province,  and  grievously  oj)pressed  it.  He  was  afterward 
condemned  and  banished,  probably  on  a  charge  of  rejtetundif. — Sa- 
crilegus.  This  epithet  is  purposely  reserved  for  Verres,  as  pre-emi- 
nently worthy  of  it.    Verres  was  prator  of  Sicily,  impeached  bj 


«) 


22 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


Cicero,  and  condemned.    It  is  satisfactory  to  find  that  at  last  he 
fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  same  detestable  rnj)acity  for  which  he  is  hero 
stigmatized,  being  proscribed  by  M.  Antony,  wlio  took  a  fancy  to 
his  Sicilian  rarities,  and  could  not  obtain  them  by  fair  means.— 
Navibus  altis.     "In   their   deeply-laden    ships."  —  Ofctt//a   sjiolia. 
They  called  them  "  spoils,"  and  yet  dared  not  show  them.—iVwrc* 
depace  triumphos.   "More  triumphs  from  peace  (than  were  ever  won 
from  war),"  ».  c,  more  plunder  and  ornamental  works,  such  as  usu- 
ally grace  a  triumph.— ^^  pater  amienti,  &c.     So  that  there  is  no 
longer  any  possibility  of  making  good  their  losses.-^Spectafnle. 
"Worth  looking  at."— /«  adicula.     "In  a  niche."     By  (fdicula  is 
properly  meant  a  shrine,  niche,  or  canopy,  with  a  frontispiece  sus- 
pended by  columns  constructed  within  the  cella  of  a  temple,  and 
under  which  the  statue  of  the  divinity  was  jilaced.— //<rc  etenim, 
&c     "For  these  arc  the  highest  prizes  (they  can  seize  upon),  since 
these  are  the  most  valuable  things  (the  others  ha^^)."    Summh  is 
to  be  taken  absolutely,  maxima  relatively.     The  whole  clause,  how- 
ever, savours  of  an  awkward  interpretation.     If  we  reject  it,  and 
read  unus  in  line  111  for  unicus,  we  can  connect  this  latter  line  with 
Despicias  tu  xh  the  112th,  and  make  a  very  desirable  change.    Man- 
so  recommends  that  lines  111  and  112  be  both  entirely  omitted, 

113-124.  Unctam.     "Essenced."     Equivalent  to  tt/j^tt«j/M  w,n(/oi- 
ten^    Corinth,  from  its  commercial  advantages,  acquired  immense 
wealth,  and  became,  in  consequence,  notorious  for  every  species  of 
luxury  and   debauchery.  — /Jmna/a  juventus.     "A   resin-smeared 
youth.**    A  species  of  resin  dissolved  in  oil  was  used  to  clear  the 
skin  of  superfluous  hairs.    (P/w.,  //.  iV.,  xiv.,  20.y-Leiui.    "  Depi- 
lated."     Opposed   to   horriiAi   in   the   following  line.  — //omVit. 
"Shaggv,"  t.  f.,  rough  and  uncombed,  and  of  hairy  frame.— Ga//(- 
cus  axis.     "The  Gallic  sky,"  t.  c,  the  climate  of  Gaul,  as  colder 
than  that  of  Rome,  and  breeding  fierce  men.      Axis  is  here  put 
poetically  for  calum.     Some  render  Gallicus  axis  "  the  Gallic  axle,** 
•*.  «.,  war-chariot.— Za/t«.     "  Coast.*'— J/<'«.9on7>u5.    The  "  reapers" 
here  meant  are  the  Africans,  from  whom  Rome  derived  her  princi- 
pal supply  of  com.—  Vacantem.     "  Having  leisure  only.**    It  was  the 
policy  of  the  Roman  emperors  to  amuse  the  i)eople  with  shows,  &c. 
Compare  Sat.  x^  80 :  "  Buas  tantum  res  anxius  optat,  Panem  tt  Cir- 
censes.**— Quanta  autem  inde,  &c.     But  if  you  do  commit  this  foul 
wrong,  what  will  you  gain  by  it,  seeing  that  Marius  lately  stripped 
the  impoverished  Africans  of  their  all  ?—Dirce.     Because  by  plun- 
dering Africa  you  stane  Rome.— iVar/tw.    Consult  note  on  Sat.  i., 
H.—Disdnxerit.     "Stripped.**     Dlscingere  properly  means  to  re- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


223 


move  the  girdle,  ungird.  This,  in  the  case  of  a  thinly-attired  race 
like  the  Africans,  passes  very  easily  into  the  cognate  meaning  of  to 
strip,  &c.—Fortihus  et  miscris.  "  Unto  those  avIio  are  bold  as  well 
as  wretched.*'— ^S/>o//aa*A-.  "  Unto  them,  even  though  plundered  of 
every  thing  else.'* 

125-134.  Quod  modo  proposui,  <tc.    "  What  I  haVc  just  set  forth 
is  no  mere  opinion  of  my  own.'* — Verum  est.  The  common  text  has 
verum  the  adverb,  without  est^  connected  in  construction  with  cre- 
dite.— Folium  SibyUve.     The  Cumazan  Sibyl  wrote  her  predictions 
on  palm  leaves. — -Si  tihi  sancta  coltors  comitum.    "  If  you  have  an  up- 
right retinue  of  followers."    The  cohors  comitum  were  the  persons 
composing  the  governor's  suite. — Nemo  Acersecomes.    "  No  minion 
with  unshorn  locks,"  t.  e.,  no  favourite  youth,  with  flowing  locks  like 
Bacchus  or  Apollo.     Acersecomes  is  a  Greek  term,  iiKepoeKufirjg, 
derived  from  d  priv.,  Kcipu,  "to  cut  short,"  and  Kofirjj  "the  hair." — 
Tribunal.    "Your  decisions  as  magistrate." — Conjugc.    The  avarice 
and  rapacity  of  the  women,  who  followed  their  husbands  to  their 
governments,  had  long  ere  this  become  a  serious  subject  of  com- 
plaint.    Before  the  time  of  Augustus,  the  women  rarely,  if  ever, 
went  abroad.    "Hiat  uxorious  emperor  took  Livia  with  him  in  most 
of  his  expeditions,  and  his  example  seems  to  have  had  a  pernicious 
effect ;  for,  in  the  succeeding  reign,  the  custom  was  grown  so  com- 
mon, and  so  oppressive  to  the  provinces,  that  Severus  Caecina  made 
a  motion  against  it  in  the  Senate.    {Tac,  Ann.,  iii.,  34.) — Per  con- 
vcntus.  "  Through  the  circuits,"  t.  c,  the  judicial  districts.    In  order 
to  facilitate  the  administration  of  justice,  a  jirovincc  was  divided 
into  a  number  of  districts  or  circuits,  each  of  which  was  called  con- 
ventusy  forum,  or  jurisdictio. —  Cel<eno.    "  Like  another  Cela;no,"  i.  €., 
Ilarpy-like.     Ceteno  was  one  of  the  Harpies,  the  daughters,  ac- 
cording to  Ilesiod,  of  Thaumas  by  the  Oceanid  Electra. —  Tunc  licet 
a  Pico,  &,c.    Then  you  are  welcome  to  boast  of  your  nobility,  and 
may  derive  it  from  as  early  a  source  as  you  choose. — Pico.    Picus 
was  a  Latin  prophetic  divinity,  and  the  father  of  Faunus.    In  some 
traditions  he  was  called  the  first  king  of  Italy. — Omnem  Titanida 
pugnam.    "  The  whole  host  of  the  Titans."    Literally,  "  the  whole 
Titan  conflict,"  ».  c,  every  Titan  that  engaged  in  the  conflict  with 
Jove.    The  contest  was  l)etween  Jove  and  Saturn  for  the  suprema- 
cy of  the  skies.    The  Titans  fought  for  Saturn,  who  was  one  of  their 
number. — Promethea.    rrometheus  was  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed among  the  Titans,  and  the  moulder  of  primaeval  man. — De  quo- 
cunque  voles  libro.    He  means  any  book  or  work  whatsoever,  in  which 
fabuloos  names  and  lesends  are  set  forth. 


I 

i 


224 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


the  blood  of  our  ;.llies,"  ,'. ..,  on  their  bloody  bucks.  Persons  eon" 
demned  to  death  were  first  scourged  by  the  lictors  and  then  be- 
headed.~//eA./...    -Blunted  by  constant  use."-Co«/ra  te  stare 

/ZIT  .?r^''f  ^''"'"  '•  ^"  '^  "^^  ^"  J"^^^"'  -g-'°«t  you  J 
I'u^dts.  "Your  shameful  deeds."  The  nobility  of  your  line  only 
serves  to  make  your  shameful  deeds  more  conspicuous,  and  to  ex- 
pose  them  m  a  clearer  lishU-. Con,^,ectius  crimen.  "The  more  clar- 
ing  cnmmahty.''_J/«>.  kal>eiur.  That  is,  in  exact  proportio^.  to 
the  rank  in  hfe  of  him  who  offends.-Q„o  mifu  te  solitum,  Jc,  .^^yh' 
vaunt  yourself  to  me,  accustomed  as  you  are  to  affix  your  seal  to 
forged  wills  HI  the  veiy  temples  which  your  grandsire  erected,"  ,'  . 
why  vaunt  your  pedigree  to  me?  you  that  are  accustomed,  &e 
Supply jactas.    The  sealing  and  witnessing  of  wills  was  usually  ,>er* 

afterward  directed.     A  forged  will  is  here  substituted  for  the  true 
one,  which  the  degenerate  noble  has  abstracted.    Wills,  af-.  l,einc. 

!X    ''w-r  T  "  ''"^^"'  "'^  ^^'^^^  valuables.-^..o.i.-o  rZ 
^       With  a  Santonic  cowl."    This  was  the  same  as  the  Bardo- 

ZftZT      ':  "  '''?'  ''  ^"'"^  ^^^^"^'^'  -^^^-  hood  attaced 
to  ,t   made  and  worn  by  the  Santones,  who  occupied  the  coast  of 

pete":  m  "'"'  ^^^^%«~  or  Garonne,     ke  name  oTt,^ 

^clases  were  erected  along  the  great  roads  leading  forth  fi;m 
Eom  .  such  as  the  Appian,  Flaminian,  and  Latin  Ways.     Compai. 

ttl    f  r*T,  ^'''''  ^'"'^  ^"""•^^^  "^^'"^^  ^h«  1«^  ^nd  depraved 

Trin:     t'Tr  °^'"^^^:  ^^  ^-^"^^^^^  -  ^h-^P--  ^-  chariot, 
eenng.    The  fashion  was  introduced  in  compliment  to  Nero.-Car, 

wheels   used  l"T'"T  "'','  '^'"'^  '^  ^"^^"^^  ^'^^"^^  -"»^  *-o 

"The  hi    f  IT  "  '"^  '^  *'"  hixurious.-/>/.,./,  Za^,,„^. 

The  bloated  Lateranus.''     Plautius  Lateranus  u  n.eant.     He  was 

condemned  to  death  by  the  Emperor  Claudius  (A.D.  48)  in  consc- 

the  br  n-lr  ^"^"»"%T.^^  '''"^^"^'  '"'  J'^^^«°^^  -  ---t  of 
Britain.  lie  was  deprived,  however,  of  his  rank  as  senator,  but  was 
aftenvard  restored  to  this  on  the  accession  of  Nero  in  A.D.  56.  Ten 
sZov   r  p'""' -7  ''"^'  ''°^"^  '''''^  ^^  'ook  part  in  the  con- 

have  r  '  '°^  ''"  ^"'  *'  ^'''^-     '^^^^  ^''^''^  I-^  «f  ^h-  M«S- 

them  nrTri  ^°  P^^'"  of  Xa/^a««.,  but  others,  and  among 
them  one  of  the  best,  give  the  latter  reading,  which  we  have  adop^ 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


225 


ed  with  Heinrich,  Jahn,  and  others,  and  so  again  in  line  151.  The 
Daraasippus  mentioned  in  line  185  is  a  quite  different  character.— 
Muito  sujffiamine.  "  With  the  frequent  drag-chain."  The  introduc- 
tion of  the  drag-chain,  as  Badham  remarks,  has  a  Iwjal  propriety: 
Home,  with  its  seven  hills,  had  just  so  many  necessities  for  the  fre- 
quent use  of  the  sufflamen. — Sed sidera  testes,  &c.  "But  the  stars 
strain  on  him  their  attesting  eyes."  Some  prefer  making  testes  here 
a  nominative. 

150-155.  Honoris.  "Of  elevated  office,"  i.e.,  the  consulship.— 
Xusquam.  Not  even  in  the  most  public  place. —  Trepidahit.  Takes 
an  accusative  here  by  a  poetic  and  rare  usage.  Compare  Sat.  x., 
21. — Ac  virga  prior  annuet.  "  And  will  be  the  first  to  give  him  the 
salute  with  his  whip."  This  is  called  in  Greek  KpooKwelv  ry  /luff- 
Tiyiy  an  expression  employed  by  Dio  Cassius,  in  speaking  of  Cara- 
calla,  when  that  emperor  appeared  as  a  charioteer,  and  saluted  the 
umpires  (Ixxvii.,  10).  The  term  prior  im[)lies  that  he  does  not  turn 
away  his  head  in  shame,  but  tries  to  catch  his  friend's  eye  by  the 
movement  of  his  whip. — Infmdet.  Theophrastus  makes  it  a  char- 
acteristic of  the  uypoiKoc,  or  boorish  man,  rolg  viro^vyiotg  IfiCaXelv 
Tuv  x^pTov.  (Oiaract.j  4.) — Ilordea.  Horses  in  Italy  are  fed  on 
barley,  not  on  oats.— Zawafa*.  "  The  woolly  victims."  Used  sub- 
stantively, like  lanigcr,  bidetis,  &c. — Rohumque juvencum.  "And  the 
red  steer."  Red  oxen  were  most  highly  valued.  We  have  given 
robum  here,  with  Orelli,  Madvig,  Jahn,  and  Mayor.  The  common 
text  has  torvum.  The  ejiithet  robiis  is  an  archaic  one,  and  pur- 
j)oscly  employed  here  to  harmonize  with  more  NumcE  in  the  succeed- 
ing line.  As  regards  its  meaning,  compare  the  words  of  Paulus  Di- 
aconus  (ed.  Lind.,  p.  134) :  "  Robum  rulro  colore  et  quasi  rufo  siy- 
nijicari,  nt  bovem  quoqiic  rttstici  appellant,  vianifestum  est.  . . . Ilinc  et 
homines  valentes  et  honi  coloris  robusti." 

15G-1G2.  More  Numce.  Numa  was  the  founder  of  the  Roman 
ritual.  The  consuls  offered  an  ox  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus  on  en- 
tering upon  their  office,  and  also  to  Jupiter  Latiaris  on  the  Alban 
Mount.  —  Eponam.  Epona  was  the  patron-goddess  of  grooms  and 
horses.  Images  of  her,  either  statues  or  paintings,  were  frequently 
seen  in  niches  of  stables.  Various  inscriptions  in  honour  of  her  are 
given  by  Orelli  (402,  1792,  seqq.).  Some  MSS.  give  Ilipponam,  ac- 
cording to  the  Greek  form  'innuvav,  omitting  solum.  Gifford  pre- 
fers this  latter  form  on  account  of  the  tameness,  as  he  thinks,  of 
the  epithet  solam.  But  solam  is  by  no  means  tame  here.  It  shows, 
on  the  contrary,  that,  even  amid  the  most  solemn  rites,  he  thinks 
of  her  alone,  and  that  all  his  thoughts  are  engrossed  by  horses  and 

K2 


226 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


NOTES   ON   SATi  Vlil. 


227 


stables.  — Faciei  olida,  &c.    Referring  to  rude  representations  of 
Epona  and  other  deities  painted  on  the  stalls.— 0//cia.     "  Rant"— 
Pervigiles  instaurare  j>opinas.     "To  repeat  his  visits  to  the  taverns 
open  all  night  long."— Obvius  assiduo,  &c.     "The  SjTO-Phcenician, 
wet  with  his  constant  perfumes,  runs  to  meet  him,  the  Syro-Phceni- 
cian  that  dwells  at  the  Idumaan  gate."     Under  the  Romans,  Phce- 
nice,  which  was  included  in  the  province  of  Syria,  received  the 
name  of  IvfxxpoiviKTi,  to  distinguish  it  from  Syria  proper.    It  com- 
prised the  narrow  strip  of  land  between  Mount  Lebanon  and  the 
Mediterranean,  from  Aradus  in  the  north  to  Carmcl  in  the  south. 
—Amomo.     Compare  Sat.  iv.,  108.  —  IdtmecB  porta.    The  gate  at 
Rome,  near  the  arch  of  Titus,  through  which  Vespasian  and  Titus 
entered  the  city  in  triumph  after  their  victories  in  Palestine.— //o«- 
pitis  affectu,     "  With  all  the  studied  courtesy  of  a  host."    That  the 
caujx>nes  invited  passers-by  to  enter  appears  from  Cicero,  ;>ro  Ghent., 
§  163.    The  Syro-Phoenicians  were  famous  for  their  insinuating  ad- 
dress.—C^a«c.    A  Coj>a  Sj/risca  (a  Syrian  female  castanet-danccr) 
accustomed  to  exhibit  in  taverns.- .Swcc/wc/a.     "  With  gown  tucked 
up,"  t.  c,  nimble,  active.    This  was  done  by  tightening  the  girdle. 
The  opposite  term  is  discinctus. 

1G4-172.  Desisti  nemfie.  "You  have  given  it  up,  you  mean  to 
say." ^  Ultra.  "Beyond  that  period."- Z?ra'c  sit  quod  turjntcr 
audes.  To  err  is  human,  but  to  persist  in  error  is  gross  folly.- 
Crimina.  "  Faults."- rAemaru/n.  These //*m««  were  connected 
with  and  formed  part  of  the  po;nn<e.  After  coming  out  of  the  bath, 
they  often  staid  and  drank  Imrd.  —  Inscripta  lintca.  "The  in- 
scribed linen  signs."  These  were  linen  curtains,  having  inscribed 
or  painted  on  them  what  was  for  sale  within.— ylmer«Vr.  Compare 
line  51.— /Vo-s/arc  Neronem,  &e.  Lateranus  is  in  the  prime  of  life ; 
he  has  vigour  enough  to  secure  Nero  from  aH  fear  of  foreign  cuc- 
inies.-3//«e  ostia,  &c.  "Pass  by  his  own  doors,  Casar,"  &c. 
Most  commentators  render  this,  "  Send  to  Ostia,  C^sar,"  .'.  e.,  send 
your  legatus  to  Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  to  take  command 
of  the  troops  for  foreign  service,  waiting  for  embarkation  there. 
But  if  this  were  the  meaning,  then,  as  Ileinrich  remarks,  ad  should 
be  expressed,  and  cither  Tiberina  added,  or  Os^tia  made  of  the  first 
declension.  The  true  idea,  therefore,  appears  to  be,  "Don't  in- 
quire for  your  general  at  his  own  abode  of  the  Ostiarius,  but  seek 
for  him  in  some  drinking  establishment. 

^173-182.  Percussore.  "  Cut  -  throat."  —  Fa6ro*  sandofnlarum. 
"  Cheap  coffin-makers."  The  rich  were  carried  out  to  burial  on  a 
kctui,  or  iectica/unebris ;  the  poor  in  a  coarse  and  common  kind  of 


open  coffin  or  bier,  called  sandapila.  This  was  used  also  for  the 
bodies  of  gladiators  who  had  been  slain  in  the  amphitheatre,  and 
also  for  malefactors. — Galli  resuphiati.  "  Of  some  priest  of  Cybele, 
lying  drunk  upon  his  back."  The  worship  of  Cybele  was  of  an  or- 
giastic character,  and  her  rites  became  closely  connected  with  those 
of  Dionysus  or  Bacchus.  At  Rome  the  Galli  were  her  priests. — 
Lectus  non  alius.  "  No  different  couch."  No  couch  is  more  hon- 
ourable than  the  rest,  as  at  private  banquets. —  Reniotior.  "Set 
more  aloof  from  the  herd."  —  Nempe.  "  Doubtless."  —  Lucanos. 
Slaves  were  sent  into  the  country  as  a  punishment,  and  were  kept 
there  at  hard  labour.  In  Lucania  and  Etruria,  as  well  as  other 
parts  of  Italy,  many  of  the  Roman  nobility  had .  extensive  estates 
worked  by  large  gangs  of  slaves.  —  Ergastula.  "Work-houses." 
The  ergastulum  was  a  j)rivate  prison  attached  to  most  Roman  farms, 
where  the  slaves  were  made  to  work  in  chains.  It  appears  to  have 
been  usually  under  ground.  The  slaves  confined  in  an  ergastulum 
were  also  emj)loycd  to  cultivate  the  fields  in  chains.  Slaves  who 
had  displeased  their  masters  were  punished  by  imprisonment  in  the 
crgastulutn;  aftd  in  the  same  place  all  slaves  who  could  not  be  dc- 
I)cndcd  upon,  or  were  barbarous  in  their  habits,  were  regularly  kept. 
—  Trojugcmv.  The  Roman  nobles  of  ancient  families  arc  meant. 
Compare  Sat.  i.,  ^^y.—Ccrdoni.  "Unto  a  low  mechanic."  Com- 
pare Sat.  iv.,  152. —  VoLsos.  Tlic  Volesi  were  sprung  from  one  of 
the  three  noble  Sabincs  who  settled  at  Rome  with  King  Tatius,  in 
the  reign  of  Romulus.  The  name  was  aftcnvard  changed  to  Vale- 
rii,  who  arc  here,  in  fact,  meant. 

183-187.  (luid,  si  nunquani,  &c.  The  idea  is.  What  will  you  say 
if,  after  the  examples  which  I  have  produced,  though  so  foul  and 
siiameful,  there  should  remain  still  worse  ones  ? — Damasipiye.  A 
fictitious  name.—  Voccjn  locasti  sipario.  "  You  hired  out  your  voice 
to  the  stage."  The  siparium  is  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  a 
jiiece  of  tapestry  stretched  on  a  frame,  which  rose  before  the  stage 
of  the  theatre,  and  consequently  answered  the  jiurposc  of  a  drop- 
scene  with  us,  although,  contrary  to  our  jjractice,  it  was  depressed 
when  the  play  began,  so  as  to  go  below  the  level  of  the  stage,  and 
M-as  raised  again  when  the  jKirformancc  was  concluded.  It  is  hero 
taken  figuratively  for  the  stage  itself.  Some,  however,  make  it  a 
kind  of  folding  screen.- C/a/nosMm  ageres,  &c.  "  To  act  the  noisy 
Phasma  of  Catullus."  Phasina,  or  the  "  Apparition,"  was  the  Greek 
title  of  a  mime,  composed  by  Q.  Luctatius  Catullus.  The  scholiast 
says  that  Damasippus  appeared  in  it  as  a  praco,  or  crier.  Others 
•uppose  that  the  character  personated  by  him  raised  a  loud  cry  at 


228 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  VIII. 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  VIII. 


229 


I! 


III 


the  sight  of  the  apparition.— Zattreo/«;/i  vetox,  &c.  "  Lentulus,  light 
of  heel,  also  acted  well  the  part  of  Laureolus."  Tliis  is  supposed  to 
be  uttered  by  Damasippus  in  self-defence.  He  cites  the  instance 
of  another  noble  who  appeared  on  the  stage  in  a  mime,  the  princi- 
pal character  in  which  was  a  captain  of  a  band  of  robbers  named 
Laureolus,  who  was  represented  as  affixed  to  a  cross,  and  torn  to 
pieces  by  wild  beasts.— Z/ir^/ma  vera  cruce.  Richly  deserving  to  bo 
crucified  in  earnest  for  turning  actor  ui)on  a  public  stage.  °Those 
who  appeared  on  the  stage  became  infames. 

188-19-t.  Nee  tamen  ijjsi,  &c.     Lentulus  and  other  nobles,  who 
thus  degrade  themselves,  may  \ye  most  to  blame,  yet  even  the  spec 
tators  are  not  to  be  excused.     If  they  had  any  shame  they  would 
not  sit  out  such  plays.     For  the  people  themselves  are  degraded  in 
the  voluntary  degradation  of  their  superiors.— Z)Mr/or.     "  Is  still 
more  hardened."- rr/*a,ma.    "The  gross  buftboncrics."    The  i»re- 
fix  tri  has  a  superlative  force.     Compare  trircneJica.—P/uNijHjcIis 
audit  Fnbios.     "Who  listen  to  the  bare-footed  Fabii."    The  epi- 
thet plinipes  is  applied  to  an  actor  in  the  mime,  who  received 
this  designation  because  he  came  upon  the  stage  with  naked  feet; 
that  is,  without  either  the  cothurnus  or  soc^s.-Mamercorum  aUijxil 
"  The  slaps  on  the  faces  of  the  Mamerci."    The  Mamerci  were  a 
noble  family  of  the  iKmilian  gens.     The  whole  gens  traced  its  de. 
scent  from  Mamercus,  a  son  of  Numa.  -  Qt/««//  sua  funcra,  &c, 
"What  difference  does  it  make  at  how  high  a  price  thev  sell  their 
own  obsequies."     Commentators  generally  refer  the  words  sua  fane- 
ra  to  gladiatorial  exhibitions,  and  hence  the  usual  translation  i<» 
"  at  how  high  a  price  they  sell  their  lives."     The  explanation  given 
by  Madvig,  however,  is  far  preferable.     When  these  nobles  sell, 
that  IS,  hire  out  their  senices  to  the  public  stage,  thev  not  only  give 
the  death-blow  to  the  glory  of  their  own  line,  but,  being  themselves 
dead,  as  it  were,  to  all  sense  of  shame,  their  appearance  as  actors 
amounts  virtually  to  a  celebration  of  their  own  obsequies.     Nor 
does  the  circumstance  of  their  receiving  high   theatrical   wa-'es 
afford  any  palliation;  the  act  on  their  part  is  voluntan-.  and  not 
brought  about  by  compulsion  from  any  tyrant.-iV«//o  cogcnte  Ncrone 
According  to  Suetonius  {Ner.,  12),  Nero,  on  one  occasion,  compelled 
400  senators  and  600  eqiiites  to  exhibit  in  the  arena  of  the  public 
Mnphithcatre.    Lipsius,  however,  with  great  probabilitv,  conjectures 
that  the  trne  numbers  are  40  and  60  respectively.-.V.c  duiitant, 
'    /^''  ^'"*'  ^'  generally  regarded  as  an  awkward  interpolation. 
r-Celst  pratoris.     "Of  the  praetor  seated  on  high."    The  pnetor 
pow,  as  formerly  the  a>dile,  superintended  the  games  of  the  circus 


and  the  theatrical  representations.     The  person  who  exhibited  the 
games,  &c.,  sat  on  a  place  elevated  like  a  puli)it  or  tribunal. 

li)5-ll>i>.  Finge  tamen  gladios,  &c.     *' Imagine,  however,  on  the 
one  hand,  the  swords  (of  a  tyrant),  and  i)lace,  on  the  other,  the  stage. 
AVhich  is  the  better  alternative  ?"    To  show  how  utterly  disgraceful 
is  this  appearing  on  a  public  stage,  the  poet  says  that  even  death  it- 
self, in  case  you  refused  to  obey  an  order  so  to  appear,  would  be  in- 
finitely preferable.     Some  commentators  refer  gladios  here  to  gladi- 
atorial exhibitions,  and  make  the  meaning  to  be  that  even,  to  lose 
one's  life  as  a  public  gladiator  is  better  than  to  appear  as  an  actor. 
We  have  followed  Madvig's  interj^retation,  which  is  the  only  true 
one. — Mortem  sic  quisquam  exhorruit,  &c.     The  idea  is.  Who  would 
be  such  a  craven  as  not  rather  to  forfeit  existence  than  to  appear  as 
an  actor,  and  associate  with  so  vile  a  crew  as  the  performers  of  the 
jjiy  Y—Zehfypus  T/iymeks,  &c.     "  The  jealous  husband  of  Thymele, 
the  fellow-actor  of  the  stupid  Corinthus."     Two  actors  are  here 
given  as  a  fair  specimen  of  the  whole  histrionic  fraternity,  with 
whom  it  would  be  such  degradation  to  associate.     The  first  of  these 
is  Latinus,  of  whom  mention  is  made  in  Sat.  i.,  34  ;  the  other  is 
Corinthus,  a  sort  of  theatrical  buflbon  or  harlequin. — Res  hand  mira 
tamen,  <tc.    No  wonder,  however,  that  a  nobleman  in  the  reign  of 
Nero,  who  turned  harper  himself,  should  be  influenced  by  and  fol' 
low  the  example  of  that  emperor.     The  object  of  the  poet  here  is  tf» 
show  the  mischief  which  results  from  the  example  of  princes. — 
Citfiaraxlo  prindjte.     "When  a  prince  turns  harper."    The  allusion 
is  to  Nero,  and  his  public  appearance  as  a  citharoedus. — Ilac  ultra^ 
quid  erit,  &c.     What  will  there  be  beyond  this  but  a  gladiatorial 
exhibition  ?"  i.  e.,  to  crown  all  this,  what  is  left  but  some  disgrace- 
ful exhibition,  on  the  part  of  our  nobles,  as  gladiators  in  the  amphi- 
tlieatre  ?     Ludus  properly  means  the  gladiatorial  school,  in  which 
the  gladiators  were  trained  by  the  lanista.     Comi)are  Cic.  in  Cat., 
ii.,  9. — Et  illud  dedccus,  &c.     "  And  that  disgrace  of  the  city  you 
(already)  have."     There  is  no  futurity  about  it,  but  it  is  actually 
present. 

200-210.— 3/'V/«t7/o;/i.<f.  The  Mirmi Hones  were  a  class  of  gladia- 
tors usually  matched  in  combat  with  the  Thraces  or  the  Iletiarii, 
They  wore  the  Gallic  helmet,  with  the  image  of  a  fish  {fiopfiQ.ogy 
whence  their  name)  for  the  crest.  Gracchus  did  not  appear  as  one 
of  these,  because  the  face  was  concealed  by  a  vizor,  and  his  unblush- 
ing impudence  courted  notoriety. — Nee  clypeoy  &c.  "Nor  (as  a 
Thracian)  fighting  with  shield  or  uplifted  faulchion."  A  second 
class  of  gladiators  are  here  meant,  distinct  from  the  first,  and  called 


230 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


Thracians  from  their  being  armed  like  the  natives  of  Thrace.  They 
had  the  small  Thracian  shield,  and  a  short  sword  with  a  cur\'ed 
blade  and  sharp  point.  Gracchus  did  not  appear  either  as  one  of 
these,  for  the  same  reason  as  already  given.—- Z'awi^a/  tales  habitus. 
Because  they  conceal  the  visage. — Nee  galea  faciem  abscondit.  He 
appears  as  a  Retiarius.  This  name  was  given  to  a  gladiator  who 
wore  no  helmet  nor  any  body-armour,  but  was  equipped  with  a  net 
(re/e,  whence  his  name)  and  a  heavy  trident,  or  three-pronged  fork. 
Ilis  art  consisted  in  casting  the  net  over  the  head  of  his  adversary, 
generally  a  Secutor^  with  whom  he  was  matched  ;  and  then,  if  he 
succeeded  in  his  throw,  he  attacked  his  opponent  with  his  trident. 
Gracchus  appeared  as  one  of  these  because  there  was  no  covering 
for  the  head,  and  the  face  was  fully  exposed  to  view. — Nequidqvam 
effudlt.  "  He  has  cast  without  eftcct."  If  the  Retiarius  failed  in 
his  throw,  having  no  defensive  armour,  he  immediately  took  to 
flight,  and  endeavoured  to  collect  his  net  for  a  second  cast  before  he 
could  be  overtaken  by  his  adversarj',  who  pursued  him  round  the 
arena,  and  hence  was  called  sccutor. — Spectacula.  "The  specta- 
tors."— Afpioscendus.  "  Easy  to  be  recognized." — Credamus  tunica: 
If  any  one  still  entertain  doubts  whether  the  personage  thus  mov- 
ing in  the  arena  be  Gracchus,  a  Koman  nobleman,  and  is  not  satis- 
fied with  the  view  of  his  visage,  let  him  give  credence  to  his  tunic. 
Gracchus  was  one  of  the  priesthood  denominated  Salii,  or  priests  of 
Mars,  and,  as  such,  wore  an  embroidered  tunic  with  a  gold  fringe 
around  the  border,  and  also  a  tall  conical  cap,  fastened  under  the 
chin  by  a  gold  band  of  twisted  work. — De/aiuibus  aurea,  &c.  "  Since 
the  golden  band  of  twisted  work  reaches  upward  from  his  chin,  and 
is  tossed  to  and  fro  from  his  tall  cap." — Sequutor.  "  The  Secutor." 
Compare  note  on  nequidquam  effudit. 

212-220.  Senecam  praferre  Nerom.  There  is  generally  supposed 
to  be  an  allusion  here  to  the  plot  of  Subrius  Flavius  to  assassinate 
Nero  by  the  aid  of  Piso,  and  then  to  cut  off  Piso  and  make  Seneca 
emperor.  It  was  believed  that  Seneca  was  pri^7  to  it.  Comi)are 
Tac.y  Ann.y  xv.,  C5. — Non  delmit  una  parari,  &c.  The  punishment  of 
parricides  was  to  be  scourged  till  they  bled,  and  then  to  be  sewn  up 
in  a  sack  (culeus)  with  a  dog,  cock,  viper,  and  ajHj,  and  to  be  thrown 
into  the  sea  if  the  sea  was  at  hand,  and  if  not,  by  a  constitution  of 
Hadrian  they  were  exposed  to  wild  beasts,  or,  in  the  time  of  PuuU 
lus,  to  be  burned.  The  ape  would  appear  to  be  a  late  addition. 
Among  the  Romans,  the  crime  of  parricide  was  extended  to.  the 
killing  of  a  brother,  sister,  uncle,  aunt,  and  many  other  relations 
enumerated  by  Marcianus.    (Diy.  49,  tit.  9,  s.  1.)    Nero  murdered 


|i^ 


,  -r. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII, 


231 


his  mother  Agrippina,  his  aunt  Domitia,  both  his  wives,  Octavia  and 
Poppa^a,  his  brother  Britannicns,  :«id  several  other  relations.   Hence 
the  propriety  of  Juvenal's  language,  "non  ma^  &o.-Par  Agamem- 
nonidcB  crimen.    Alluding  to  Orestes,  who  slew  his  mother  Clytem- 
naestra.    There  was  a  well-known  verse  current  at  Rome  in  Nero's 
days :  Ntpuv,  'Opiam, ' kTiKfiaiuv,  firjTpoKTovoi.— Causa.    "  The  mo- 
tive."—Z>e*«  auctoribus.     Orestes  acted  by  direction  of  Apollo.— 
Inter  pocula.    Juvenal  follows  the  Homeric  account,  according  to 
which  JEgisthus  innted  Agamemnon,  on  his  return  home,  to  a  re- 
past, and  had  him  and  his  companions  treacherously  murdered 
during  the  feast.     In  iEschylus,  a  bath  is  the  scene  of  the  murder. 
^Sednec  Electro',  &c.    He  never  imbrued  his  hands  in  the  blood 
of  a  sister  or  a  wife.    Orestes  married  his  cousin  Hermione,  daugh- 
ter of  Menelaus   and  UelQU.—Conjugii.     For  covjugis.—Aconita. 
Nero  poisoned  Britaunicus,  Domitia,  and  Antonia ;   he  twice  at- 
tempted to  poison  his  mother,  but  she  was  secured  by  antidotes. 
lie  thought  of  poisoning  the  whole  Senate.    (Sucf.,  Ner.,  43.)— //i 
sccna.    Before  singing  on  the  stage  in  the  public  theatres,  Nero 
practised  in  a  private  theatre. 

221-223.   Troica  non  scripsit.    "  He  never  wrote  a  poem  on  Tro- 
jan'^evems!"    Among  his  other  follies,  Nero  composed  an  epic  poem 
entitled  Troica,  which  he  recited  publicly  in  the  theatre.    (Dio  Cass., 
Ixii    29.)     On  Nero's  poems,  consult  Tacitus,  Ann.,  xiii.,3;  xiv., 
16,  &c.     Some  affirmed  that  he  was  not  the  author  of  the  works 
which  went  by  his  name,  but  Suetonius  (Ner.,  52)  had  seen  some 
originals,  with  erasures  and  corrections,  all  in  his  handwriting.— 
Quid  enim  Vergiuius,  &c.    Ironical.    What  crime,  of  all  that  Nero 
committed  in  his  cruel  tvranny,  more  called  for  vengeance  than  the 
haring  composed  so  stupid  a  poem?-TV^/«iu5.-L.Verginius  Ru- 
fus,  consul  A.D.  C3,  was  governor  of  Germania  Superior  A.D.  08, 
when  Julius  Vindcx,  propraetor  of  Gaul,  i^se  against  Nero.  Vindex 
haring  offered  Galba,  governor  of  Hispania  Tarraconcnsis,  the  em- 
pire, Galba  also  revolted.    Verginius  marched  against  Vindex.    At 
Vesontio  (Besani^on)  the  two  generals  had  a  conference,  and,  it  was 
said,  agreed  to  unite  against  Nero.     Owing  to  a  mistake,  however, 
their  armies  joined  battle,  and  Vindex,  being  defeated,  fell  by  his 
own  hand.  Verginius  aftenvard  repeatedly  refused  the  empire.    He 
lived  until  A.D.  97,  when  his  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by 
Tacitus,  who  was  consul  that  year.     Pliny  the  younger,  his  neigh- 
bour and  ward,  speaks  of  him  in  the  highest  terms  of  praise.— Ca/^a. 
Successor  to  Nero  in  the  eminre.-Qnod  Nero,  &c.    The  common 
text  ends  the  previous  line  with  a  mark  of  interrogation,  and  has 
here  Quid  Nero,  commencing  a  new  interrogative  sentence. 


*< 


rf 


n 


232 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


233 


224-230.  Generosi  princi/ns.    "  Of  a  high-born  prince."  Ironical. 
^Gaudentis  fmh,  &c.     "  Delij^hiinj;  to  have  liis  high  rank  prosti- 
tuted by  disnrraceful  singing  on  a  foreign  stage,  and  to  have  earned 
the  parsley  of  the  Grecian  crown."    We  have  adopted  cantu,  with 
Jahn  and  Mayor,  as  preferable  to  saltu,  the  more  common  reading. 
Nero  was  in  Greece  A.D.  G7,  into  which  year  he  crowded  all  the 
Grecian  games.     He  received  no  less  than  1800  crowns,  partly  in 
compliment,  and  partly  for  his  so-called  victories  at  these  games ; 
and  on  his  return  to  Rome  he  entered  the  city  in  triumph,  wearing 
on  his  head  an  Olympic  crown  of  wild  olive,  and  bearing  in  his 
hand  a  Pythian  crown  of  bay,  while  he  had  the  catalogue  of  his 
victories  Iwrne  before  him.     The  parsley  crown  mentioned  in  the 
text  had  special  reference  to  the  musical  contests  connected  with 
the  Nemean  games,  in  which  games  a  crown  of  parsley  was-  the 
prize.— //,.v^7;,*a.    "The  trophies."    Ironical.    The  Romans  used  to 
hang  their  insignia  around  the  pedestals  of  their  ancestors'  statues, 
or,  if  there  were  no  statues,  they  appended  them  to  the  imagines  in 
the  atrium.— Domiti.    Domitius  was  the  name  of  l)otli  the  father  ami 
grandfather  of  Xero.     His  father  was  Domitius  Ahcnobari)us,  gov- 
ernor of  Transalpine  GsLVxX.—  ThycsUv.    Vindex  also  chargedNero 
with    ai)pearing   in   this    character   {Dio  Cass.,  Ixiii.,  9).— 5yr/«a. 
"The  long  trailing  robe."     The  surma  (m^p^a)  was  a  long  robe, 
trailing  on  the  ground,  more  particularly  worn  ui)on  the  tragic  stage 
by  actors  who  performed  the  parts  of  divine  or  heroic  pci^onages. 
It  was  intended  to  give  grandeur  and  dignity  to  the  person,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  conceal  the  unsightly  aj.jKiarance  of  the  high-soled 
buskin,  or  cothurnus,  at   the  back  of  the  actor.— Antigomr.     Nero 
himself  wrote  a  tragedy  named  Antigone— J^crsonam  Mcnalippcs. 
"  The  mask  of  Melanippe."     Mclanipije,  daughter  of  ^Eolus  and 
Eurjdice,  l)ore  to  Neptune^ twins,  iEolus  and  Boeotus.    Two  of  the 
tragedies  of  Euripides  borj  her  name.— TLV  de  marmoreo,  &c.     Not 
the  colossal  statue  (120  feet  high)  of  Nero  himself,  which  stood  in 
the  vestibule  of  the  golden  house  (Suet.,  Ner.,  31),  for  this  was  of 
brass,  but  most  probably  the  statue  of  a  Domitius.    Some  commen- 
tators, misled  by  a  passage  in  Suetonius  (A'cr.,  12),  suppose  the  statue 
of  Augustus  to  be  meant,  but  the  reference  there  is  to  a  crown,  not 
to  the  lyre  itself. 

231-236.  Tuis  natalihus.  "  Tlian  thy  lineage."  Catiline  was  the 
descendant  of  an  ancient  patrician  family,  which  had  sunk  into  pov- 
erty. His  great-grandfather  and  his  great-great-grandfather  both 
bore  the  name  of  M.  Sergius  Silo,  and  were  both  distinguished  men. 
-^Cethegi.    Cethegus  also  was  descended  from  an  old  patrician  line. 


Compare.  Horace  (£>.  ad  Pis.,  50),  ''cinctutis  Cethegis:'—Arma  ta- 

men,  &c.    Compare  Pint.,  Cic,  18  ;  Ck.,  Cat.,  iii.,  U,  &c. ;  Sail.,  Cat., 

43  &c.—  Ut  Draccatormn  pueri,  &c.  "As  though  you  had  been  the  sons 

of  the  bracca-wearing  Gauls  and  the  descendants  of  the  Senones," 

i.e.  of  the  hereditary  and  inveterate  enemies  of  Rome.     The  Latin 

term  bracca  is  the  same  as  the  Scottish  "  breeks"  and  the  English 

"breeches."    They  were  a  kind  of  trowsers  or  pantaloons  worn  by 

the  Gauls  and  many  other  ancient  nations.     Braccata,  however, 

was  a  name  specially  given  by  the  Romans  to  what  was  afterward 

the  Provincia  Narbonensis,  and  the  allusion  in  the  text  appears  to 

be  particularly  to  the  Allobroges,  a  Gallic  people  in  this  quarter, 

who  had  been  invited,  through  their  ambassadors,  to  join  in  the 

conspiracy  of  C&tiVmc.  —  Senonum.     The  Senones  in  Gaul  were 

bounded  by  the  Parisii  on  the  north,  and  the  -^dui  on  the  south. 

Their  name  still  sur\ives  in  that  of  the  town  Sens.     A  band  of 

them  settled  on  the  Adriatic,  between  Ravenna  and  Ancona.    Tliis 

was  the  nation  which  took  and  burned  Rome,  R.C.  SdO.— Tunica 

violesta.     "  With  the  tunic  of  torture."     Consult  note  on  Sat.  i., 

UO.—Sed  vigilat  consul.     On  the  night  of  the  1st  of  November, 

B.C.  C3,  Catiline  had  planned  an  attempt  on  Cicero,  who,  however, 

frustrated  his  purpose.     Compare  Cic,  Cat.,  1,  8:  '' Jntelliges  multo 

me  vigilare  acrius  ad  salutem,  quam  te  adperniciem  reipublicir .'' 

237-243.  llic  vovus  Arpinas.  "  This  *  new  man'  of  Arpinum." 
Cicero  was  a  native  of  Arpinum,  and  of  equestrian,  not  patrician 
origin.  The  appellation  "  novus  homo''  was  applied  by  the  Romans 
to  a  plebeian  who  first  attained  a  curulc  office,  and  was  the  founder 
of  his  family's  nobilitas.  Metellus  Nepos,  in  a  debate  with  Cicero, 
often  asked,  "Who  is  your  father?"  (Plut.,  Cic,  2G).—Mmiicipalis. 
A  term  applied  to  a  native  of  a  vmnidpium.  There  were  various 
kinds  ofmunicipes,  some  enjoying  the  full  rights  of  Roman  citizens, 
others  only  a  portion  of  such  rights.  Tlie  natives  of  Arpinum  be- 
longed to  the  former  class.  The  term  muniapalis  would  be  em- 
ployed by  a  Roman  noble  with  a  mcar.—Galeatum  j>onit,  &c.  The 
Roman  knights,  under  Atticus,  were  stationed  by  Cicero  in  the 
Capitol.  Sestius  also  brought  troops  from  Capua.  {Cic,  Ep.  ad 
Att.,  ii.,  1,  6 ;  pro  Sest.,  U.^-Attonitis.  "  For  the  bewildered  cit- 
izens, "-/n  omni  monte.  This  is  the  reading  of  the  scholiast,  and 
is  adopted  by  Jahn.  The  common  text  has  in.  omni  gente,  which 
commentators  explain  by  de  omnipopulo.  Our  reading,  however,  is 
far  suiKirior,  and  is  the  same  as  in  tota  urhe.  Another  reading  is 
in  omniponte,  in  allusion  to  the  arrest  of  the  ambassadors  of  the  Al- 
lobroges at  the  Mulvian  bridge.— To^a.     "The  peaceful  toga." 


n 


234 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


I 


The  toga  was  the  robe  of  peace,  the  sagum  the  cloak  of  war.  The 
reference  U  to  Cicero  in  his  civil  capacity  as  magistrate. — Leucade. 
"From  Leucadia."  The  reference  is  to  the  battle  of  Actium.  Leu- 
cadia,  now  Santa  Maura,  an  island  oft'  the  western  coast  of  Acama- 
nia,  was  in  reality  240  stadia  distant  from  Actium,  but  is  hero  put 
poetically  for  the  scene  of  the  conflict  itself.  —  Thessalue  campis. 
The  battle  of  Philippi  is  meant ;  but  there  is  either  an  error  in  ge- 
ography here,  by  which  Philippi  is  confounded  with  Pharsalia,  or 
else  Thessaly  is  put  by  a  bold  poetic  license  for  Thrace.  Merivalo 
(Hist.  Rom.  Enip.^  iii.,  214)  charges  the  Roman  writers  with  direct 
error  in  making  the  battle  of  Philippi  to  have  been  fought  on  the 
same  spot  as  the  battle  of  Pharsalia. — AbstuUt.  Supply  wow,  from 
the  previous  clause.  —  Udo  coedibus  assiduis  gladio.  These  words 
are  supposed  by  some  to  refer  to  the  brutal  cruelty  of  Augostug 
after  the  battle. 

244-253.  Patrem  Patriiv.  This  title  was  first  given  to  Cicero  by 
Catulus,  in  the  Senate  (Cic.  pro  Sest.y  121). — Arpinas  alius.  The 
celebrated  Caius  Marius.  Cicero  often  names  him  as  his  fellow- 
townsman.  Marius  was  bom  at  the  village  of  Cereatie,  near  Ar- 
pinum,  B.C.  157. —  Volscorum.  Arpinum  belonged  originally  to  the 
Volsci,  afterward  to  the  Samnites,  from  whom  it  was  wrested  by  the 
Romans. — Poscere  viercedes.  "  To  ask  for  his  wages."  So  indigent 
is  the  family  represented  to  have  been  from  which  the  future  saviour 
of  Rome  arose,  that  young  Marius  is  said  to  have  worked  as  a  com- 
mon peasant,  for  wages,  before  he  entered  the  ranks  of  the  Roniaii 
army. — Nodosamfrangebat,  &C.  "  lie  broke  the  knotted  vine-sap- 
ling with  his  head,"  t.  e.,  he  had  it  broken  about  his  head.  The 
vine-sapling  was  the  centurion's  baton  of  ofiice,  as  well  as  his  in- 
strument of  punishment. —  Cimhros.  Alluding  to  the  famous  inroad 
of  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones.  They  defeated  successively  six  con- 
sular armies,  until,  in  the  end,  they  were  conquered  by  Marius,  B.C. 
101,  in  the  Campi  Raudii,  near  Vercellaj. — Exdpit.  "  Sustains," 
t.  «.,  braves. — Stragem.  The  Cimbri  arc  said  to  have  lost  in  the  bat- 
tle with  Marius  100,000,  or  even  140,000  men.— A/q/ora  cadavcra. 
The  Cimbri,  like  the  Germans,  were  remarkable  for  their  stature. 
—Nobilis  coliega.  **  His  nobly-born  colleague."  Q.  Lutatius  Catu- 
lus, consul  with  Marius  B.C.  102.  Juvenal  follows  the  popular  opin- 
ion, which  gave  to  Marius  the  whole  merit  of  having  saved  Rome. 
Another  version,  however,  derived  confessedly  from  the  comment- 
aries of  Sulla,  and  probably  also  from  the  historical  work  of  Catu- 
lus himself,  gives  the  whole  honour  of  the  victory  to  the  latter.  The 
testimony  of  these  two  authorities,  h.owever,  cannot  be  received  with 
confidence,  since  they  were  bitter  enemies  of  Marius. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


235 


254-2G0.  Piebeia/uerunt  nointna.  "  Their  very  names  were  ple- 
beian."— Pro  totui  legtonibus,  &c.  The  father,  son,  and  grandson  all 
bore  the  name  of  P.  Uecius  Mus,  and  all  devoted  themselves  for 
their  country,  the  first  in  a  war  with  the  Latins,  the  second  in  one 
with  the  Gauls,  the  third  in  that  with  PjTrhus.  Compare  Arnold, 
Hist.  Rom.,  ii.,  509. — Pro  totis  legionibus,  &c.  The  legions  were  Ro- 
man, the  auxiliaries  were  the  forces  of  the  allies,  the  Latin  youth 
were  the  flower  of  Latium. — Suffidunt  dis  in/emis,  &c.  Juvenal 
comes  very  near  the  formula  of  self-devotion  given  in  Li>7^viii.,  C) : 
*^  Exercitum  Diis  Manibus  viatrique  terrce  deberij'^  It  was  believed 
that  if  a  leader  would  consent  to  this  sacrific(i  of  himself,  the  mis- 
fortunes which  impended  over  the  combatants  would  all,  by  this  pi- 
ous and  patriotic  act,  be  transferred  to  the  foe. — Pluris  enim  Deciif 
&c.  "For  the  Decii  were  more  highly  valued  by  them."  Supply 
erant. — AncilUi  natus,  &c.  The  allusion  is  to  Senius  Tullius,  who 
was  the  son  of  Ocrisia  or  Ocriculana,  a  captive  from  Comiculum. 
His  mother  became  a  female  slave  of  Tanaquil,  the  wife  of  Tar- 
quinius  Priscus. — Trabeam.  The  trabea  was  a  white  robe  with  a 
border,  and  broad  horizontal  stripes  (trabes')  of  purple,  worn  by  the 
Roman  kings,  and  afterward  by  the  consuls.  Ser^'ius  (adyEn.,  vii., 
C12)  mentions  three  kinds  of  trabea;  one  wholly  of  purple,  which 
was  sacred  to  the  gods ;  another  of  purj^le  and  white,  worn  by  the 
kings  and  consuls,  and  also  by  the  equites ;  and  another  of  purple 
and  saffron,  which  belonged  to  augurs.  The  consuls  wore  the  tra- 
bea in  public  solemnities,  such  as  opening  the  temple  of  Janus. 
The  equites  likewise  wore  it  at  the  transvectio,  and  on  other  public 
occasions.  Hence  the  trabea  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  badges  of 
the  equestrian  order. — Diadema.  The  diadcma  of  the  ancient  kings 
was  a  fillet  or  ribbon,  not  a  crown. — Meruit.  "  Won." — llegum  tUti- 
mus  iile  bonorum.  *'That  last  of  good  kings."  He  was  succeeded 
by  Tarquinius  Supcrbus. 

261-208.  Laxabant.  "  Attempted  to  loosen."  Observe  the  force 
of  the  imperfect. — Juvenes  ipsius  consuiis.  The  sons  of  Brutus,  put 
to  death  by  their  own  father's  sentence  for  this  nefarious  conspira- 
cy against  the  new-bom  liberties  of  their  country. — Magnum  aliquid. 
"  Some  glorious  achievement." — Coclite.  Horatius  Codes  kept  the 
troops  of  Porsena  at  bay  while  the  bridge  was  broken  down  behind 
him,  and,  when  this  was  done,  he  plunged  into  the  Tiber  and  re- 
joined his  comrades. — Mticius.  Mucins  Scajvola,  baring  assassina- 
ted the  secretary  of  King  Porsena  instead  of  the  monarch  himself, 
thnist  his  right  hand  into  the  fire  on  the  altar,  and  held  it  there 
without  flinching. — Et  quce,  &c.    Clojlia,  who  had  been  given  as  a 


,h  M 


m 


fll 


II 


236 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  VIII. 


hostage  to  the  Tuscans,  made  licr  escape,  and  swam,  on  horseback 
across  the  Tiber,  which  then  divided  the  Etrurian  and  Roman  ter- 
ritones  -/„,;,.r,/>e^.     After  the  surrender  of  the  city  {dedita  urbe 
racJhsL,  iii.,  72)  to  Torsena,  the  Romans  lost  thci'r  territory  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river.     {Niebuhr,  R.  JJ.^  i.,  54e.)-Servus 
A  slave  of  the  Aquilii,  who  were  among  the  conspirators  to  restore 
the  Tarqums.-,]/a/ro«w  iufferidus.     When  Brutus  died,  the  Roman 
matrons  mourned  a  whole  year  for  him,  as  for  a  parent.     Of  like 
honour  t.his  slave  was  deemed  worthy.    But  the  sons  of  Brutus  died 
by  public  execution,  after  having  been  flogged  like  slaves.-Z:...;« 
pruna  securi^     The.first  legal,  as  opposed  to  arbitrary-  execution. 
^0 J-.  /  a.  Malo  jHiter  tibi,  &c.     The  concluding  idea  of  the  Satire 
19  given  as  follows  by  Ilolyday :  It  were  better  to  be  the  son  of  an 
umvorthy  Thersitcs,  so  that  one's  self  were  an  Achilles,  than  to  be 
a  Thersites,  though  one  were  the  son  of  an  Achilles.     But,  savs  he 
by  way  of  jeer,  to  the  noblest  Roman,  thou  canst  not  properiv  de' 
nve  thyself  better  than  from  the  company  which  assembled  at  Rom- 
ulus s  ^y\um.^yEacida,     A  Homeric  name  of  Achilles,  son  of 
Peleus,  the  son  of  yEacus.     Achilles  is  contrasted  with  Thersitcs 
as  being  not  only  the  bravest,  but  the  fairest  of  the  Greeks  -  IW- 
camaarrna.     Made  by  Vulcan,  at  the  request  of  Thetis,  to  supply 
the  place  of  those  lost  with  Patroclus.- AV  tan.en,  &c.     If  you  were 
indeed  nobly  born,  it  would  avail  you  little;  in  fact,  however,  your 
pedigree  be  it  as  long  as  it  may,  ends  at  last  in  a  shepherd  or  a 
bandit  of  the  asylum.     (Mayor,  ad  loc.y-Ut  longe,  &c.     «  However 
far  you  go  back,  and  however  far  you  trace  your  name."    Supply 
ut  with  the  second  longe.-Deduds.     "  Vou  do  but  derive. "-/«/«;«/ 
asylo     Romulus,  according  to  the  legend,  in  order  to  augment  the 
number  of  his  subjects,  established  an  asvlum  or  sanctuary  for  the 
reception  of  all  who  would  fly  thither  from  ser^•itude,  from  debt,  or 
trom  justice.-Pa5/or.     Romulus  and  Remus  were  shepherds,  and 
80  were  their  immediate  followers.--.l«;  Uhd  quod  dicere  nolo.    As 
we  say  m  English,  Or  some  one  no  better  than  he  should  bo. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


237 


i 


SATIRE  X. 

ARGUMENT. 
The  subject  of  this  inimitable  Satire  is  the  vanity  of  human 
wishes.  From  the  principal  events  in  the  lives  of  the  most  illustri- 
ous characters  of  all  ages,  the  poet  shows  how  little  happiness  is 
promoted  by  the  attainment  of  what  our  indistinct  and  limited 
views  represent  as  the  greatest  of  earthly  blessings.  Of  these  he 
instances  wealth,  power,  eloquence,  military  glory,  longevity,  and 
personal  accomplishments,  all  of  which  he  shows  have  proved  dan- 
gerous or  destructive  to  their  respective  possessors.  Hence  he  ar- 
gues the  wisdom  of  acquiescing  in  the  dispensntions  of  Heaven ; 
and  concludes  with  a  form  of  prayer,  in  which  he  points  out,  with 
great  force  and  beauty,  the  objects  for  which  a  rational  being  may 
presume  to  approach  the  Almighty.  There  is  a  celebrated  imita- 
tion of  this  poem  by  Dr.  Johnson.     (Evans.) 


m 


l-G.  Gadibus.  Gades  (now  Cadiz)  is  here  regarded  as  tiie  western 
limit  of  the  earth.  It  stoo'd  on  a  small  island,  separated  from  the 
main  land  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  was  a  colony  of  the  Phoeni- 
cians, and  their  chief  commercial  settlement  outside  the  Pillars  of 
Hercules.  Its  Phoenician  name  was  (Jaddir,  "a  fortified  inclosure." 
^-Usque  Auroravi.  "  Even  to  the  farthest  east."  Aurora  had  her 
al»ode  in  the  farthest  east,  and  came  forth  in  the  dawn  of  morning 
from  the  eastern  Oceanus.  Obser^•e  that  tisqw  without  arf,  except 
in  the  names  of  cities,  is  of  rare  occurrence  even  in  the  poets. — 
Dignoscere.  "  To  discriminate  between." — Reinota  erroris  nebula. 
"The  mist  of  error  being  removed  from  the  mental  view." — Ratione. 
"With  reason  as  our  guide,"  t.  <».,  on  rational  grounds. — Quid  tarn 
dextro  pede  condpis.  "  What  do  you  so  auspiciously  enter  upon." 
Observe  that  dextro  pcde  is  for /austo  pede,  i.  a.,  feUciter  or  fauste. — 
Ut  te  non  pomiteat.  *'  That  you  will  not,  in  all  likelihood,  repent  of." 
Obser\'e  the  force  of  the  subjunctive. — Peracti.    "  Accomplished." 

7-15.  Optantibus  ipsis.  "Themselves  desiring  it,"  i.  e.,  they  pray 
for  what,  when  granted,  involves  their  own  ruin. — Difaciles.  "The 
too  easy  gods,"  i*.  c,  turning  too  ready  and  indulgent  an  ear  to  the 
foolish  prayers  of  their  votaries. — Nocitura.  "Calculated  to  harm." 
—  Toga.  "  In  the  robe  of  peace,"  i.e.,  in  civil  life. — Multis.  As, 
for  instance,  to  Demosthenes,  Cicero,  &c. — lUe.  Milo  of  Crotona, 
the  celebrated  athlete.    There  were  different  accounts  of  his  death. 


Iv 


238 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


m 


The  common  one  makes  him  to  have  been  devoured  hy  wolres 
while  his  hands  were  wedged  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  which  he  in 
vain  endeavored  to  rend.  According  \o  another,  when  a  pillar  of 
the  house  in  which  he  was  gave  way,  he  supported  the  roof  until 
aU  the  rest  who  were  present  had  made  their  escape,  and  was  him- 
self then  crushed  by  the  falling  timbers.  (Strab.,  >i.,  p.  263.)— P«- 
rtit.  Last  syllable  lengthened  by  the  arsis.— ^fmnyt/Za/.  "  Chokes 
out  of  existence,"  ». «.,  causes  to  be  strangled.  They  are  strangled 
on  account  of  their  riches.— Patrimonia.  "  Ordinary  patrimonies." 
—Quanto.  Not  preceded  by  tanto,  which  latter,  however,  is  pre- 
8upposed.--Zy«/a-«a.  The  Greek  0aXa/va,  our  whale.  After  the 
conquest  of  Britain  by  the  liomans,  it  is  not  improbable  that  they 
may  have  acquired  some  knowledge  of  the  baicena  mysticetus,  or 
great  Greenland  whale,  and  that  this  may  be  "  the  whale  of  Britain" 
to  which  Juvenal  alludes.  — re//v>onYr«.,  dins  vjitur.  ^\licn  Nero 
used  to  plunder  the  rich. 

16-18.    Longiuum.    C.  Cassius  Longinus,  the  celebrated  jurist, 
governor  of  Syria  A.D.  50,  in  the  reign  of  Claudius.     He  was  ban- 
ished by  Nero  in  A.D.  66,  because  he  had  among  his  ancestral  im- 
ages  one  of  Cassius,  the  famous  conspirator  against  Ca'sar.     He  was 
recalled,  however,  from  banishment  by  Vcspasian.-i^^rrvm.  TmU- 
ranor^nn  ades.     This  palace,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Lateran, 
stood,  amid  many  sj.lendid  mansions,  on  the  east  of  Mount  Ca-lius. 
Under  Nero  it  belonged  to  the  illustrious  Plautii  Laterani ;  but  after 
the  consul  elect,  Plautius  Lateranus,  had,  from  patriotic  motive, 
engaged  m  Piso's  conspiracy,  and  had  been  condemned  and  put  to 
death,  ,t  seems  to  have  been  forfeited  to  the  Caesars.    On  the  gift 
of  the  palace  to  the  popes,  who  have  held  it  since  the  fourth  centun-, 
consult  Tdlemonu  Emp.,  iv.,  141.-C«^ac./a.     "The  garrets  of  the 
poor.       C^aculmn  properly  means  "  an  eating-room,"  and  as  this 
was  usually  m  the  upper  part  of  the  house,  the  word  came  to  be 
used  much  more  commonly  in  our  sense  of  "a  room  up  stairs," 
and  the  plural  ccmacula  to  designate  the  whole  suite  of  rooms  con- 
tamed  ,n  an  upper  story.    As  the  upper  stories  at  Rome  were 
chie%  occupied  by  the  poorer  classes,  a  sense  of  inferioritv  is  fre- 
quently implied  by  the  term,  and  hence  our  words  -  attics"  or  "  gar- 

""^^o  ir^i  '"  '"'^  ''''^''  ^""'•'^^  *^«  '""^^  appropriate  translation. 
lJ-^7.  Panm  licet,  &c.  Even  though  you  may  not  be  so  rich  afl 
to  become  an  object  of  the  emperor\.  avarice  and  cruelty,  vet  vou 
cannot  travel  by  night  with  the  paltry  charge  of  a  little  silver  plate 
without  fear  of  your  life  from  robbers,  who  will  cither  dispatch  you 
with  the  sword  or  knock  you  down  with  a  i.ike.-f/,«6ra„i.     "The 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  X. 


239 


ijhadow."  As  regards  the  accusative  here,  compare  note  on  SaU 
viii.,  152. —  Vacmis,  "  With  empty  purse." — Prima fert  vota.  "  The 
prayers  that  are  generally  the  first  put  up." — Divitice,  crescant  ut 
oftes.  "  Are  that  riches,  that  political  influence  may  increase."  Ut 
is  to  be  supplied  in  the  first  clause.  As  regards  the  distinction  be- 
tween diviticB  and  opes,  compare  the  remark  of  Cicero  (LceLy  6.) : 
^^Expetuntur  divitiaj  ut  utare;  opes,  ut  cohiris.'' — Ut  maxima  toto, 
&c.  The  idea  is,  that  we  may  have  a  larger  capital  than  any  one 
else  at  interest  in  the  banker's  hands. — Fictilibus,  "  From  earthen- 
ware." ISupply  j;a5is. — Gemmata.  "Jewelled."  Compare /Saf.  v., 
41. — Sctinum.  Compare  Sat.  v.,  3-t. — Lato  ardebit  in  auro.  "  Shall 
flash  in  the  wide  gold,"  t.  c,  in  the  capacious  goblet  of  gold. 

28-35.  Jamm  iijitur  laudasj  &c.  "Do  you  not  now,  then,  com- 
mend the  fact,  that  of  the  two  sages,  one  used  to  laugh,"  &c.  The 
two  sages  are  Democritus  of  Abdera  and  Ileraclitus  of  Ephesus, 
and  the  idea  intended  to  be  conveyed  is  as  follows :  Since,  then, 
men  are  so  blind  and  unhappy  as  thus  to  pray  for  their  own  ruin,  do 
you  not,  accordingly,  agree  with  Democritus  in  deriding  their  folly, 
and  with  Ileraclitus  in  lamenting  their  misery  ?  Jam  is  here  equiv- 
alent to  quum  hoc  sit  (Hand,  ad  Tursell,  iii.,  p.  147),  and  ne  is  used 
where  we  might  have  looked  for  norme.,  as  apa  for  up'  ov.  (Mayor, 
adloc.)—Fldmt  contrarius  auctor.  "^Vhile  the  teacher  of  views  di- 
rectly ojiposite  was  accustomed  to  weep."  Auctor  is  here  employed 
in  the  sense  ojf  doctor.  Compare  Cicero,  de  Off.,  ii.,  2  :  "  Catijtpus 
auctor ;"  and  Horace,  Od.  i.,  28,  14  :  "  (Pythagoras)  auctor  naturoi 
veriquc.'" — Sedfaci/ui  cuivis,  &c.  "  But  the  harsh  censure  of  a  sneer- 
ing laugh  is  easy  enough  for  any  one."  Obsene  that  rigidi,  though 
bcloni;in2  in  construction  to  cachinni,  refers  in  fact  to  censura.  — 
Unde.  "  From  what  fountain-head."—  Urbibus  illis.  "  In  the  cities 
of  those  regions."  Abdera,  his  native  place,  is  particularly  meant. 
— Pratexta.  The  robe  of  magistracy,  white,  with  a  broad  border 
of  puri^lc. —  TrabetE.  Consult  note  on  Sat.  viii.,  259. — Tribunal. 
The  court  of  the  praetor  and  judices  in  the  basilica.  The  tribunal 
was  a  raised  platform  at  one  extremity  of  a  law  court,  upon  which 
the  curule  seats  of  the  judges  and  other  persons  of  distinction  who 
wished  to  attend  the  proceedings  were  placed.  It  was  sometimes 
of  a  square  form,  and  constructed  within  the  external  wall  of  the 
court.  At  other  times  it  consisted  of  a  semicircular  absis  or  alcove 
(hemicyclium)  projecting  beyond  the  external  wall  of  the  edifice. 

36-37.  Quidsividisset,  &c.  The  idea  is.  What  food  for  laughter 
would  not  Democritus  have  discovered  in  our  Circensian  games, 
where  the  praetor  presides  in  triumphal  insignia,  and  needs  a  slave 


m 

'ill 


&• 


ft 


ii  '■■ 


fn 


240 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


(I 


to  remind  him  that  he  is  a  man  l—Currihus  alth.     Driving  through 
the  city  was  only  allowed  to  triumphant  generals,  to  the  higher 
magistrates,  and  to  priests  on  solemn  occasions.     The  prohibition 
however,  though  often  renewed,  was  not  well  observed.     {Becker 
GaUuSj  iii,,  8.) — Circi,    A  detailed  account  of  the  Circensian  pro- 
cession is  given  by  Dionysius  (vii.,   72).  ,  The  procession  moved 
from  the  Capitol  into  the  arena  of  the  circus,  and  was  intended  as 
the  o|)eniMg  of  the  games.     All   those  who  meant  to  exhibit  in 
the  circus,  as  well  as  persons  of  distinction,  bore  part  in  it.    The 
prajtor,  who  was  to  preside  at  the  games,  rode  in  a  triumphal  car, 
arrayed  in  triumphal  gown  and  tunic.     In  describing  this  proces- 
sion, however,  Juvenal  has  mixed  ui>  with  it  many  things  that  were 
strictly  confined  to  a  triumphal  celebration,  as,  for  instance,  the 
crown,  the  sceptre,  and  the  eagle  surmounting  this  last.     But  n  tri- 
fling inconsistency  like  this  would  not  deter  our  author  from  >ie\>- 
ping  out  of  the  way  in  order  to  make  his  ridicule  more  poignant. 
The  consul,  too,  is  mentioned  farther  on  instead  of  the  prator,  to 
mark  the  contrast  more  strongly  between  the  high  public  function- 
ary and  the  slave. 

38-42.  Tunica  Jovis.  This  was  otherwise  called  tunica  palniata, 
from  its  being  adorned  with  embroidery  representing  palm  leaves. 
It  was  termed  tunica  JmHs  because  taken  from  the  temple  of  Jupi- 
ter Capitolinus,  where  it  was  kept  along  with  the  tof/n  picta.  This 
last  was  a  robe  embroidered  with  gold  on  a  purple  ground.— /'«/« 
Sarrana  ferentein,  &c.  "  Wearing  the  Tyrian  hangings  of  the  em- 
broidered toga."  The  toga  picta  is  meant.  With  pictiv  supply  acu. 
Its  cumbrous  folds,  resembling  curtained  drapery,  are  satirically 
called  "  hangings,"  or  tapestry.— 5armna.  The  eariier  Latin  name 
for  Tyre  was  Sarra.  The  Oriental  form  was  Tsor  or  Sor,  from 
which  the  Carthaginians  adopted  Tsar  or  Sar  as  a  dialectic  vari- 
ation ;  and  the  Romans,  receiving  the  term  from  these  last,  made 
out  of  it  Sarra,  and  the  adjective  Sarranus  equivalent  to  Ti/rius.— 
Magmc  coromr.  The  triumphal  crown  of  gold,  originally  of  bay.— 
Quippe  tenet  snidans,  &c.  The  commander,  who  triumphed,  origin- 
ally wore  merely  a  crown  of  Delphic  bay  around  his  brows.  After- 
ward, when  the  gold  crown  was  introduced,  the  chaplet  of  bay  was 
retained,  while  Iwhind  him  stood  a  public  slave,  holding  over  his 
head  a  golden  Etruscan  crown  ornamented  with  jewels.—^/  siU 
consul  ne  piaceat,  &c.  "  And  in  order  that  the  consul  may  not  please 
himself  (too  much),  the  slave  is  borne  along  in  the  same  chariot," 
I.  «.,  may  not  be  too  much  elated.  The  presence  of  a  slave  in  such 
a  place  at  such  a  time  seems  to  have  been  intended  to  avert  "  invid- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


241 


ia"  and  the  influence  of  the  evil  eye  ;  and  for  the  same  purpose,  a 
fascinum,  a  little  bell,  and  a  scourge  were  attached  to  the  vehicle. 
Tertullian  tells  us  that  the  slave  ever  and  anon  whispered  in  the 
car  of  the  general  the  warning  words,  ^^  Respice  post  te,  homineni 
memento  tc." 

43-55.  Da  nunc.  "Add  now."  —  Sceptro  qucc  surgit  ehumo. 
*'^Vhich  is  in  the  act  of  rising  from  the  ivory  sceptre."  The  gen- 
eral bore  in  his  right  hand  a  branch  of  bay,  and  in  his  left  a  scep- 
tre, surmounted  by  an  eagle  in  the  act  of  soaring. — Pnvcedentia 
longi  agviinis  ojjicia.  "The  long  array  of  clients  marching  before 
his  car  to  do  him  honour." — Nivcos,  "  In  snow-white  togas."  On 
public  occasions  a  brighter  white  than  ordinary  was  given  to  tho 
toga  by  rubbing  it  with  argillaceous  earth. — Ad  frccna.  "By  the 
bits,"  I.  c,  walking  by  his  horses'  heads. — Dcfossa.  "  Buried  deep." 
A  hit  at  both  stingy  patrons  and  mercenary  clients. — Tunc  quoque, 
'*  Even  in  those  days." — Adomncs  occursus  hominum.  "  At  all  meet- 
ings of  his  fellow-men,"  i.  e.,  in  every  place  where  human  beings 
met. — Prudentia.  "Acute  sagacity." — Vcrvecum  in  patria.  "In 
the  native  country  of  mutton-heads,"  t.  c,  blockheads.  Literally, 
"of  bell-wethers,"  or  "  of  wether-sheep."  Abdera,  in  Thrace,  the 
native  place  of  Dcmocritus,  was  proverbial  for  the  stupidity  of  its 
inhabitants. — Crassoque  sub  aere.  "And  beneath  a  thick  (Boeotian) 
atmosphere."  Bceotia  had  a  thick  and  heavy  atmosphere,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  vapours  rising  from  the  valleys  and  lakes.  Hence 
the  Athenians,  who  lived  in  a  j)ure  and  transparent  atmosphere, 
ascribed  dullness  to  their  Boeotian  neighbours. — ^fandaret  laqueuin. 
"Would  consign  a  halter,"  i.e.,  would  bid  her  go  and  hang  herself. 
— Mediumque  ostenderet  ungucm.  "And  would  show  her  his  middle 
nail,"  i.  €.,  would  point  his  middle  finger  at  her  in  scorn.  This 
was  regarded  as  an  act  of  gross  insult,  the  other  fingers  being  at 
the  same  time  contracted  and  bent  downward.  Hence  the  middle 
finger  was  often  called  '^^  digitus  injarnis."  —  ^rgo  supervacua,  <kc. 
In  the  common  text  and  in  all  the  MSS.,  supervacua  is  followed  by 
(lut  or  et,  thus  making  an  awkward  hiatus.  Some  editions  insert 
reJ  after  aut.  We  have  preferred  following,  however,  the  reading 
given  by  Achaintre. — Fas  est.  "It  is  right  (in  our  eyes),"  i.  e.,  it 
13  deemed  right  by  us.  Ironical.  —  Genua  incerare  deorum.  "To 
cover  with  wax  the  knees  of  the  gods,"  i.  c,  to  hang  wax  tablets  to 
them.  They  used  to  fasten  wax  tablets,  containing  their  vows  writ- 
ten on  them,  to  the  knees  or  thighs  of  the  gods.  \Vhen  their  wish- 
es were  granted,  these  tablets  were  replaced  by  the  offerings  which 
'hey  had  vowed.     Madvig,  who  thinks  fas  est  inconsistent  with  sit- 

L 


i  \n 


/ 


242 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  X. 


I 

III 


pervacua  And/^erniciosa,  places  a  period  after  ;WK»/?/r,  and  reads  {,n 
cerate  in  the  imix;rative.     But  this  is  too  abrupt.     {Madvirj,  Oinm- 
ii.,  p.  201 ;  Mayor,  ad  loc.)  '* 

!>G-6i.  Subjecta.    "  Exposed."— /*«//»««.     "List."    A  brts*  plate 
attached  to  the  statues  of  eminent  persons,  and  containing  a  pomj)- 
ous  enumeration  of  their  titles  and  honours.     With  merf^it  supply 
alios.— Descendunt,     "Descend  from  their  pedestals."— /^fs/frnywe 
•tqumtur.    They  "  follow  the  rope,"  which  was  used  to  pull  thera 
down  from  their  elevated  i)osition,  and  after>vard   to  drag  tlicm 
through  the  streets.- i?»j,ar«//,.     Triumphal  statue*  are  meant— 
ImjHicta.     "Driven  home."— Of f/<7.     "Hacks."- 7am  «rm/tf«M/. 
u€8.    Many  statues  of  bronze  had  been  erected  in  honour  of  Sejanu.^. 
These  were  melted  down  as  soon  as  he  was  disgraced.— Cr<7w/. 
"Cracklcss  in  the  flame."— 5f;Vmas.     A  most  happily-chosen  in- 
stance of  the  instability  of  imperial  as  well  as  popular  fiivour.    No 
subject  ever  ascended  to  such  a  height  of  power,  none  ever  fell  from 
it  so  rai)idly  into  disgrace  and  ruin.    Scjanus  was  put  to  death,  Oct. 
18,  A.D.31,  having  been  in  favour  witli  Tiberius  for  the  sjjace  of 
si.xteen  years.— To^o  orbe  sccunda.     Scjanus,  as  i)refect  of  the  jinu- 
torian  guard,  almost  rivalled  the  imperial  i>ower  and  authoritv. 
(Compare  Becker,  R6m.  Ah.,  ii.,  3,  «.  121^.}— Sartngo.     "  A  fniug- 
pan."    This  was  a  sort  of  pan  used  in  the  Roman  kitchens  for  a 
variety  of  puqwscs,  such  as  roasting,  melting  fat  or  butter,  cook- 
ing, &c. 

Cr>-71 .  Pone  domi  lauros,  &c.  To  understand,  as  Gifford  remark* 
tlic  little  drama  which  follows,  we  must  suppose  one  of  those  whe 
had  witnessed  the  commencement  of  Scjanus'  punishment  hasten- 
ing home  to  announce  the  intelligence,  and  prepare  his  public  dem- 
onstrations of  loyalty  and  joy.  The  dialogue  passes  between  him 
and  his  neighbours.— C/'c/a/Mw.  If  an  ox  perfectly  white  could  not 
be  found,  any  dark  spots  in  the  victim  selected  were  rubbed  over 
with  chalk.— 6Vo.  The  hook  by  which  the  bodies  of  the  condemn- 
ed were  drawn  to  the  scai<e  Gemonifv,  or  to  the  Tiber.  Compare 
note  on  line  71.— Quie  lahra,  qtiis  ilU  rultus  erat !  The  exclaraatioa 
of  one  of  the  neighbours.  What  a  haughty  curl  of  the  lip  he  had, 
what  a  proud  and  contemptuous  look  I-^  Crimine.  "  Charge."— (^t/i- 
bus  indiciisf  "On  what  information  (was  the  charge  preferred)?" 
—Probiivit.  Referring  to  Tiberius.— A7/  horwn.  The  reply  of  an- 
other neighlK)ur.  —  Verbosa  et  tjrandis  epistola  veuit.  Scjanus  had 
long  aimed  at  imperial  i)ower.  Til)erius  probably  had  suspected 
him  for  some  time,  but  had  duplicity  enough  to  conceal  his  suspi- 
cions.   Josephus,  however,  states  that  Autonia,  his  sister-in-law,  in- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


243 


formed  him,  by  letter,  of  the  ambitious  views  of  the  prime  minister. 
The  emperor,  accordingly,  while  seeking  to  delude  Sejanus  by  an 
appearance  of  friendship,  took  measures  secretly  for  his  ruin.  Ser- 
torius  Macro  was  sent  to  Rome  with  a  commission  to  assume  the 
command  of  the  jjratorian  cohorts.  Macro,  after  assuring'  himself 
of  the  troops,  and  depriving  Sejanus  of  his  usual  guard,  produced  a 
letter  from  Tiberius  to  the  Senate.  In  this  Tiberius  expressed  him- 
self in  his  usual  perplexed  way,  when  he  wished  his  meaning  to  be 
inferred  without  being  declared  in  exi)licit  terms.  The  meanin*^, 
however,  was  clear  enough ;  he  was  afraid  of  Sejanus,  and  wished 
to  be  secured  against  him.  Scjanus,  who  was  j)resent,  had  received 
the  usual  fawning  submission  of  the  servile  Senate  so  long  as  they 
thought  that  the  letter  of  Tiberius  was  going  to  announce  new  hon- 
ours for  him.  When  it  was  read,  there  was  not  a  man  among  them 
to  give  him  a  word  of  consolation,  or  show  him  a  sign  of  respect. 
The  consul  Regulus  conducted  him  to  prison,  and  the  people,  who 
would  have  declared  him  emperor  if  the  word  had  been  given  to 
them,  loaded  him  with  insult  and  outrage.  Ilis  statues  were  pulled 
down  before  his  face.  The  Senate  on  the  same  day  decreed  his 
death,  and  he  was  immediately  executed.  His  body  was  drag^^cd 
about  the  streets,  and  finally  thrown  into  the  Tiber,  or,  rather,  savs 
Seneca,  there  scarcely  remained  a  fragment  of  it  for  the  execution- 
er to  drag  to  the  river. 

72-80.  Caprcis.  Capreaj,  now  Capri,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Na- 
ples, lay  immediately  opposite  the  Surrentine  promontory,  from 
which  it  was  separated  by  a  strait  only  three  miles  in  width.  Tibe- 
rius spent  here  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  and  here  he  gave  him- 
self up  to  the  grossest  debaucheries. — Bene  habet.  "  'Tis  all  right," 
i-e.,  that's  enough.  Compare  the  Greek  ev  txei.  —  Turba  Jiemi. 
Compare  Catullus  (58,  5),  ''Jiemi  nejwtes ;"  and  Propertius  (ii.,  1, 
23),  ''Remi  rrfjm."—Nursia  Tusco;  That  is,  Fortuna  Sejano.  Nur- 
sia  (called  also  Nyrtia,  Nortia,  and  Nurtia)  appears  to  have  been  the 
Etrurian  goddess  of  Fortune.  Sejanus  is  here  called  "  the  Tuscan" 
because  born  ut  Vulsinii,  now  Bolsena,  in  Etruri a.— ^ecura  senectus 
principis.  ♦'  The  secure  old  age  of  the  prince  (as  he  thought  it  to 
*>e)."  Tuta  would  have  been  too  strong  here. — Augustwn.  "As 
Augustus,"  i. «.,  as  emperor. — Ex  quo  svffragia  nulli  vendimus.  The 
last  blow  was  given  by  Tiberius.  Compare  the  language  of  Tacitus 
{Ann.^  {.,  15):  ^^ Turn pri mum  e  campo  comitia  ad patres  translata  sunt." 
The  election  of  all  the  magistrates  now  |)assed  over  from  the  people 
to  the  Senate.— EJ'udlt  curas.  "  They  have  thrown  off  all  (public) 
cares."    A  metaphor  taken  from  emptying  a  vessel  by  pouring  out 


f  •* 


j.  » 


244 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


the  liquor.— //;7)er/«m,  fasces.     Dictatorsliips,  consulships,  pnctor. 
%\n^s.—Legiones.    Terhaps  the  command  of  armies,  or  the  military 
tribuneships,  two  thirds  of  wiiich  were  assigned  in  the  comitia  {Lie. 
vii.,  6;  ix.,  30.    Mai/or, ad loc.)— Omnia.     In  apposition.— P^wm  el 
Grcenses.    Largesses  of  corn  monthly,  and  the  sports  of  the  circus, 
are  all  that  the  once  sovereign  jjeople  now  require.     Compare  note 
on  Sat.  vil,  174.    At  a  later  i)eriod,  instead  of  distributing  com 
every  month,  wheaten  bread  (annona  civica)  was  given  to  the  peoj<le. 
81-90.  Perituros  audio  multos.    His  children,  and  Livia  the  widow 
of  Drusus,  were  put  to  death,  the  latter  by  starvation.    His  relations, 
friends,  and  flatterers  were  all  condemned,  the  mere  fact  of  having 
been  a  friend  of  Sejanus  standing  in  lieu  of  any  proof  of  guilt! 
Many  of  the  accused  laid  violent  hands  on  themselves  before  con- 
demnation, in  order  to  secure  their  estates  from  confiscation;  the 
rest,  men  and  women,  knights  and  senators,  were  cast  into  prison, 
and  either  there  dispatched  or  thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock.   The 
bodies  were  then  exposed  in  the  Forum,  and  lastly  flung  into  the 
river.    {Dio  Cass.,  Iviii.,  ii.,  12,  15.)— J%;,a  est /omaru7i.    '-It  is 
a  large  furnace."    It  is  capable  of  holding  many  an  image  besides 
Scjmus's.—Biutidius.    Brutidius  Niger,  the  rhetorician  and  histo- 
rian,  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Sejanus,  and  involved  in  his  ruin. 
The  controversy  between  Ajax  and  Ulysses  for  the  arms  of  Achilles. 
a  favourite  theme  with  the  ancient  rhetoricians,  ajipears  to  have  fur- 
nished Brutidius-also  with  the  subject  of  a  declamatio,  in  which  he 
espoused  the  side  of  Ajax,  but  in  a  very  frigid  and  feeble  manner. 
The  speaker,  therefore,  whom  Juvenal  here  introduces,  sneeringly 
expresses  his  fears  lest  Ajax,  whose  side  has  been  so  badly  advo- 
cated by  him,  and  who  has,  in  consequence,  lost  his  cause,  now  ex- 
act atonement  from  him  by  involving  him  in  the  domifall  of  Seja- 
nus.   {Madvig,  ad  loc.)    Some,  with  much  less  propriety,  refer  Ajax 
to  the  Emperor  Tiberius.— J/ar<»>  Aram.    From  Lit.,  xxxv.,  10,  and 
xl.,  45,  the  altar  of  Mars  would  appear  to  have  been  not  far  from 
the  polling-place  {omk),  in  the  Campus  Martins.    {Becker,  R6m. 
Alt.,  i.,  p.  269.) — Sed  videant  servi,  &c.     But  let  our  slaves  see  us 
insulting  the  traitor's  body,  lest  they  accuse  us  as  not  having  given 
this  proof  of  our  loyalty.     The  rule  of  Roman  law  {Cod.,  x.,  11,  6, 
seq.)  was,  that  no  slave  should  give  evidence  against  his  master  ex- 
cept in  cases  of  high  treason,  when  they  could  be  examined  by  tor- 
ture in  order  to  elicit  information.     Tiberius,  however,  evaded  the 
rule  by  ordering  that  the  slaves  should  be  purchased  by  the  actor 
pubKcus.    {Tac,  Ann.,  ii.,  30.)—Cervice  ohstricta.     "With  fettered 
neck."    A  figurative  expression  merely  for  an  arrest,  and  not  to  be 
taken  in  a  literal  sense. 


ri 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  X. 


245 


91-98.  ////.  The  Latinity  of  i7// .  . .  ilium,  instead  ofhuic . . .  ilium, 
13  worthy  of  notice.  Comjjare  Ovid,  Her.,  3,  28  :  "//&  gradu  propior 
sanguinis,  ille  conies." — Sunimas  curules.  "  The  highest  curule  seats," 
I.  e.,  honours.  Supply  sellas.  The  sella  curulis  was  reserved  for  dic- 
tators, censors,  consuls,  <fcc. — Tutor.  Alluding  not  only  to  Sejanus' 
being  actual  regent,  but  also  to  Tiberius  being  completely  under  his 
control. — Cum  grege  ChaldcBo.  These  were  the  astrologers  and  cal- 
culators of  nativities.  Tiberius  had  studied  astrology  under  Thra- 
Bvllus  in  Khodes  ( Tac,  Ann.,  vi.,  20),  and  yet  he  was  so  jealous  of 
the  influence  of  the  mathcmatici  upon  others  that  he  expelled  them 
from  the  city.  {Suet.,  Tib.,  36.) — Vis  certe  pila,  &c.  "You  wish  at 
least  for  javelins,  cohorts,  a  brilliant  train  of  equestrian  attendants, 
and  a  domestic  camp,"  t.  e.,  you  wish  at  least  to  be  attended  by  a 
puurd,  as  Sejanus  was.  The  cquites  egregii,  otherwise  styled  insignes, 
illustres,  and  primores  equitum,  consisted  of  young  men  of  the  first 
families.  They  formed  a  distinct  order  from  the  common  equitcs, 
and  had  special  privileges.  Even  these  Sejanus  had  at  his  disposal. 
By  domestica  castra,  on  the  other  hand,  is  meant  a  body-guard  quar, 
tercd  in  the  house,  not,  as  some  think,  the  Praitorian  camp,  of  which 
Sejanus  was  prefect. — I^sse  volunt.  "Wish  to  possess  the  power  so 
to  do,"  I.  e.,  even  though  they  do  not  exercise  it. — Tanti.  "Are  of 
so  much  value  (in  the  eyes  of  any  one)."     Supply  alicui. —  Ut  sit. 


"That  there  shall  be,"  t.e., 


that  he  is  willing  there  shall  be.    Well 


explained  by  Madvig:  ^'■Tantum  habent  pretiwn,  ut  propter  ea  parem 
quis  esse  relit  mensuram  inalorum  ?  sive ;  ut  parent  aliquis  simul  malo- 
rum  sumtnam  suscijterc  velitf"     {Madvig,  Ojmsc,  ii.,  p.  189.) 

99-102. //»/;*tts.  Sejanus.  Compare  verse  06. — J^nrtextam.  Com- 
])are  verse  35. — An  Fidtnarum,  &c.  "Or  to  be  some  village  author- 
ity of  Fidenaj  or  Gabii."  Potestas  for  viagistratus.  Compare  Cic, 
Twtc,  1,  30.  Fidena?,  now  Qistel  Giubileo,  was  forty  stadia  north- 
east of  Rome,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Tiber  and  Anio.  After 
having  Ixjen  an  important  city,  and  frequently  brought  into  collision 
with  Rome,  it  dwindled  subsequently  into  an  insignificant  village. — 
Gahiorum.  Gabii  lay  half  way  between  Rome  and  Fi-aeneste,  and 
was  originally  a  colony  of  Alba  Longa.  Like  Fidenae,  it  fell  into 
complete  decay,  though  its  cold,  sulphurous  waters  would  seem  at 
one  time  to  have  made  it  again  a  source  of  considerable  attraction. 
Gabii  was  noted  in  ancient  times  for  its  stone,  known  as  the  hpis 
Gabinus,  a  hard  and  compact  variety  of  the  volcanic  tufo  or  pejye- 
rino,  extensively  employed  by  the  Romans  as  a  building  stone  from 
the  earliest  ages  down  to  that  of  Augustus. 

£t  de  mensura,  <te.    In  little  municipalities  the  sdiles  probably 


h 


I    I    ■     ?  ■ 

Hi 


ii 


246 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


were  the  only  m,g,s,rates.  Like  their  namesakes,  the  plebeian 
.edUes  a.  Ro„,e,  ,hey  took  co,n,i^anee  of  „eights  a.,i  meas„n=s  rf 
markets  and  ,,r„visions,  ic.  I„  .„o  Italia,,  tillages  they  sUU  s'„l^ 
«st  at  the  present  day,  „.  ragged,  says  Giftbrd,  ancT  a.  consenu  „,t 
as  ever,  under  the  name  of  7Wc..a,  a  e„rr,„„ion  „f  ^"1"  „ 
t.nnpo,es,as      C-Uris.    Ulubra,  was  a  small  to«„  of  Latum    „ 

.r^fldiaftr^rrt:-!::^^^^^^^^^^       '.- "- 

the  nature  ..ft.,,,  k       •  '  '  "***'  Sejanus  mistook 

uie  nature  of  true  happiness;  you  must  admit  the  same  of  Crassus 
Cajsar,  and  Pompcv  —Pam/^f      «» w        n    ,  crassus, 

;«    M    /M.  "P*'-^-     ^^roOat.     "^Vas  all  the  t  me  only  Dremr 

ing."    Observe  the  force  of  the  imnerferf       T.f  i  /"'^^^''^^I'-"- 
Sat  in     Ifto      rti       /  "'*^  '"^P^"^***.— 7;iW«/a.     Compare 

^a/.  Hi,  ISO.-^-^  .,;,;,,^,e  ^,rt,ceps  immane  ruimr.     "  And  drcadf,.! 
he  head  ong  descent  of  his  ruin  once  set  in  motion.'^     />" 
here  used  substantively.     Compare  Statins,  6y..  i.,  4  51     "s/ 

who  is  J^I  Ih  f  f :  T.^'"''"^'^-     ^  metaphor,  taken  from  one 

>v«o  IS  pushed  forward  to  his  fall. 

feinn'the'pr«r'"'    "^'^  """^-"  "  ">  "•  I-icinius  Crassus,  .%> 

tain  to  o,l,„,.    ^  '^^I«.S  »nU  others  like  them,  not,  as  some  main- 
ta  n,  ,o  othe«  of  the  same  name.     Compare  note  on  Sal.  i.,  94.- 

pHe,  w  re!"  it  V:  *"*""f -*"'/-     Veo-  frequently  used  in  re- 
.r /'  uT       """■">»■""'  'o  <>»■•  '•"Iloquial  "»hv."-.V««,  „., 

e™«  C^'«^  "T  '"''''"  '•'=--"-^'%'"'-     "Ambitiou..--6V„- 
.™»Cire™.    Proscquna  was  daughter  of  Ceres.-5/cca.    "Blood- 

J-s"  ri^'  ^''''"'""'  "'•^""'"'"'  *'•    '^'"  "■-'»  "f  "'o-S'"  «  »»  f"'- 

Demosthenes  and  C.eero,  and  yet  that  eloquence  was  their  n.in.- 
ro,»  Q„,„^<„4„.      ..TH„„g,.  „„  ,,i,  y,.i  i„„  ,,^,ij„,.,.. 

wWch  w?     r::  (°'.<2"""»«"'™)  -as  «  festive  sacred  to  Minena, 
«I..ch  was  celebrated  on  the^Dth  of  March  („.  </.  xiv.  AW.  A,.r.i  ' 

e!,!  >  ,  f ";  ^' °"P»«"y  ''«"»1  only  one  day,  but  was  aftenvard 
extended  to  five  days.  These  five  days  were  the  schoolmastet*' 
M  days,  and  on  the  first  day  they  received  their  pav,  or  entrance- 
fee,  hence  e,  led  Mn.cnal,  though  Horace  seems  to  imply  .hat  the 
fees  were  paid  every  month.  There  was  another  festival,  called  the 
lesser  Qu.nquatrus,  on  the  ides  (13th)  of  June,  when  the  Tibicines 
went  through  the  city  in  proccssiou  to  the  temple  of  Mincrva.- 


/ 


\\ 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  X. 


247 


Qtusquis  adJiuc  uno,  &c.  "  Whoever  pays  court  to  Minerva,  pur- 
chased as  yet  with  only  a  single  as,"  t.  e.,  the  youngest  boy,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  school,  who  has  not  as  yet  paid  his  fee  to  the  master 
more  than  once.  Some  read  parcam  for  jxirtam,  which  Heinsius 
explains  as  follows  :  "Q«a  pmr  parce  adhuc  est  imbutus:'  The  com- 
mon lection  is  j)referable.— Cosfos.  The  vapsanas  is  meant,  the 
slave  who  carried  the  box  or  capsa  containing  the  young  master's 

gchoolbooks. 

118-128.  Peril.  Contracted  form  of  the  perfect.  Not  used  by 
\\Titers  of  the  Augustan  age.  {Madvig,  Opusc.  Alt.,  p.  225,  seq.)— 
Exundanii.  "Outpouring."  — //Ji/cnjo  manm,  &c.  Popilius  Lenas, 
who  cut  off  Cicero's  head  and  hands,  carried  them  to  Antony,  who 
rewarded  him  with  a  civic  crown  and  a  large  sum  of  money,  and 
•ordered  the  head  to  be  fixed  between  the  hands  to  the  Rostra.— 
Ciiusidici  pusilU.  "Of  an  inferior  pleader."— 0/or<«natom  natam, 
&c.  *'0  fortunate  llome,  really  bom  when  I  was  consul,"  t.  c, 
whose  natal  day  may  date  from  me  as  consul.  This  is  a  verse  of 
Cicero's,  which  has  been  often  ridiculed  fur  its  unfortunate  jingle. 
It  belonged  to  a  poem  on  Cicero's  consulship,  the  third  book  of 
which  he  quotes  in  a  letter  to  Atticus  (ii.,  3).  Cicero,  however, 
was  not  ashamed  of  the  sentiment,  for  he  rciHjats  it  in  prose,  "  0 
Xontt  Decembres  !  qtm  me  consule/uisth,  cfjo  diem  vere  natalem  hujus 
urbis;'  &c.  (Or.,pro  Flacc.)—Antoni  f/lidos.  ^ic.  Quoting  Cicero's 
own  words,  "  Contempsi  Catilintn  gladio.^,  uon  pertimescam  tuos.'* 
(Phil,  ii.,  46.)  The  idea  conveyed  in  the  text  is,  He  might  have 
braved  the  anger  of  Antony  also  if  his  speeches  had  been  as  tame 
as  his  poems.— i'o<Mi7.     Not  potuisset.     {Madvig,  L.  G.,  §  348,  e.) 

Quam  tc  conspicucv,  &c.  Alluding  to  the  second  Philippic,  which 
cost  Cicero  his  life.  Cicero  called  his  fourteen  orations  against 
Antonv,  not  Antonians,  but  Philippics,  after  those  of  Demosthenes 
against  Philip  of  Maccdon.  The  first  Philippic  was  delivered  in  the 
Senate  on  the  2d  of  September,  B.C.  4k  Antony  replied  on  the 
19th,  when  Cicero  was  not  present.  Cicero,  on  this,  wrote,  but 
never  spoke,  except  before  his  private  friends,  the  scurrilous  second 
Philippic.  {Drumann,  i.,  199,  seq. ;  vi.,  344.  .Uoyor,  ad  loc.)-  Vol- 
veris  a  prima,  &c.  "  Which  art  rolled  up  (in  the  scroll)  next  after 
the  first."— ///i/rw.  Demosthenes.— rorrenfem  e<;>fent,  &c.  "Rush- 
ing along  torrent-like,  and  controlling  (at  pleasure)  the  reins  of  the 
crowded  theatre."— r/ieafrt.  Where  the  popidar  assemblies  were 
held,  according  to  Grecian  custom. 

129-132.  Bis  adversis.  "With  adverse  gods."- Q«em/>afcr  arden- 
Hs,  &c.    The  father  of  Demosthenes  was  not  a  blacksmith,  as  Juve- 


11  - 

I. 


III!! 


248 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


I'l 


nal  here  represents,  but  a  man  of  substance,  a,  appear,  from  hi. 
sons  speeches  against  Aphobus  and  Onetor.     He  was  owncrof  a 
sword  facto,7,  it  is  true,  but  that  was  only  one  item  in  the  sum  ,f 
h.s  fortune.    Nor  did  he  send  his  son  .0  a  rhetorician.    Wh™ 
d«.d  the  orator  was  on.,  seven  yen«  of  a^e.    Lucian  ^Me,  Z^ 

Jiave  faUen  m  o  the  same  error  as  Juvenal.    A  truer  account  is 
given  by  L.ban.us  (  F.V.  De.no.>L,  p.  2,  ,^  j,„-^,_    ,j        ^^  ' 

7^1     tr-     "f  "'^  ^"'""••"    ^  ''■'""'--  Action  0 
a  8m,th.-/J/l«„ra.    It  is  probable  that,  during  the  latter  vea«  of 

hts  mmonty,  Demosthenes  privately  prepared  himself  for  the  c^er 
age  of  „.a„hood,  he  availed  himself  of  the  instruction  of  {.J 

-lany  w«h  for  mU.tary  renown,  and  the  honours  connecrcd  with 
nnhtary  achjevements.  Mere  empty  pageantry-  Witness  Uauni- 
bal,  Alexander,  Xerxes.-rn..«V.  "Trunk-formed."  Enuivalcnt 
to  .  ,n..,co  /ac,!s.-nucc.^.     "The  cheek-piece."    The   Greet 

7T:t  .frr  '"""I '""'  ""'=  ""  '"^^  ^ide!a.tached  by  hfu^; 
soas  .0  be  hfted  up  and  down  at  pleasure.  In  active  e..orcise  the 
^^  were  fastened  under  the  chin.-0.,„„,  ,„„„„.  .  shorn  of 
•13  He,    ..  ..,  wuh  ,K.Ie  broken  short  ofr.-A,,h,,re.     "  The  «tern- 

TTdtof  "^'t '™,""  "'■"'""""'  ""^"•*"»«  •»  ">«  Greek  a,»/„.. 
el'oTa  bird.  "'""'•  """""'""  "=''"""'"8  that  of  the  fe«>l,. 

e^  of  a  bird  s  wing  commonly  placed  on  the  stern  of  a  ship._5™- 

IdT  T'""''.  r  '""'  ■"'"•""  "'  '"O"™^  ""«="  '»  -".  -"1- 
Co^n  „  "'"".""■''"'  ■^'-^-M./^alor.  Old  form  for  u,v.era,r. 
Compare  5«/.  .v.,  28.-Ca„»a»  *aA,„V.     "  Has  he  derived  the  incen- 

for, ',7     ".'"""  "'"'"'""•  *'•    '''"'  ''*'="  '»'  '*^T'»  «">'-"'«3  virtue 

Its  rewards.    On  the  subjunctive  ,o,i„,  consul.  AfaJ,;„  L.  O.,  §  34,s. 

tZuT  ""''"'"  ""':•"    ^""'""«  "-  "•«  inscrip,i;L  on 

marUe  monuments.  _  ^rf  <,«<.■  .l.-^riend„  &o.     "When  for  the 

,  """  "ir*  !^'''  ""=  '"«''"<=vous  strength  of  ,he  bar«n  fig- 

tr^e  .s  all  suffic.ent."    The  sturdy  growth  of  the  wild  fig-trec,  whi 'h 
forces  .t.  way  through  walls,  is  often  alluded  ,0  by  the  ^oets. 

J-  •;  ;.t^'^*^^""'"'*"'""-  "^^■«'K''  *«  "^ho'  of  Uannitol." 
~vi    A-      ^""'"'"'''  •■•  '•'  '^  "O'  I»Ke  enough  to  satisfy.-.£<fo«,to. 

Extendmg  to."  Some  of  the  ancient  write,,  regarded  the  Nile 
<»  the  boundao-  between  Asia  and  Africa.     Compare  Herodotus,  ii.. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


249 


IG.—Rursus.  "Again  in  another  direction  stretching."  Supply 
admota,  from  the  previous  clause. — Altos.  Some  MSS.  give  alios, 
referring  to  the  elephants  of  Africa  as  well  as  Asia. —  Transilit.  "He 
bounds  over."  —  Diducit  scofmlos,  &c.  "He  cleaves  asunder  the 
rocks,  and  rends  the  mountain  with  vinegar."  This  fable  is  not  to 
be  found  in  Polybius.  It  is  given  by  Livy  (xxi.,  Zl).—Frangimus 
— jtono.  Observe  the  change  of  number.  The  gates  are  broken 
open  by  a  crowd ;  whereas  the  standard  may  be  planted  (in  token 
of  occupation)  by  one.  {Mayor,  ad  loc.)—Suhura.  The  most  thick 
ly-settled  part  of  Home  ;  in  other  words,  the  very  heart  of  the  city. 
Compare  Sat.  iii.,  5.—Gatula.  Put  here  for  A/ra.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, Ga^tulia  was  the  name  given  to  the  interior  of  Northern  Africa, 
lying  to  the  south  of  Mauritania,  Numidia,  and  the  region  border- 
ing on  the  Syrtes.— ZttscMj/i.  When  Hannibal  broke  up  from  the 
winter-quarters  which  he  had  occupied  after  his  descent  from  the 
Alps,  he  proceeded  to  march  through  a  swamp  on  the  banks  of  the 
Arnus  (Arm),  where  he  lost  the  sight  of  one  eye  by  a  violent  attack 
of  ophthalmia. 

130-IC7.  £rffo.  "Then,"  t.  e.,  after  all  his  victories.— FtwaVur. 
At  Zama,  by  Scipio,  B.C.  202. — Nevipe.  Consult  note  on  verse  110. 
—Exsilium.  Hannibal  first  fled  to  Antiochus  (B.C.  193),  who,  how- 
ever, consented,  after  the  battle  of  Magnesia,  to  give  him  up  to  the 
Koraans  (B.C.  190).  On  this,  he  took  refuge  with  Prusias,  king  of 
Bithynia,  who  would  have  delivered  him  up  at  the  demand  6f  the 
Romans  ;  but  Hannibal  escaped  his  enemies  by  taking  poison,  B.C. 
183. — Pnptoria.  By  prcetorium  is  properly  meant  a  general's  or  pro- 
vincial governor's  head-quarters;  often,  however,  as  here,  "a  pal- 
ace." Compare  Sat.  i.,  63. —  Vigilare.  "To  awake."  As  a  client, 
Hannibal  went  early  in  the  morning  to  pay  his  respects  to  his  royal 
patron.  Compare  Sat.  i.,  112.  —  Cannarum  vindex.  "Atoner  for 
Canna;."  After  the  battle  of  Cannaj,  two  or  three  modii  of  rings, 
taken  from  equites  who  had  fallen  in  the  battle,  were  sent  to  Car- 
tilage.—  Annulus.  Hannibal  destroyed  himself  with  poison,  which 
he  always  carried  in  a  ring. — Declamatio.  "  The  theme  for  a  decla- 
mation," t.  e.,  the  subject  of  a  school  exercise.  Compare  Sat.  vii., 
ICO. 

168-172.  Pellao  juveni.  Alexander  of  Macedon,  bom  at  Pella, 
an  ancient  town  of  Macedonia,  made  the  capital  of  the  country  by 
Philip  his  father.— ^-Es/ua/.  "  He  pants."  The  world  is  too  close 
for  him ;  he  cannot  breathe  in  it. — Gyari.  Compare  Sat.  i.,  61. — 
Seripho.  Seriphus,  now  Serpho,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  between  Cyth- 
nos  and  Siphnus.    Like  Gyarus,  it  became  a  place  of  exile  under 

L  2 


if' 


II 


llliii^ 


250 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


the  Caesars.  —  Ftj7«/;a  munitam.  "Fortified  by  the  brick-makers.'* 
Babylon  is  meant,  whose  walls  were  constructed  of  brick.  Here 
Alexander  ended  his  days.— Sarcopfiar/o.  "  With  a  simple  sarcoph- 
agus." lapKOilHlyoc  was  the  name  of  a  kind  of  limestone,  found 
at  Assus,  in  Troas,  remarkable  for  consuming  the  flesh  of  corpses 
laid  in  it.  Hence  coffins  were  often  furnished  with. or  made  of  it; 
and  hence,  also,  the  term  became  a  general  one  for  any  coffin  or  re- 
ceptacle of  the  dead.— Fatetur.  "Discloses,"  i.  c,  clearly  shows. 
Equivalent  to  derhrat  or  sifjnificat.—  Quantuli  sint  hominum  corpus^ 
cuUi.     "  How  little  are  the  puny  bodies  of  men." 

173-178.   Oltin  velijicatus.     "To  have  been  sailed  through  of 
yore."    Mount  Athos,  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  the  same 
name,  projecting  from  Chalcidice,  in  Macedonia,  rises  abruptly  from 
the  sea  to  a  height  of  C349  feet.     There  is  no  anchorage  for  ships 
at  its  base,  and  the  voyage  round  it  was  so  dreaded  by  mariners 
that  Xerxes  had  a  canal  cut  through  the  isthmus,  which  connects 
the  peninsula  with  the  main  land,  to  afford  a  passage  for  his  fleet. 
The  isthmus  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  across,  and  there  are  most 
distinct  traces  of  the  canal  to  be  seen  at  the  present  day,  so  that 
we  must  not  imitate  the  scepticism  of  Juvenal  expressed  in  the  text. 
—arada  mendnx.     The  fondness  of  many  of  the  Greek  historians 
for  the  marvellous  is  here  made  a  ground  for  a  sweejjing  charge 
against  the  entire  cXass.- Cou stratum.     "To  have  been  bridged 
over."    More  literally,  "  to  have  l>ecn  strewed  or  covered  over." 
The  allusion  is  to  the  bridge  of  Iwats  over  the  Hellesi)ont  made  by 
order  of  Xerxes.  —  .l/MWfs.     Drunk  dry  by  the  myriad  hosts  of 
Xerxes.     (Compare  Ilerod.,  vii.,  21,  2;  43,' 1.)     Namely,  the  Sca- 
mander,  the  Melas,  the  Onochonus,  and  Epidanus  (Id.  ib.,  lOG,  3). 
—Prandente.     " Lunching."— Z:^  qufp.     "And  what  else."  — 5o«- 
tratus.     Of  this  poet  nothing  is  known.— J/m/iV/w  alls.     "With  pin- 
ions moist  with  wine."    Hence  the  extravagance  of  his  flights. 

179-187.  Ille.  Xerxes.— In  Corum,  &c.  Herodotus  says  nothing 
ofthis.— Z?ar6flrM«.  Ironical— ^Kolio  carcere.  Alluding  to  the  de- 
scription given  in  Virgil,  .i^:«.,  i.,  51,  seqq.—Ennosigctvm.  The 
Greek  'ILvvoalyaiov  Latmieed.  An  Homeric  epithet  of  Neptune. 
*'  The  earth-shaker."- J/*VjMjf  id  sane.  "  It  was,  it  must  bo  confess- 
ed, an  act  of  more  than  ordinary  clemency,"  i.e.,  it  must  be  allow- 
ed that  the  punishment  was  slight.— Qi/irf.f  non  et,  &c.  We  have 
adopted  here  the  emendation  of  Weber,  as  given  by  Jahn.  The 
^  common  reading  is  mitius  id  sane,  quod  non  tt  stigmate,  &c.,  which 
'  directly  contradicts  the  statement  of  Herodotus,  who  says  expressly 
that  he  branded  the  Hellespont.     {Herod.,  vii.,  35.)—IIuic  quisquatn 


\ 


v». 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


251 


vellet,  &c.  The  idea  is,  Would  any  god  be  willing  to  serve  so  hard 
a  master? — Ncmpe  una  nave,  &c.  Herodotus  (viii.,  115,  seqq.)  be- 
lieved that  Xerxes,  having  left  a  part  of  his  forces  with  Mardonius, 
marched  to  the  Hellespont,  which  he  crossed  with  the  remnant  of 
.  his  troops.  Another  account,  however  (c.  118),  stated  that  he  fled 
in  a  Phccnician  ship  from  Eion,  in  Thrace,  on  the  Kivcr  Strymon, 
and  that,  in  a  storm,  many  of  the  passengers  threw  themselves  over- 
board to  lighten  the  vessel.  Juvenal,  however,  seems  to  say  that 
Xerxes  fled  at  once  from  Salamis  in  a  single  ship,  the  course  of 
which  was  im])eded  by  floating  bodies. 

188-101.  Ua  spatiurn  vita',  &c.  The  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows  : 
All  pray  for  long  life,  yet  old  age  brings  with  it  deformity,  and  de- 
cay, and  dotage.  At  the  best,  however  hale  and  hearty  the  aged 
may  be,  they  must  be  often  pained  by  seeing  their  nearest  kin 
struck  down  around  them.  So  Nestor,  Pcleus,  and  Laertes  mourn- 
ed for  their  sons.  Hai)py  had  it  been  for  Priam  had  he  died  before 
the  rape  of  Helen  ;  yet  Priam's  fate  was  not  so  hard  as  Hecuba's. 
»So,  too,  Mithradatcs,  Croesus,  Marius,  and  Pompey,  all  proved  the 
truth  of  Solon's  saying,  that  "  no  man  is  to  bo  counted  happy  before 
death."— ^c<:/o  vultu.     "  With  the  erect  look  of  health." 

192-205.  Dissimilcmque  sui.  "And  unlike  its  former  self." — 
Pellem.  "Hide." — Tabraca.  Now  Tabarca,  on  the  coast  of  Nu- 
midia.  Strabo  (xvii.,  p.  827)  and  Herodotus  speak  of  the  mount- 
ains and  woods  of  this  coast  as  swarming  with  apes. — Plurivia  sunt 
Juvenum,  ttc.  The  idea  is,  Youtlts  differ  one  from  another  in  feat- 
ures or  in  strength ;  the  old,  on  the  contrary,  are  all  alike  feeble 
and  ill-favoured. — Madidtque  infantia  nasi.  Compare  the  scholiast, 
*V/a  nam  senibius  humor  de  naso  ut  infant ibus  jtendet J" — Ut  cafttatori 
vioreat,  &e.  The  idea  is,  Loatlisome  even  to  the  fortune-hunter, 
who  will  stay  by  your  side  when  wife  and  sons  are  driven  away. 

206-220.  Ctt/iarado.  A  better  reading  than  the  citharoedu^  of 
tlie  common  text. — Seleucus.  A  musician,  apparently  a  citharoe- 
dus.  Such  artists  were  highly  paid.  Their  professional  costume, 
too,  was  exceedingly  splendid.  Compare  Auct.  ad  Ilerenn.,  iv.,  GO. 
•^Et  quibus  aurata,  &c.  "And  one  of  those  whose  custom  it  is  to 
glitter  in  gold-bedecked  robe."  As  regards  the  lacema,  compare 
Sat.  iii.,  129. — Qtta  parte.  Whether  in  the  orchestra  (Sat.  iii.,  135) 
as  a  senator,  or  in  the  fourteen  rows  as  an  eques. — Qm»  vix  corni- 
nnes,  &c.  Trumpeters  were  employed  to  give  the  signal  in  the  the- 
atre. (Compare  Seneca,  Ep.  84,  §  10.) — Quern  dicat  venisse,  &c. 
The  slave  must  bawl  iti  his  master's  ear  the  name  of  a  visitor  or 
the  hour  of  the  day.     Sun-dials,  as  well  as  clepsydne,  were  found 


^  #1 

m 


.!« 


P! 


liiliil 


252 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


I 

!    i 


ll 


ir 


ill 


in  private  houses.    More  commonly,  however,  slaves  watched  the 
public  dials  on  the  temples  or  basilica;,  and  reported  the  hours  to 
their  masters.     {Mayor,  ad  loc.y-Gelido  jam  in  cor}H>re.     »'  In  his 
now  chilled  immar^Themison.     Not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
physician  of  Laodicea,  who  flourished  in  the  first  century  B.C.,  and 
founded  the  sect  of  the  Methodid.  —  Basilus.     Some  fraudulent 
member  of  a  sodetas  or  partnership.— .Socio*.     "  Partners  in  busi- 
ness."—Quo  tondente,  &c.     Repeated  from  Sat.  i.,  23. 
^     221-232.  Ille  humero,  &c.     Ho  now  returns  to  his  description  of 
the  oU.— Pallida.     «  Bloodless."— Z>iW«ircr£f  rictmn  suetus.     "  Once 
accustomed  to  open  widely  his  distended  jaws."  —  3/a/cr  ;>;«««. 
*'  The  parent  bird,  herself  fasting."— />ei„c//fw.     "  That  idiocy."— 
Quos eduxit.     "  Whom  he  has  brought  up."     Kduxit  for  cducmit— 
Codice  sarvo.     "  By  an  unfeeling  will."    If  a  man  had  disinherited 
his  own  children,  or  passed  over  his  parents,  or  brothers,  or  sisters, 
the  will  was  in  form  a  good  will;  but  if  there  was  no  sufficient  rea- 
son for  the  inheritance,  the  persons  aggrieved  might  have  an  nc 
tion,  entitled  ''InoffiiHosi  testamenti  querela.^— Phialen,     Some  fe- 
male of  loose  character.— ylr/i>m  oris.     "  Of  an  artful  mouth." 

233-238.  Ll.  "  Even  supposing,  however,  that."  The  idea  is. 
Even  though  the  old  man's  mind  should  retain  its  vigour,  still  Lc 
must  sec  his  family  die  around  h\m.  —  I}uccnda  sunt.  "Are  to  l)0 
led  forth."— Sororibiis.  "  Of  sisters'  ashes."—  Clade  domus.  "  The 
death  blow  in  their  house.** 

239-250.  Rex  Pylius.     Nestor,  king  of  Pylos,  in  the  Peloponne- 
sus, who,  according  to  Homer,  had  outlived  two  generations  of  men, 
and  was  reigning  at  the  jK^riod  of  the  Trojan  war  over  a  tl'.ird.     If 
we  reckon,  with  Herodotus,  three  generations  to  a  century,  Nestor 
would  have  been  at  this  time  seventy  or  eighty  years  old.     Others, 
however,  understand  by  a  generation  {yeveu)  a  ccntur>-.— Co/tiiV^. 
The  crow  is  fabled  by  Ilesiod  to  live  nine  generations  of  men.— 
Nimirum.     "No  doubt. "-Z>,Wm/,V.     ^^VxM  ofirSuos  jam  dextra, 
&c.     This  the  Greeks  expressed  by  araTrf^Ta'Cfaeat.     They  counted 
on  the  left  hand  as  far  as  a  hundred,  then  on  the  right  up  to  two 
hundred,  and  then  again  on  the  left  for  the  third  himdred,  and  so 
on.  — Novum  mustum.     "The  new-made  wine."  — iVm/o  stamine. 
*'  The  too-prolonged  thread  of  existence."— yl«///cH-/.i.     Antilochus, 
BOX)  (^  Nestor,  slain  by  Memnon,  son  of  Aurora.     Compare  Horace, 
Od.  ii.,  0,  U.—  Cnr  hwc  in  tempora  duret,     "  Why  he  himself  lingers 
on  to  this  period."— /?«;>/,//«.     "Prematurely  snatched  away."— 
Alius.   Laents.—Ithamm  natantem.    "The  swimming  Ithacen«ian," 
».  e.,  the  ship^vrecked  Ulysses. 


li 


1 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


253 


251-265.  Incolami  Troja.  "  Troy  remaining  safe  the  while,*'  t.  c, 
with  Troy  still  standing.— ^ssarac/.  Electra,  daughter  of  Atlas, 
Iwre  to  Jupiter  Dardanus,  father  of  Erichthonius,  father  of  Tros,  fa- 
ther of  Ilus,  Assaracus,  and  Ganymede.  Priam  was  son  of  Laome- 
don,  son  of  Ilus  ;  Capys,  son  of  Assaracus,  was  father  of  Anchises. 
(/l/w//ot/.,  iii.,  \2.)  —  Funus.  "His  corpse."  Put  for  cadaver.^ 
Cassandra.  *Both  Cassandra  and  Polyxena  survived  their  father, 
but  they  could  not  lament  at  his  burial. — Lon(ja  dies.     "Lehgth  of 

davs." Tunc  miles  tremulus,  &c.     Compare  Virgil,  uEn.^  ii.,  509, 

scq.—Joi'is.  Ilercrcan  Jove  is  meant,  ZfiV  tpKeloc,  the  household 
god,  so  called  because  his  statue  stood  in  the  ep«of,  or  front  court. 
Priam  was  slain  before  his  altar  by  Pyrrhus,  son  of  Achilles.— Z?o.<f. 
In  Greece  it  was  only  in  exceptional  cases  that  oxen  from  the 
plough  were  sacrificed.— Jam fastiditus.  "Long  since  scorned."— 
.l/>ura/ro.  The  preposition  is  here  employed  with  the  ablative,  in- 
stead of  the  simple  ablative  only,  on  account  of  the  personification. 
—  Utcunque.  "  However."  The  idea  is,  However  it  may  have 
been,  he  died  the  death  of  a  human  being,  not  that  of  a  dog,  as 
Hecuba  did.— CamVio  rictu.  "With  a  canine  distention  of  the 
jaws."    Alluding  to  the  well-known  metamorphosis  of  Hecuba. 

2GG-276.  /iV/cm  Ponti.  The  celebrated  Mithradates.— Cra^«w». 
It  has  been  shown  by  Grote  that  the  visit  of  Solon  to  Croesus  (Ilerod.^ 
i.,  30,  seqq.)  is  unhistorical.—  Ultima  spatia.  "  The  closing  scenes.'* 
Literally,  "  the  last  heats."  A  metaphor  borrowed  from  the  Ro- 
man circus.  The  competitors  had  to  run  seven  times  round  the 
spina,  and  each  course  round  was  called  a  sjmtium  or  "  heat." — 
Mtntumarum.  Minturnaj  was  a  town  of  Latium,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Liris.  In  the  marshes  in  the  vicinity  of  this  place  Marius  en- 
dcavoured  to  conceal  himself  from  the  cavalr}'  of  Sylla,  but  was  dis- 
covered, and  dragged  to  prison  at  Mintumaj. — Mcndicatus  victa,  &c. 
Alluding  to  the  well-known  story  of  Marius  sitting  on  the  ruins  of 
Carthage. — Hinc  causas  hii/buere.  "  Had  all  their  origin  from  this." 
'-Circumducto  captivorum  afjmine,  &c.  Juvenal  means  after  his  tri- 
umph over  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri  had  been  ended.— Animam  opi- 
viam.     "  His  soul  glutted  with  glory." 

277-282.  Provida.  "  In  her  foresight,"  i.  €.,  foreseeing  the  mis- 
fortunes that  would  befall  him  if  he  continued  to  live.- Optandas. 
"To  be  really  wished  for  by  him,"  t.  c,  for  which  he  should  actually 
have  prayed,  in  order  that  it  might  have  cut  life  short,  and  saved  fu- 
ture trouble.— .1/m//*c  urbes.  The  people  of  Neapolis  first  offered  sac- 
rifices for  his  restoration  to  health.  The  neighbouring  people  fol- 
lowed their  example,  and  the  thing  thus  going  the  round  of  Italy, 


254 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  X. 


I' 


i 


H 


f 


It 


Tn7  T'  r  ""*  ^'"'  '^«'«''™'<='l  «  festival  for  several  davi 
(/  /«<.,  J  ,<.  Pom,,.,  r.J.y-Foriuna  ymus.  The  good  fortune  of  Pom 
pcy  was  no  ess  eelebrated  than  that  of  Sulltt._5^,.„„„„.  "  Spared 
by  d'sease,-  .  ,.,  by  ,he  fcver.-Ca/,„<  a4«u/.V.  Pompcv,  after  hU 
flight  from  Pharsalia,  sought  refuge  in  Egyp^  b«,  was  pm  ,o  death 
before  he  came  to  land,  being  fifty-eight  year,  of  age!  His  head 
v>-as  eut  off  and  brought  to  C«sar,  who  had  eome  to  £g^pt  not     „ 

ment  ,  ..,  the  degradation  of  being  beheaded._L«„„/«,.  This 
.Bd,v,d«a^  and  Cethegus  were  aceomplices  in  the  conspiracvof  Cat- 
.Une,  and  were  strangled  in  the  Tulli<.„.„„,  or  prison  at  Kome  on 

m:^t:    ""  ""  ''\^T"'^'-C'-""-«-    CatUine  feU  on', 
fleld  of  battle,  aga.nst  the  forces  of  Antonius  the  proconsul,  at  Pis- 
tona  m  Ltrurta.    According  to  Dio  Cassius,  however,  his  head  w.,s 
cut  off  and  sent  to  Rome  (xxxviii.,  40). 

283^290.  /or,«am.  -  Beauty."!- J/of//f„  0„unnurc).  "  I„  sub- 
Uucd  tone.  -Majore  murmure.  "  I„  louder  accents."- 6^*,^  ad 
dehnas  rotoru,n,  "  Even  unto  the  delight  of  vows,"  i.  ..,  offel.  „n 
vows  so  splendid  as  to  prove  delightful  even  unto  a  god.  Some  less 
correctly,  render  it,  "Carrying  her  fond  wishes  even  to  the  verge  of 

WT"''r;rf  "''""*^"^"^  >'«"  »«  ^»"^^«  "'«  for  this?"-A„cr.7/a. 
\\ifeofCollat.nus.-7?„/,A..  Unknown.- IVr^^^Wa.  The  intended 
victim  of  Appius  Claudius.— Concordia.    *'  The  union  " 

291-304.  Sanctos  licet,  <tc.    "Though  the  house,  ausierc  in  virtne, 
nnd  imitating  the  Sabincs  of  old,  may  have  handed  down  the  un- 
corrupted  morals  (of  earlier  days)."    The  Sabines  were  a  people  of 
simple  and  virtuous  habits,  faithful  to  their  word,  and  imbued  with 
deep  religious  feeling.-A^bn  licet  esse  Wro,.    "  It  is  not  allowed  them 
to  attain  unto  unsullied  manhood."   Literallr,  "  to  be  men."    Vires 
IS  here  emphatic.-/>ar.n/...    The  parents  of  the  youth.-5.rf  casta, 
*c.    But  If  he  be  chaste,  asks  the  mother,  what  harm  can  beautv  do 
him?    Nay,  replies  the  poet,  what  did  tkeir  resolute  puritv  avail 
Ilippolytus  or  Bellerophon  ?-6>are  ;,ro;,o,//.;„.    «.  His  virtumis  re- 
solve. -//i;v>o/y/o.    The  story  of  Ilippolytus,  son  of  Theseus,  false- 
ly accused  by  Vh^dra.-nelierophonti.    The  story  of  Bellerophon 
and  Sthenobo^a,  wife  of  Pnetus,  king  of  Arpos.-//a.r.    Pha^dra.- 
J^t  seconcusserc  amber.     "And  both  aroused  themselves  to  venge- 
ance. —Cressa.    Ph.-edra  was  daughter  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete.- 
^um  stimuLs  odio,  &c.  "  When  shame  sets  goads  to  hatred,"  i .  e.,  sets 
sharper  spurs  to  her  hate. 

305-311.  Q>,idnam  fuadendum,  &c.       "What   course  you  think 
•hould  be  recommended  to  him."    The  allusion  is  to  the  marria-a 


lij' 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  X. 


255 


of  Mcssalina  with  C.  Silius,  as  related  by  Tacitus,  Ann.,  xi.,  12. 
This  happened  A.l).  48,  when  her  hui^band,  the  Emperor  Claudius, 
was  at  Ostia. — (tcnlia  patricio'.  Not  exactly  correct.  Silius  was 
the  son  of  a  general  distinguished  by  his  victories  over  the  Gauls 
and  Bclgx  ;  but  the  gens  was  plebeian. — Flarnmeolo  jxirato,  "  With 
the  bridal  veil  all  ready."  The  marriage  veil,  worn  by  Roman  brides, 
was  of  a  deep  and  brilliant  yellow  colour,  like  a  flame,  from  which 
circumstance  the  name  arose.  Obser\e  i\idX  Jlammeolum  is  a  dimin- 
utive oi  Jlammeum;  not,  however,  meaning  small  in  size,  but  of  a 
very  fine  and  thin  texture,  and,  consequently,  of  greater  value. — 
Jlortis.  The  gardens  of  Lucullus  are  probably  meant ;  although, 
from  Tacitus  {Ann.,  xi.,  12,  27)  and  Dio  Cassius  (Ix.,  31),  it  would 
seem  that  the  marriage  was  celebrated  in  the  house  of  Silius. — Ritu 
antiqM).—\moxig  other  formalities,  a  dowrj'  too  is  brought,  according 
to  ancient  rite. — Daies  centcna.  "  A  million  of  sesterces."  E^jual 
to  831>,000. — Sif/natorihus.     "Witnesses  to  the  settlement." 

312-320.  Ttt.  Silius  is  meant.  —  Lejitimr.  "In  due  form  of 
Uw-.^'—Quid  phccat.  "Which  alternative  is  to  please."— Lwcerna.?. 
"The  evening  lamps,"  i.  c,  nightfall.  — *S'c/c/  tdtimus.  It  was  with 
great  difficulty,  after  all,  that  Narcissus  prevailed  on  Claudius  to  or- 
der Messalina's  execution ;  and  she  was  put  to  death  at  last  without 
his  knowledge.— 0/ASf7M<?rc  itnperio.  "  Obey  her  behests."— ^e  tantiy 
SiC.  The  idea  is.  If  it  is  worth  while,  for  a  few  more  days  of  life,  to 
commit  such  a  crime.— r;A«//o.     To  the  sword  cither  of  Mcssalina 

or  of  Claudius. 

321-332.  Nil  ergo  optahunt  homines?  The  poet  here  anticipates 
a  natural  objection  that  might  be  made.  If  all  that  has  been  just 
said  be  carefully  considered,  the  consequence  would  seem  to  be  that 
it  is  wrong  to  wish  or  pray  for  any  \\\m^.— Consilium.  "My  &d- 
yicc.^—J'Jxpcndere.  "To  consider."— .Mwj<//«.  "  Merely  pleasing 
things."— i^ariuw  iixoris.  "Issue  by  a  wife."— fv^  poscas  aliqmd. 
The  idea  is.  That  you  may  not  merely  acquiesce  in  the  divine  ap- 
pointments, but  also  prefer  some  petition. — Divina.  "  Sacrificial." 
—Tomaculu.  "  Sausages."  The  liver  and  other  parts  cut  out  of  the 
pig,  minced  up  with  the  fat.  The  tomacula  were  eaten  hot,  and 
hence  were  carried  about  the  streets  for  sale  in  small  tin  ovens. — 
Ut  sit  mens  sana,  &c.  The  famous  prayer  of  i)hilosophic  antiquity, 
namely,  for  a  sound  mind  to  judge,  determine,  and  cut  aright ;  and 
for  a  sound  and  healthy  frame  as  essential  to  true  enjoyment. 

333-341.  Spatitim  extremum.  "The  closing  scene,"  t.  6.,  the  last 
heat  in  the  race  of  existence.  Compare  note  on  verse  000.— 3/uwe- 
ra.    "  The  privileges."    Compare  Dry  den  ;  "  And  count  it  nature's 


II 


II 


l!!li^ 


Hi  I 


256 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


privilege  to  aicr—Potiores.      "Far  preferable."— //grcw/i*.    Hcr. 
eules  is  often  put  forwanl  as  a  paragon  of  virtue.     The  Cynics  and 
Stoics  in  particular  so  esteemed  him.—  Vencre.     "The  lust."— /V^*. 
ma.     "The  downy  couch."—Sanianajxili.     The  allusion  is  to  Sar- 
danapalus,  the  last  king  of  the  Assyrian  emi)ire  of  Ninus  or  Nine- 
veh,  noted  for  his  luxurv-,  licentiousness,  and  effeminacv.     Ravvlin- 
son  reads  the  name  as  Assardanbal ;  Ilincks  as  Ashmakhbal ;  and 
others,  again,  as  Assur-banipal.     There  would  seem,  from  the  re- 
searches of  Layard,  to  have  been  more  than  one  monarch  of  the 
name.— Xulium  numen  habes,  &c.     "Thou  hast  no  divinity  if  man 
possess  wise  foresight,"  t.  e.,  no  power  or  control  over  us  as  a  deity ; 
or,  in  other  words,  no  existence  as  a  deity.    Another  but  inferior 
reading  is.  Nullum  numen  abest.     "No  deity  is  absent,"  i.  c,  all  the 
gods  are  present  with  and  favour  us.' 


SATIRE   XL 

AnCflMFAT. 

Under  the  form  of  an  invitation  to  his  friend  Tersicus,  Juvenal 
takes  occasion  to  enunciate  many  admirable  maxims  for  the  due 
regulation  of  life.  After  ridiculing  the  miserable  state  to  which  a 
profligate  patrician  had  reduced  himself  bv  his  extravagance  he  in- 
troduces the  picture  of  his  own  domestic  economy,  which  he  follows 
by  a  pleasing  view  of  the  simplicity  of  ancient  manners,  artfully 
contrasted  with  the  extravagance  and  luxury  of  the  current  times. 
After  describing,  with  great  beauty,  the  entertainment  he  proposes^ 
to  give  his  friend,  he  concludes  with  an  earnest  recommendation  to 
hira  to  enjoy  the  present  with  content,  and  await  the  future  with 
calmness  and  moderation.     {Evans.) 


1-6.  Atticus.  rut  for  any  man  of  wealth  and  rank.  So  Apicius 
on  the  other  hand,  for  any  poor  one.-Eximie.  "  Sumptuouslv. " 
^Lautus.  "A  splendid  fellow."- Z>e;«e«,.  "Lost  to  all  jud- 
ment."— Pa«;>^r  Ajncius.  "  An  Apicius  reduced  to  jKJverty  "  By 
Apicius  here  is  meant  any  extravagant  glutton.  Tlie  name  how- 
ever, particularly  indicates  the  noted  gourmand  in  the  time  of  Ti- 
berius. Consult  note  on  Sat.  iv.,  22.-Omnis  ronvictus,  &c.  " Eveiy 
dinner-party,  the  baths,  the  knots  of  loungers."  Convictus,  in  the 
Latimty  of  Juvenal's  time,  was  equivalent  to  convivium.  As  regards 
the  ThermcB,  consult  note  on  Sat.  vii.,  233;  and  in  ilfustration  of 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


257 


the  term  stationes^  compare  the  language  of  Pliny  (Ep.  i.,  13 ;  xi., 
9) :  ^'■Locus  %bi  otiosi  in  urhe  deguntj  et  varils  sermonibus  tempus  ter- 
unt." — De  liutilo.  Supply  loqmmtur. — Juvenalia.  Earlier  and  rarer 
form  for  juvenilia. — Sufficiunt  galeae.  Supply  portanda.  Alluding 
to  his  being  fit  to  bear  arms. — Ardcns.  Sup])ly  est.  A  much  better 
reading  than  ardent^  a  mere  conjectural  emendation,  without  MS. 
authority. 

7-11.  Non  cogente  quideniy  &c.  The  tribune  has  not,  indeed,  as- 
signed over  Rutilus's  estate  to  his  creditors,  and  so  driven  him  to 
engage  himself  to  the  lanista  for  his  bread,  but  yet  he  has  not  in- 
terposed to  save  him  from  a  degradation  worse  than  slavery.  By 
the  tribune  is  here  meant  the  tribunus  plebis,  who  appears  to  have 
had  a  kind  of  judicial  authority  under  the  empire. — Scripturus  leges, 
&c.  Gladiators  had  tp  write  out  the  rules  given  by  their  trainer, 
and  also  the  words  of  command,  in  order  to  learn  them  by  heart — 
liegia  verba.  "  Imi)erial  commands,"  i.  e.,  commands  requiring  im- 
plicit obedience. — Multos  jtorro  vides,  &c.  The  idea  is,  There  are 
many  spendthrifts  over  head  and  ears  in  debt,  whom  the  often- 
eluded  creditor  is  sure  to  meet  at  the  market. — Macelli.  The  ma- 
rellnn  was  an  inclosure  or  building  which  sened  as  a  market.  It 
differed,  however,  from  the  forum,  which  was  an  open  area  sur- 
rounded by  colonnades,  and  in  which  the  market  was  held  uf>on 
stated  davs  in  each  week. —  Vivendi  causa.     "Inducement  to  live." 

12-20.  Egregius.  Comparative  adverb.  Lucretius  (iv.,  4C9)  uses 
a  similar  form,  but  the  reading  there  is  uncertain. — Et  cito  casurus, 
<tc.  The  ruined  spendthrift,  just  on  the  point  of  becoming  bank- 
nipt,  is  compared  to  a  building  about  to  fall,  with  cracks  and  fis- 
sures in  its  walls,  through  which  the  daylight  is  streaming. — Interca 
gustusy  &c.  "  Meanwhile  they  seek  after  delicacies  through  all  the 
elements,"  t.  c,  they  ransack  earth,  air,  and  water  for  them.  The 
gustus,  or  promulsis,  after  all,  however,  was  only  the  first  course,  .in- 
tended to  whet  the  appetite,  consisting  of  such  vegetables  as  the 
lactuca  or  lettuce,  shell  and  other  fish,  with  piquant  sauces,  mul- 
sum,  dec. — Animo  ohstantibus.  "Standing  in  the  way  of  their  grat- 
ification."— Ergo  hand  dijjicilc  est,  &c.  Therefore,  since  they  like 
expense  for  its  own  sake,  they  make  no  conscience  of  pawning  the 
family  plate. — /^erituram.  To  be  squandered  on  their  appetite. — 
Opjiositis.  "Pawned." — Matris  imagine  J  rarta.  lie  defaces  a  sil- 
ver statue  of  his  mother,  and  pa^Tis  it  as  old  silver. — Quadringentis 
ntunviis.  Four  hundred  sesterces,  or  $15.00. —  Condire  gulosumjic- 
tile.  "To  load  with  dainties  an  earthen  dish."  More  literally,  "to 
render  savoury  an  earthen  dish  containing  many  a  dainty." — Mis- 


i. 


258 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XI. 


I 


cellanea  /«<//.  "  The  mixed  food  of  the  gladiatorial  school."  This 
was  a  mixture  of  cheese  and  flour,  probably  a  kind  of  macaroni. 
With  ludi  supply  gladiatorii. 

21-2G.  Ilefert  ergo,  &c.  "  It  makes  all  the  difference,  therefore, 
who  it  is  that  procures  these  same  things."  The  idea  is,  Since  so 
many  are  ruined  by  luxury,  men  give  it  a  bad  name  in  those  of 
narrow  means,  while  in  the  rich  it  is  extolled  as  generosity.—.  1 
censu  famam  traliit.  "Derives  credit  from  his  fortune."— i%a. 
The  continent  of  Africa  is  meant.— //ic  tamen  idem  ignoret,  &c.  The 
poet  despises  him,  because,  although  he  has  sense  enough  to  see  the 
difference  in  size  between  Atlas  and  inferior  mountains,  he  is  fool- 
ish enough  not  to  distinguish  between  his  own  narrow  circumstances 
and  the  fortunes  of  the  rich,  so  as  to  regulate  his  manner  of  livin;; 
accordingly.— /^rnore/.  The  subjunctive  is  used  because  the  qui, 
which  is  the  common  subject  to  scit  and  ignoret,  before  the  former 
means  who,  whereas  before  the  latter  it  expresses  the  ground  of  the 
contempt,  namely,  because  he  is  ignorant.    {Mayor,  ad  he.) 

27-31.  /:;  caJo  descendit,  &c.  This  precept  has  Iwien  assigned  to 
Socrates,  Chilo,  Thales,  Cleobulus,  Bias,  and  l»ythagora5.  It  was 
inscribed  in  golden  letters  over  the  i^rtico  of  the  temple  at  Delphi. 
Hence,  perhaps,  the  notion  afterward  that  it  was  derived  immedi- 
ately from  hc&xcn.^ Tractandutn.  "To  be  carefully  cherislied." 
Conjugium.  The  poet  means  that,  in  seeking  for  a  wife,  a  man  must 
keep  to  his  line.  Compare  'Ovid,  Ileroid.,  ix.,  32 :  "  Siqua  whs 
apte  nubere,  nube paHr^Vel  sacH  in  jmrte,  &c.  The  idea  is,  If  yon 
wish  to  be  a  senator,  you  ought  to  know  yourself,  and  be  able  to 
judge  whether  you  are  fit  for  such  an  office ;  for  not  even  Thcr- 
sitcs,  with  all  his  impudence,  had  the  audacity  to  put  in  a  claim  to 
the  armour  of  Achilles,  which  even  Ulysses,  with  nil  his  wisdom, 
made  himself  ridiculous  by  wearing.— 5e  traducebat.  "Exposed 
Hiiyself  to  ridicule." 

32-45.  Ancipitem  seu  tu,  &c.  "  Or  whether  you  aim  at  defending 
a  doubtful  cause,  involved  in  great  risk," i.e.,  a  cause  of  great  mo- 
ment, with  heavy  risk  accompanying.  Some,  less  correctly,  connect 
ancipitein  with  se  in  the  previous  line.    Observe  that  the  connection, 

having  been  interrupted  by  the  parenthesis  (nee Ulixes),  a  new 

sentence  follows  here  with  affectas  in  the  indicative.— 7e  consuU\ 
"Consult  your  own  powers."- fii/cco-.  "Mere  talk,"  i.e.,  mere 
spouters.  Literally,  "mere  cheeks."— ^/^ec/an^a^M*'.  "And  it  must 
be  kept  in  view."— J/«//«m.  Compare  Sat.  iv.,  U.—Gobio.  "The 
price  of  a  gohio."  A  fish  of  small  value,  probably  the  gudgeon.— 
yEre  paterno,  &a    «  Your  patrimony  and  whole  fortune  havinf'  been 


i 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


259 


upon  your  belly,  capable  of  holding,  &c. — Post  cuncta  novisshnus,  &c. 
"  Last  of  all  the  ring  goes  forth,"  t.  e.,  the  last  thing  sold  is  the 
equestrian  ring.  Jixit  is  a  well-selected  term  here,  indicating  that 
the  property  is  taken  out  of  the  house  for  sale. — Non  pramaturi  cin- 
eres,  &c.  "  The  ashes  of  the  funeral  pile  are  not  premature,  nor  is 
the  end  of  existence  bitter  to  luxury,"  i.  c,  their  aim  is  a  short  life 
and  a  merry  one ;  they  fear  an  old  age  of  privation  more  than  an 
carlv  death. 

4G-51.  Gradus.  "The  steps,"  i.  e.,  the  degrees  by  which  they 
proceed. —  Coram  doyninis.  "Before  the  very  owners'  faces,"  i.  e., 
under  the  very  eyes  of  the  lenders. — Fenorls  auctor.  "  The  usurer." 
— Quivertere  solum.  "They  who  have  made  off"."  Literally,  "who 
have  changed  their  soil,"  i.  e.,  have  given  their  creditors  the  slip. — 
Baias.  Baiaj  was  the  Brighton  of  Rome,  and  was  situated  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  Sinus  Baianus.  It 
was  famed  for  its  beautiful  situation,  its  warm  springs,  and  its  shell- 
fish. Some  read  Ostia  for  ostrea,  but  this  is  far  inferior. — Ccdere 
foro.  "To  withdraw  from  the  forum,"  i.  c,  to  abscond  from 
'change,  or  to  become  bankrupt. — Dcterius.  "  More  discreditable." 
The  idea  is.  To  run  away  from  Rome  and  one's  creditors  is  so  com- 
mon that  there  is  no  more  discredit  in  it  than  to  change  the  hot  air 
of  the  Subura  for  the  cool  and  healthy  atmosphere  of  the  Esquiline 
Hill.  As  regards  the  Esquiline,  compare  Horace,  Sat.  i.,  8,  14 : 
^'' Nunc  licet  EsquiLis  fiabitare  salubribus." — Subura.  Compare  Sat. 
v.,  lOG ;  X.,  156. 

52-55.  Ilk  dolor  solus,  &c.  Both  in  Greek  and  Latin,  a  pronoun, 
when  the  subject  of  a  sentence,  takes  by  attraction  the  gender  of  the 
predicate.  Hence  we  have  here  for  illud  .^olmn  the  masculine  ille 
solus  by  attraction  to  dolor,  and  ilia  by  attraction  to  maestitia. 
{Zuvipt,  §  372.) — Circensibus.  Supply  ludis,  and  compare  Sat.  x., 
81. — Sanguinis  in  facie,  &c.  They  have  lost  all  sense  of  shame, 
they  cannot  blush. — Morantur  pauci,  &c.  The  virtue  of  modesty  is 
laughed  at  and  ridiculed.  She  is,  as  it  were,. taking  her  flight  from 
the  city,  and  few  are  for  stopping  her  or  delaying  her  departure. 

5G-C3.  Ilodie.  "  This  day  (when  you  are  to  dine  with  me)."-- 
Pukherrima  dictu.  "Tliose  things  that  are  very  fine  to  be  talked 
about."  —  Non  pro'stcm.  "I  do  not  exhibit." — Et  re.  "And  in 
deed." — Pultcs.  "  Pottage."  By  puis  is  meant  a  thick  pap  or  pot- 
tage, made  of  meal,  pulse,  &c.  It  was  the  food  of  the  primitive 
liomans. — Puero.  Yor  servo. -^rllabebis Evandrum.  "You  will  find 
in  me  an  Evander,"  t.  e.,  you  will  be  received  by  me  with  homely 
and  simple  hospitality,  as  Hercules  was  by  kind  Evander.    Compare 


m 

wl 


260 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XI. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XI. 


261 


Virgil,  ^n.j  Tii.,  100,  seqq.—IIosjtes.  JEncas,—Et  ipse  tamen,  &c. 
"And  yet  liimself  also  akin  to  heaven."  jEneas  was  the  son  of 
Anchises  and  the  goddess  Venus.— .I^m/.s.  iEncas  was  drowned  in 
the  Numicius.     Hercules  was  burned  on  Mount  (Eta. 

64-7G.  FercuLt  nunc  audi,  &c.    *'  Listen  now  to  the  several  courses, 
prepared  in  no  market."     Ornata  is  here  equivalent  to  instructa. 
Jacobs  {AnthoL,  iii.,  2,  p.  18)  suggests  corrasa,  but  at  the  market  all 
things  would  be  in  abundance.— J/ace/Zw.     Compare  verse  10.-77- 
burtino  agro.     Juvenal  probably  had  a  country-house  near  Tibur.— 
Inscius  herUe.     '*  Ignorant  of  (the  taste  of)  grass,"  t.  e.,  unweancd. 
^Montani  asjtaragi.     The  wild  asparagus  is  still  very  common  on 
the  Italian  hilh.—Po^to  guos  legit,  &c.     ''Which  my  farm-stcward's 
wife  has  gathered,  her  spindle  having  been  laid  down."— 7 ortiypic 
calentia  fano.     Fresh  eggs  were  carried  about  in  hay.—Matribus. 
The  same  hens  that  laid  thcm.—ScrvuUc  parte  anni.     The  various 
modes  of  keeping  grapes,  in  an  air-tight  cask,  in  sawdust,  <tc.,  arc 
described  by  Pliny  (77.  N.,  xv.,  18)  and  Varro  (A'.  IL,  i.,  .54).— 
Qual(s /iterant  in  vitibus.     Looking  quite  as  fresh  as  wlien  they  were 
on  the  xincs.—Signinum.     The  Signian  jwar  came  from  Signia,  now 
Segni,  a  town  of  Latium,  east  of  the  Volscian  hWU. —St/riumque  py- 
rum.     By  the  Syrian  pear  is  meant  the  Bergamot,  said  to  have  been 
originally  brought  from  Syria.— 7*iceww.     Horace  says  that  the  ap- 
ples of  Tibur  were  inferior  to  those  of  Picenum.     It  is  a  high  com- 
mendation, therefore,  of  Juvenal's  apples  to  say  that  they  rivalled 
those  of  the  latter  coMniry. Siccatumfriijore,  &c.     "  Since  they  have 
lost  their  autumnal  moisture  dried  up  by  the  cold,  and  the  dangers 
to  be  feared  from  their  juice  if  crude."     They  arc  now  mellowed  by 
the  cold  of  winter,  and  have  lost  the  acid  and  unripcncd  juice  which 
they  had  in  autumn  when  newly  gathered. 

77-88.  Jam  iuxuriosa.  "Already  luxurious,"  i.  «.,  when  com- 
pared with  the  frugal  diet  of  Curius.— Cwniw.  Curius  Dentatus. 
the  conqueror  of  the  Samnites,  Sabines,  Pyrrhus,  &c.,  and  a  noble 
specimen  of  old  Roman  frugality.— C'o/«/>i;r/^  yb.s-.vor.  Slaves,  as  a 
punishment,  were  put  in  irons,  and  made  to  dig  in  the  fields,  &c.— 
Sicri  terga  suis.  "  Flitches  of  the  smoked  swine."— /2ara  pendcntia 
crate.  "Hanging  from  the  wide-barred  rack."  The  rack  hero 
stands  in  the  kitchen.— Aa/a//riMw  Lirdnm.  "Bacon  as  a  birth-day 
tTQaC'—Accedente.  "  Being  added."— (^««;/j  dabat.  "Afforded  any." 
A  part  of  the  victim  was  burnt,  and  the  remainder  was  eaten  by  the 
offerer,  or  so\d.—Solito  maturius.  He  left  his  work  betimes  for  so 
rare  a  treat.— 7>owiW  a  monte.  "Where  he  had  been  at  work,  dig- 
ging and  subduing  the  soiL 


89-99.  Quum  tremerent  autein,  &c.  "  When  men,  however,  trem- 
bled at  the  Fabii."  The  most  famous  censor  of  the  Fabia  gens  was 
Q.  Fabius  IMaximus  Rullianus,  colleague  of  P.  Decius,  B.C.  804.  — 
Scveros  ccnsoris  mores,  &c.  The  censors  here  alluded  to  were  M. 
Livius  Salinator  and  C.  Claudius  Nero,  B.C.  204.  These  individu- 
als had  long  been  enemies,  and  their  long-smothered  resentment 
now  burst  forth,  and  occasioned  no  small  scandal  in  the  state.  Ju- 
venal's view  of  the  matter  is  not  correct.  —  Nemo  inter  euros,  &c. 
"  No  one  thought  that  it  was  to  be  ranked  among  subjects  of  anxious 
care  and  serious  concern." — Qualis  testudo.  Namely,  whether  great 
or  small.  In  Juvenal's  time,  however,  when  tortoise-shell  was  used 
by  the  rich  and  luxurious  for  inlaying  the  couches  at  entertainments, 
no  exi)ensc  was  spared  to  procure  the  largest  and  finest  pieces. — 
Fulcrum.  "  Couch-foot."  Decorated  with  sphinxes  and  other  fig- 
ures.— Xudo.  "Bare  of  ornament." — Parvis  Icctls,  &c.  The  regu- 
lar form  of  exj)ression  would  have  been  kctus  jmrvtis  nudo  latere  et 
/rente  trrca.  i^xit /rons  <rrea,  as  the  main  point  to  be  attended  to,  is 
made  the  subject.  {Ilcinrich,  ad  he.) — Vile.  "  Of  rude  and  cheap 
workniansiiip."  —  Ad  quod  lascivi,  &c.  "Near  which  the  playful 
country  boys  were  accustomed  to  sport."  The  bed  stood  in  the  atri- 
um, opposite  the  entrance,  and  near  it  the  children  were  wont  to 
play.  Compare  Sat.  xiv.,  ICO.  Some  incorrectly  render  this,  "at 
which,  &c.,  they  were  accustomed  to  laugh,"  t.  e,,  to  make  it  a  matter 
of  wanton  jest. —  Tales  ergo  cibi,  &c.  This  line  comes  in  very  tame- 
ly, and  rather  spoils  the  picture.     Ilcinrich  regards  it  as  spurious. 

100-109.  Pnrdarum  in  parte  reperta.  "Found  in  his  share  of 
the  booty."  —  Ut  phakris  gauderet  cqwis.  He  broke  them  up  to 
make  trappings  for  his  steed.  Florus,  however,  says  that  the  pha- 
lerm  were  introduced  from  Etruria.  —  Ca^lataque  cassis,  &c.  I'he 
rest  of  the  precious  metal  thus  obtained  was  employed  to  adorn  his 
helmet  and  arms  with  embossed  work. — Romtdeai  /era^.  The  she- 
wolf. — Geminos  Quirinos.  Romulus  and  Remus. — Sub  rupe.  Ac- 
cording to  the  common  legend.  Compare  Virgil's  '•'^  Mavortis  in 
antro'''  (^^Fln.,  viii.,  C30). — Dei.  Mars  is  meant.  —  Ponebant  /arrata 
omnia.  "They  used  to  serve  up  all  their  preparations  of  meal," 
i.  «.,  all  their  food. — Quibus  invideas,  &c.  The  idea  is,  If  we  had 
lived  then,  we  should  have  been  ready  to  envy  their  plain  and 
wholesome  fare,  if  we  had  had  even  a  spark  of  envy  in  our  disposi- 
tion.— Lividulus.     "  Only  in  the  slightest  degree  envious." 

110-125.  Prcrsentior.  "Was  more  present,"  i.  e.,  came  home 
more  to  the  bosoms  of  men.  Compare  Sat.  iii.,  18. —  Vox.  Allud- 
ing to  the  story  of  M.  Caidicius,  a  plebeian,  who  informed  the  trib- 


2b2 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


«> 


in* 


!li 


unes  that,  as  he  was  going  along  by  the  temple  of  Vesta,  he  heard, 
amid  the  silence  of  the  night,  a  voice  louder  than  human,  bidding 
him  tell  the  magistrates  that  the  Gauls  were  coming.  — /I w/iV„. 
Supply  est.—Pcrafjcntihus.     "  Performing."— fVcftVw.     "  While  still 
of  earthenware."    Referring  to  the  primitive  statues  of  the  god.— 
Violatus.     "  Profaned."- Z>omj"  natas.     Of  home-growth.     Not,  for 
instance,  the  foreign  citrus.     Compare  Sat.  i.,  (VA.—Mensas.    Tho 
extravagance  of  the  Romans  in  their  tables  is  almost  incredible.— 
Nucem.     "Nut-tree."    The  walnut  is  mcant.—/^/«>;«^>«5.    Compare 
Sat.  iv.,  38.— />awia.     "The  doc,"  i  «.,  the  venison.— OW/e*.     Cir- 
cular tables,  called  also  monoporlia,  because  supported  upon  a  single 
foot  and  stem,  which,  in  the  present  instance,  is  of  nory.—arande 
ebur.     "A  huge  mass  of  ivory:'— SuhUmis  pardus.     "A  tall  lcof>- 
ard."    The  ivory  is  cut  into  the  figure  of  a  leopard,  supporting  the 
table.     The  leopard  Iwlonged  to  the  tegcnds  of  Bacchus,  hence  the 
figure  of  one  supports  here  the  convivial  iahXQ.—Dnitibus  ex  iUis. 
"Made  of  those   tusks."— /»or/a  Syenen.     Syenc,  now  Assouan,  n 
frontier  town  in  southern  Egypt,  was  held  by  three  coliorts.    Hcneo 
porta  may  be  taken  strictly  for  the  gate  of  the  place,  through  which 
nil  traffic  from  ^Ethiopia  must  pass.     Others,  however,  since  the 
valley  of  the  Nile  is  greatly  narrowed  below  Syenc,  understand  hy 
]>orta  the  pass  thus  formed.     Sycne  is  the  j»lace  to  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  common  account,  Juvenal  was  subsequently  l)anishcd. 
{Mayor,  ad  lor.)  —  Celeres.     " Active."  —  Ohsninor.     "Of  duskier 
hue."  — />;w.sm//.     "Has  shed."     The  elephant  changes  its  tusks 
only  once  in  its  life;  but  not  then,  as  Juvenal  says,  "«i/«fW,  rapt^ 
tiqm  graves.''    {Mayor,  ad  lor.)—NalHithiro.     The  Nabatha-i  were  an 
Arabian  people,  whose  original  settlements  were  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  jMininsula,  and  who  became  subsequently  verj'  pow- 
erful by  inland  traffic.    Their  cai)ital  was  the  celebrated  rock-hewn 
Petra.  • 

120-140.  Orexis.  "Appetite."  The  costly  table  gives  an  edge 
to  the  appetite.— xVaw  jns  argenteus,  &c.  A  table  with  legs  of  sil- 
ver is  as  vulgar  and  shabby  in  the  opinion  of  our  voluptuaries  (i7//>, 
i.  e.,  divitifnis)  as  a  ring  of  iron.— O/rro.  "  I  ghun."— /i>m  cxiquas. 
"My  scanty  means."— .4(/,o.  " In  so  much  that."—  Tesselht.  " My 
dice."  Of  six  sides,  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  tall  of  fonr.-^ 
Calculus.  A  counter,  used  for  jdaying  the  lud>is  latruncuhrum  and 
duodecim  scHpfornm,  a  sort  of  draughts.  Calculi  were  commonly  of 
glass.— ///.,.  '*  By  means  of  these."  The  bone-handled  knives  will 
not  taint  the  dishes  car^•ed. — Pejor.     "  Any  the  worse." 

Stntctor,  "a  carver."     Compare  Sat.  v.,  TJO.  —  0//mw  pcrgula. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


263 


y 
♦  'I 


t^\ 


" Every  caning-school."  PcrgulcL,  literally  and  in  a  general  sense, 
meant  any  kind  of  building  added  on  to  the  side  of  a  house  or  other 
edifice  beyond  the  original  ground-plan.  Then,  among  other  special 
meanings,  it  indicated  a  lecture-room  or  school,  in  which  any  art  or 
science  is  taught. —  Trypheri.  Compare  the  Greek  Tpv<^tp6c,  "effem- 
inate," "voluptuous,"  <tc. — Sumine.  By  sumcn  is  meant  the  "ud- 
der of  a  sow,"  with  the  paps  and  part  of  the  belly  cut  from  her  the 
(lay  after  she  has  farrowed. — Pygargus.  A  sort  of  "antelope," 
with  white  buttocks,  whence  the  name. — Scythiccn  rolucres.  Pheas- 
ants are  meant.  The  pheasant  (opvi^  ^aaiavoc,  Phasiana  avis)  takes 
Its  name  from  the  Phasis,  a  river  of  Colchis,  on  the  confines  of 
Scythia,  at  the  mouth  of  which  these  birds  congregated  in  large 
(locks.  —  Pliunicopterus.  The  flamingo,  the  tongue  and  brain  of 
which  were  most  esteemed. — Oryx.  A  species  of  wild  goat. — Ul- 
vtca  atna.  Tryi)herus  and  other  professors  of  the  art  of  carving 
employed  wooden  models  of  the  various  dishes  to  be  caned.  The 
parts  of  these  were  slightly  fastened  together,  so  that  the  j)upil 
could  separate  them  with  a  blunt  knife. 

141-157.  Subdnccre.  "To  filch."  —  yi/rcc  am.  Probably  our 
Oninea-fowl.  {Becker,  Gallus,  1,  97.)  —  Nostcr  tirunculus.  "My 
little  fellow,  who  is  a  mere  novice."  lie  is  not  like  the  older  slaves 
of  great  houses,  an  expert  thief. — Imlmtus.  "  Initiated." — Furtis. 
Some  read  />i«//s,  and  make  subduccre  mean  "  to  take  off  neatly  by 
the  can-ing-knife."  But /urtis  is  much  more  playful.  —  Incidtus. 
"Plainly  clad." — Afrigore  tutus.  Wearing  warm  and  coana  cloth- 
ing, and  not,  like  a  favourite  page  in  a  great  house,  rustling  in 
silks. — Phryx  avt  Lycius.  The  Asiatic  slaves  were  in  high  request. 
— A  viangone  petitus.  "  Purchased  from  the  slave-dealer." — In  vrng- 
no,  &.C.  "When  you  shall  ask  for  wine  in  a  large  cup."  Supplj^ 
jtoculo.  Another  reading  is  et  mogno,  "  and  at  a  great  price,"  which 
nuist  then  be  taken  with  what  precedes. — iMtinc.  Not  in  Greek, 
for  he  knows  nothing  of  that  language. —  Tonsi  rectique.  "Close- 
cropped  and  straight."  Recti  refers  to  their  not  being  curled.^ 
Suspirat.  "  lie  sighs  after." — A  r  dens  purpura.  "The  glowing  pur- 
ple."—  Diffusa.  Compare  Sat.  v.,  30.  Home-made  wines  ar8 
meant,  not  Chian  or  Falemian. 

158-lCl.  Multos.  We  have  purposely  substituted  this  for  alios, 
the  common  reading,  after  having  omitted  a  part  of  the  text. — Con- 
ditor  Iliados  cantabitur.  A  lector  was  employed  to  read  during 
meals. — Dubiam  fadentia  palmam.  "  Rendering  the  palm  doubtful," 
i.e.,  contesting  the  prize  with  the  Homeric  poems. — Quid  rcfert, 
idlcm  versus,  <tc.    Juvenal  here  contrasts  the  poems  which  need  a 


m 


't,r 


m 


I 


Hi 


264 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XI. 


i 


skilful  reader  to  make  them  endurable,  with  Virgil's,  which  have  ai 
intrinsic  merit  of  their  own. 

162-174:.  Avcrte  nei/otia.     "Lay  aside  serious  employments.*' — 

Cessare.    "  To  be  idle." — Fenoris.    **  Of  money  out  at  interest." 

£ru€.  "Divest  yourself  of." — Pone.  "Banish  from  your  thoughts." 
— Interea  Mefjalesiaar^  &c.  The  idea  is,  You  may  just  as  well  make 
it  a  holiday :  all  the  world  is  at  the  Circus,  and  you  would  find  no 
one  with  whom  to  transact  business  of  any  kind. — Megalesiacf^  sjtec" 
taenia  inappa.  "  The  sj)ectacles  of  the  Megalesian  napkin."  The 
Megalesian  games  were  celebrated  in  honor  of  Cybele,  called  also 
Magna  Mater  (Me}u}.Tf  Oeu).  The  consul  or  praetor,  by  dropping  a 
napkin,  gave  the  signal  for  the  commencement  of  the  games. — Me- 
U7n  soUemne,  rolunt.  "  Grace  the  Ida:an  solemnity."  Compare  Sat. 
iii.,  120. —  Triunipho.  For  trumphanti. — Pntda.  F^aten  up,  as  it  wore, 
by  horses.  Falling  a  prey  to  the  ruinous  cxi>cnses  of  the  gam.  s.— 
Pace.  "With  the  permission." — Totain  Bomam  cajnt.  Indicating 
the  eagenicss  with  which  all  ranks  flocked  to  these  games,  as  well 
as  others  of  the  kind. — Fragor.  '-A  burst  of  applause." — Kvcntum 
viridis  panni.  "  The  success  of  the  green  uniform."  Four  chariots 
generally  contended,  the  drivers  Injing  distinguished  by  four  colours. 

175-184.  Si  deficeret.  "  If  it  should  fail." — Cannarum  in  puhrre. 
In  the  battle  of  Cannaj  the  Roman  army  faced  the  south,  and  the 
Carthaginian  the  north,  and  Hannibal  thereby  gained  the  advantage 
of  having  the  wind  called  the  Vulturnus  behind  him,  which  drove 
clouds  of  dust  into  the  face  of  the  enemy,  from  the  parched  fields 
around.  Cannie  was  in  Apulia,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Aufidus, 
about  six  miles  from  its  mouth. —  Consuiibus.  JEmilius  Paullus  and 
Terentius  Varro.  —  Sponsio.  "Betting."  —  Cult(e  puelUv.  "Some 
neatly-dressed  maiden." — Contracta  cuticula.  "Let  our  skin,  >\Tink- 
Icd  with  age." — Togain.  **  The  toga-wearing  crowd." — Jam  nunc  in 
balnea^  &c.  The  usual  time  for  bathing  was  the  eighth  hour  (2 
o'clock).  The  tenth  hour  is  also  named.  That  some  bathed  at  the 
sixth  hour  (noon)  appears  from  Martial  (x.,  48,  1,  seqq.).  Here  Ju- 
venal proposes  to  bathe  at  once,  though  it  wants  a  whole  hour  of 
noon.  {Mayor,  ad  lac.) — Salvaf route.  "With  unblushing  brow." — 
Talis  vita'.  "Even  of  such  a  life  as  this."  Frequenting  feasts  and 
indulging  in  idleness  may  be  occasionally  pleasant  enough ;  but  a 
continuance  of  this  mode  of  life,  for  many  days  in  succession,  would 
prove  a  source  of  great  weariness. — liarior  usus,  "  A  more  moder- 
attt  as«.* 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  XII. 


265 


SATIRE  XIL 
ARGUMENT. 
Catullus,  a  valued  friend  of  the  i)oct,  had  narrowly  escaped  ship- 
wreck. In  a  letter  of  rejoicing  to  their  common  friend  Corvinus, 
Juvenal  describes  the  danger  that  his  friend  had  incurred,  and  his 
own  hearty  and  disinterested  delight  at  his  preservation,  contrasting 
his  own  sacrifices  of  thanksgiving  at  the  event  with  those  offered  by 
the  designing  legacy-hunters,  by  which  the  rich  and  childless  were 
attempted  to  be*ensnared.     (Eva7is.) 


1-9.  Natali  die.  "Than  my  own  natal  day."  The  birth-day 
was  sacred  to  the  Genius,  to  whom  they  offered  wine,  incense,  and 
flowers,  abstaining  from  bloody  sacrifices. — Festus  cespes.  "The 
festal  altar  of  turf."  The  altar  of  green  turf  which  the  poet  had 
erected  on  the  present  occasion,  thus  suiting  his  devotion  to  his  cir- 
cumstances.— liegina\  Supply  (fa'M7«.  Temples  were  built  in  hon- 
our of  Juno  Regina  by  Camillus  and  M.  ^milius  {lAv.f  v.,  23 ;  xxxix., 
2).  The  title  is  frequent  in  inscriptions.  (Mayor^  ad  loc.)—Gor- 
gone.  Ablative  of  the  instrument.  As  Minena  bore  the  Gorgon's 
head  on  her  shield,  the  term  Gorge  is  here  used  for  the  shield.  The 
Gorgons,  according  to  one  legend,  dwelt  in  Africa,  near  the  confines 
of  Mauritania. — Extensum.  It  was  esteemed  a  very  bad  omen  if  the 
victim  did  not  go  willingly  to  the  sacrifice.  It  was  always  led, 
therefore,  with  a  long,  slack  rope. — Tarpeio  Jovi.  To  Jupiter,  Juno, 
and  Minerva  belonged  separate  ccUtje  in  the  Capitoline  temple,  and 
hence  they  arc  frequently  invoked  together. — Coruscat.  "Sways 
to  and  fro.'*  Compare  the  scholiast,  "  Movet,  sicut  telum." — Ferox 
vitulus.  »'It  is  a  spirited  calf."— Z>Mccrc.  "To  drain."— Fearaf. 
"  Buts."    Literally,  "  teases." 

10-16.  Similisque  affectibus.  "And  equal  to  my  wishes." — His- 
pulla.  A  female  of  disreputable  character,  alluded  to  by  the  poet  in 
Sat.  vi.,  94. — Piger.  "  Slow-paced."  —  Ostendens.  "  Giving  evi- 
dence of." — CUtumni.  The  Clitumnus  (now  Clitumno)  falls  near 
Mevania,  in  Umbria,  into  the  Tinia,  a  tributary  of  the  Tiber.  It 
vas  celebrated  for  the  clearness  of  its  waters  and  the  beauty  of  the 
cattle  that  pastured  on  its  banks. — Sanguis  iret,  &c.  The  blood 
and  neck  would  go  to  the  altar,  i.  €.,  the  ox  chosen  for  his  fulness 
of  blood  and  for  his  thick  neck.  {Mayor,  ad  loc.) — A  grandi  mints- 
tro.    <'By  the  strong  assistant."     Grandis  here  is  meant  to  imply 

M 


m 


«• 


r-r 


iii 


« 


i 


266 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  XII. 


fall  physical  development.  The  victim  was,  in  most  cases,  not  kill, 
cd  by  the  priests  who  conducted  the  sacrifice,  but  by  an  assistant, 
termed  jx>pa  (for  which  ministro  is  substituted  in  the  text),  Avho 
struck  the  animal  with  a  hammer  before  the  knife  was  uscd.—'.lw- 
CatuUus. 


ct. 


17-28.  Et.    "  Also."— AVasiV.    Some  read  ami,  *'  escaped  from," 
giving  et  the  ordinary  force  of  "  and,"  and  continuing  the  sentence  with 
densce,  but  this  makes  an  awkward  tautolog\-.— xVm6c  una.     "  In  one 
dense  cioxuXr—Subitusquc  antennas,  &c.     "  And  a  sudden  bolt  smote 
the  saU-yards."    Ignis  is  here  what  wc  would  terra  "  the  electric 
fluid."— Co«/ern  posse  velis  ardentihus.     "  Could  be  compared  witli 
blazing  sails,"  t.  c,  with  a  ship  on  ^ivQ.^Omniafiunt  talia,  &c.     The 
storm  realized  the  most  fearful  inventions  of  poctrv.— (7cnM*  ecce 
aHud  discriminis.     Besides  the  wind  and  lightning,  Catullus  had  to 
endure  the  loss  of  his  property.— /^cru//,.     "  A  second  time."— .Sor- 
tis  ejusdem.     That  is,  of  shipwrcck.-A'f  quam  votiva,  &c.     Person* 
m  peril  of  shipwreck  often  vowed  to  some  deity  a  painting  of  their 
dangers  and  escape  in  case  they  got  safe  to  land.  —Pii^ores  quis 
nescit,  &c.     The  Romans  made  so  many  vows  to  the  Egyptian  god- 
dess Isis,  whom  the  traders  and  mariners  regarded  as  their  j)atron- 
ess,  that  many  painters  got  their  bread  by  drawing  votive  paintings, 
which  were  hung  up  in  her  temples. 

3(M0.  Qmm  pienus,  &c.  The  hold  was  half  full,  or  full  up  to  the 
middle. --Evertentilyus.  "Tiynng  to  lay  low."  The  idea  is  this; 
AVhen  now,  the  ship  pitching  from  side  to  side,  the  helmsman  could 
not  save  the  tottering  mast.  We  have  given  arbori,  LachmannV 
conjecture,  in  place  of  the  common  arboris,  which  affords  no  intel- 
ligible meaning.  (Mat/or,  ad  hc.y—Deciderejactu,  &c.  "  He  bcgap 
to  compound  with  the  winds  by  throwing  overboard."  —  Funditc. 
"Throw  overboard."— J/fFcma<»6u5.  Compare  Sat.  i.,  54.— yl/r/«« 
alias,  &c.  "  As  well  as  others,  the  very  fleece  of  which  the  quality 
of  the  generous  pasture  has  tinged,"  i.  ?.,  other  attire,  dved  on  the 
sheep's  back  by  the  nature  of  the  herbage.  —  JpKiim  vestinm  pccus. 
The  verjr  sheep  that  yield  the  cloth.  The  pastures  spoken  of  were 
on  the  banks  of  the  Bsetis,  or  Guadalqaiver,  the  waters  of  which  river 
also,  together  with  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  were  said  to  add  to 
the  effects  of  the  pasture,  all  combined  giving  a  golden  tinge  to  the 
fleeces  of  the  sheep.— Fon^r  efp-er/ins.  "  The  excellent  water."  Fons 
for  aqiia.—Btvticus  aer.     Baitica  is  now  Andalusia. 

41-49.  Mittere.  "To  cast  into  the  sea."  For  dcmittcrc—Par- 
thenio.  Parthenius  must  have  been  a  silversmith,  since  lances  and 
craUra  are  in  apposition  with  argentum.     {Mayor^  ad  he.)— Una 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XII. 


267 


eratera  capacem.     "A  mixer  that  would  hold  three  gallons."    The 
una  contained  24  sextarii,  nearly  three  gaWons.—rholo.    Pholus,  the 
centaur,  is  meant.     Compare  Virg.,  Georg.,  ii.,  i55.—Conjuge  Ftisci. 
Noted  for  her  intemperate  habits.— i^caM</a5.     "  Baskets."     Bas- 
cauda  means  a  British  basket.     This  term,  which  remains  with  very 
little  variation  in  the  Welsh  "basgawd"  and  the  English  "basket," 
was  conveyed  to  Rome  together  with  the  article  denoted  by  it.— ^s- 
calia.     "  Chargers."     Supply  vasa.  —  Cahti.     "  Of  chased  work." 
Consult  Smith's  Dirt.  Ant.,  s.  v.  Cwlatura.  —  Ca/lidus  emtor  Olynthi. 
Philip  of  Macedon  is  meant,  wiro  bribed  Lasthenes  and  Eurycrates 
to  betray  Olynthus  to  him.     Olynthus  was  a  city  in  Chalcidice,  nt 
the  head  of  the  Toronaic  Gulf.— Qw/.v  alius.     **  Wlio  else,'.'  i.  c,  be- 
sides Catullus.— A'on  propter  vitam,  &c.     This  and  the  succeeding 
line  are  condemned  by  Bcntley  {ml  Ilor.,  A.  P.,  337)  as  mere  inter! 
I)olations.  —  Facimit  patrimonia.     "  ]\Iake  fortunes."    Bentley  con- 
demns this  Latinity,  and  terms  it  '' saMs  locutionis.''—Proi)ter pat- 
rimonia.    "For^the  sake  of  money-getting."     Suspicious  Latinity 
again. 

r)0-59.  Rerum  utHium.  "  Even  of  nccessarj-  things,"  i.  c,  provis- 
ions and  furniturc.-6W/  ncc,  &c.  -  But  not  even  these  Sacrifices 
afford  any  relief."  Literally,  "  lighten,"  t.  e.,  the  danger.-^c/t'cr- 
«*.  "Adverse  affairs."— ///mc  recidit.  "It  came  to  that  pass."— 
Ac  se  explicat  angusttnn.  "And  extricates  himself  at  length  when 
reduced  to  narrow  straits."— Z)/..trri/«t/,t5  ultima,  &c.  "  The  last  de- 
gree of  danger  is  come,  when  we  apply  helps  that  will  only  cripple 
the  vessel."  Literally,  "make  the  vessel  less."  With  uhima  sup- 
ply ndsunt.  The  idea  is,  Distress  is  desperate  when  the  help  only 
sencs  to  injure  the  \cssc\.—Bolato  conjisus  ligno.  "  Trusting  to  a 
hewn  plank,"  t.  e.,  chipped  smooth  with  the  axe.— ^,'  sit  latissima 
t(Bda.  "If  the  pine  be  of  the  thickest."— J/ox.  When  on  board. 
—Cum  reticuVs  a  pane.  "Along  with  your  net-bags  of  bread." 
Hendiady.«..— .4.7>tcf .     «  Look  after,"  t.  e',  provide. 

<i0-72.  Jaruit  pl::mjn.  "Lay  all  level  to  the  view,"  i.  e.,  had 
subsided  into  a  calm.— rcw;>ora  postquam,  &c.  The  construction 
\^  jyostquam  tcmpora  vectoris  (crant)  propitia,  /atumque  (ejus  erat) 
valentius  Euro.  —  Mcliora  pensa  ducunt.  "Draw  kindlier  tasks." 
The  phrase  ducere  pensa  alludes  to  the  action  of  the  spinster  who 
"draws"  the  wool  or  flax  from  the  distaff  as  she  spins  it,  and  this 
she  continues  until  the  "task"  assigned  her  is  finished.— £"<  stami- 
nis  albi  lanijicfe.  "And  are  spinsters  of  a  white  thread."  The 
white  or  black  threads  of  the  Parca3  were  supposed  to  symbolize  the 
good  or  bad  fortune  of  the  mortal  whose  yam  Clotho  was  spinning 


:ir 


268 


NOTES  ON  6AT.  XII. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XII. 


269 


m 


m 


^Inopi  miserabilijij  &c.  "  In  piteous  plight  ran  along  by  a  poor 
contrivance."—  Veslibus.  The  garments  of  the  crew. — xitquc  novcr- 
caliy  &c.  Alba  Longa  is  meant,  founded  by  lulus,  who  left  Lavin- 
ium  to  his  stepmother  Lavinia.  Though  twenty  miles  from  the 
coast,  it  formed  a  conspicuous  landmark. — Candida  scro/a.  Com- 
pare Virg.,  ^En.,  iii.,  390.— 7:<  unnqumn  vish,  6iQ.  "And  famous 
for  thirty  dugs,  never  seen  before."  With  each  a  pig  sucking  at  it. 
A  sight  never  seen  before. 

73-80.  //j/ro/.  Supply  nam.— 7 Wi^a5i«r/«.'ja,<tc.  "The moles 
built  through  the  waters  inclosed  within  them."  The  harbour  t.f 
Ostia  is  meant.  This  massive  work  was  planned  and  begun  by  Ju- 
lius Cffisar,  executed  by  Claudius,  and  repaired  by  Trajan.  A  Pha- 
ros was  erected  here  in  imitation  of  the  celebrated  one  at  Alexan- 
dria in  E^gyyi.—Porrectaque  brachia  rursuni.  "  And  the  arras  ex- 
tending back  again."  Breakwaters  stretching  far  into  the  sea,  and 
then  bending  again  toward  the  land.— Occwrrt/n/.  "  Meet,"  i.  <•.,  jut 
out  into.— Lon//<?.  "Far  behind."— A^on  sic  ifjitur.  &c.  No  mere 
harbour  formed  by  the  hand  of  nature  will  excite  so  much  admira- 
tion as  this.— Baian(e  pervia  ci/mbcc.  " Penious  even  to  a  Baian 
wherry,"  i.e..  which  even  a  light  skiff,  accustomed  to  ply  on  the 
smooth  waters  of  the  harlwur  of  Baia',  could  enter  in  safety.— T'tr- 
tice  raso.  It  was  the  custom  in  storms  at  sea  to  vow  the  hair  to 
some  god,  most  commonly  Neptune.  —  fVarrwij.  "The  theme  (.f 
many  a  garrulous  tale."-  Observe  that  gamila  jteriru/u  is  put  by  a 
species  of  hypallage  {or  pericuhi  qu(t  nautas  yarruios  reddebiint. 

81-86.  Ite  igiturpueri,  &c.  Addressed  by  Catullus  to  his  slaves. 
—Unguis  animisque  Javentes.  The  idea  is.  Help  on  the  solemnity 
by  obser>'ing  a  profound  silence  and  paying  the  closest  attention  to 
the  rites.  This  was  always  recommended  during  a  sacrifice,  that 
there  might  be  no  ill-omened  disturbance  and  interruption.- /arra 
imponite  cultris.  The  salted  meal  (moh  salsa),  here  called /arra, 
was  sprinkled  on  the  sacrificial  knives,  as  well  as  on  the  head  of  the 
victim.— .l/o/^5/oco«,  &c.  Alluding  to  the  turf  altars  mentioned 
in  verse  3.Sacro  quod  prastat,  &c.  "  The  sacred  business,  which 
is  most  important,  being  gone  through  with  in  due  form."  Allud- 
ing to  the  sacrifices  mentioned  in  the  beginning  of  the  Satire, 
namely,  to  Juno,  PaUas,  and  Tarpeian  Jove,  and  therefore  more 
important  than  those  to  the  Lares.- Parra  simulacra.  The  little 
images  of  the  Lares.— Fro^tVi  nltentia  cera.  "  Shining  brightly  with 
brittle  wax."  They  were  covered  over  with  a  kind  of  varnish,  of 
which  wax  formed  the  main  ingredient. 

87-90.  Nostrum  Jovem.    lie  means  his  domestic  Jove,  or  th« 


Jove  who  was  the  tutelary  deity  of  his  abode.  So  Cicero  had  a 
household  Miner^-a. — Jactabo.  "  I  will  scatter."  Put  for  spargam. 
Compare  the  Greek  ^j'//o6aAcZv. — Omnes  violte  colores.  Put  for 
violas  omnis  colons.  "  Violets  of  every  hue." — Erexit.  "  lias  set 
up." — Et  matutims,  &c.  "And  celebrates  the  festivities  with  lamps 
lighted  in  the  morning."  It  was  customary  on  any  joyful  occasion 
to  adorn  the  gates  of  the  house  with  branches  of  bay,  and  with 
lamps  even  in  the  daytime.  By  the  term  viatutinis  the  poet  means 
to  convey  the  idea  that  he  will  light  them  early,  out  of  zeal  toward 
his  friend,  so  that  they  might  burn  from  mom  to  night. 

91-108.  Nee  suspecta  tibi,  &c.  The  general  idea  is  this :  Wonder 
not,  then,  Corvinus,  at  my  rejoicings,  nor  question  their  sincerity. 
He  for  whom  I  raise  so  many  altars  is  no  childless  person,  that  a 
fortune-hunter  should  pay  him  court.  Even  those  who  would  sac- 
rifice their  own  children  to  gain  the  favour  of  the  childless  rich 
would  think  any  the  smallest  attention  thrown  away  upon  the  father 
of  three  sons.  (Mayor,  ad  loc.^^Libet  exspectarCy  &c.  "  You  may 
wait  long  enough  for  one  who  will  expend  ui)on  so  unproductive  a 
friend,"  &c. — Verum  hac  nimia,  <fec.  "A  hen,  did  I  say?  No, 
even  this  is  too  great  an  outlay." — Pro  patre  cadet.  "  Will  fall  for 
one  who  is  a  father,"  ».  e.,  will  be  killed  and  offered  up. — Sentire 
calorem.  "To  feel  the  approach  of  fever." — Caepit.  Agreeing  in 
the  singular  with  the  nearer  noun,  as  indicating  the  more  important 
personage  of  the  two. — Gallita  et  Paccius.  Fictitious  names. — L&- 
gitimejixis.  "Atfixed  in  due  form."  If  votive  offerings  fell  from 
the  walls,  it  was  decmgd  an  evil  omen. —  TabelUs.  Votive  tablets. 
Some  prefer  Ubcllls,  as  more  satirical,  and  denoting  little  books,  as 
it  were,  >\Tittcn  full  of  vows. — Ilecatovibcn.  The  hecatomb  properly 
consisted  of  oxen,  100  being  sacrificed  simultaneously  on  100  differ- 
ent altars.  But  sheep  or  other  victims  were  also  offered. — Quate- 
nus.  "  Since."  They  vow,  indeed,  a  hecatomb  of  oxen,  since  they 
cannot  vow  one  of  elejihants,  the  latter  animal  not  being  produced 
among  us. — Sidcre.  "Climate." — Arboribus  Rutulis,  &c.  Tumus 
was  king  of  Ardea,  among  the  Rutuli.  Here  there  were  stables  for 
the  elephants  which  the  emperors  kept  for  exhibition  in  the  theatre 
or  amphitheatre. —  Tyrio.  Carthage  being  a  colony  of  Tyre. — Nos- 
tras ducibus.  The  Ilomans  first  employed  elephants  in  battle  in  the 
war  against  Philip,  B.C.  200.  —  Regi  Molosso.  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus,  of  which  country  the  Molossi  were  a  people.  —  Coliortes. 
"Whole  cohorts."  Exaggeration,  of  course.  In  Maccabees,  1,  6, 
35,  seqq.,  each  elephant  carries  thirty-two  soldiers  in  a  tower,  bo" 
sides  the  Indian  driver.— Partem  aliquam.    "  No  mean  portion.' 


» 


270 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XII. 


T.US,  Ac,  that  .hat  ivory  h  not  led,"&c.  More  li.erallv,  "There  i,  „t 
delay,  as  far  as  Xovius  is  concerned,"  &c.  The  idea  I's,  As  elephant! 
are  not  procurable  in  Italy,  it  is  no  fault  of  Novius's  or  PacSs 
^  those  victims  are  not  at  once  obtained  for  the  health  of  Galita 
Novms  and  Pacuvius  were  t»o  fortunc-l„,nters.-//W  ,*„,„"; 
elephant.-6V,//,W.    To  be  taken  ,vi,h  i„re,._Z,„-,.   The  Lares- 

STctudC"- "  ^""^ '"'" "'"" """  '"-'•"  •■•  -  •«"  •-« 

viu's""l'"  ""T    "0"''»f  "'«««'«<>  fellows."    He  means  Pacu- 

Z'Z^'  71         """""•    "  "  ^°"  ^''  ''™  """^o  "■-  to  im- 
molate. -IM  greye  .er,oru,n,  &c.     It  „as  a  common  belief,  as  ,ve 

^e  from  the  legend  of  Alcestis,  that  the  sacrifice  of  one  life  mi.h" 

redeem  another.    (J/„,„,  „j  foc.)-r.«,„.     The  head  of  th^i 

im  mtended  for  sacrifice  was  always  encircled  with  a  fillet.-AUI 

V.SO      (lucre,    ..,  99.)_/.-,«-  „<,„  ,,„„,,  &c.    Pacuvius  will  dcvo<o 

Itr  1  n  '  "'  r  '■'''''''""'''  '"  '•-■■"Pi<l«-/x,«<&  me.™ 
TnT;  n  '"S'''^ '»"'""=»<'  "J-  fellow-citizen  Pacuvius  for  his  wisdom 
and  address.  Agamemnon  sacrificed  his  daughter  to  release  the 
fleet,  but  how  unworthy  an  end  is  that  in  comparison  with  a  rich 
inher,.ance!-ii4,„„a,„  etwrtV.  "  Shall  have  escaped  Libi.ina." 
L.b„.n<.  was  properly  an  epithet  of  Venus  (the  goddess  who  pre- 

Zer'w^ll  "°"t ""  '""•-*'^'''  '«*"*«•  "Me  will  can 'el  his 
former  w.ll.      If  he  recovers,  he  will  ascribe  it  all  to  the  vow  of 

llTr^n,  "?''  i."  '''f"™'"  '"^  '""""  -»-/'"•/"-  -™r. 
7^:,     r  "'■"""  ""  P"'""  "f  ""=  »•"'•"    ^■"-'  i»  «  «eel 

.hantdll'.rr"'.!'.'''  """''=  "f -'<="«— I'.  »i'l.  «  wide,  fuunel- 

way  tha  the  fish  could  enter  it,  but  could  not  get  out  again.-J/«W- 

Zt  ^^"r"-  ''T'"-  "'"  ""*  brief  line."-/„:.d^,.  "Will 
«™t  Incedo  generally  denotes  a  stately,  consequential  move- 
ment-Q«„„  ^rande  o,«r«.  prelimn,  &c.  "  How  great  a  recompense 
the  Mycenean  ma.d  intended  for  immolation  gains  for  him."  Aga- 
memnon was  king  of  Mycen*  in  Argolis,  and  hence  J/^«„i.  would 
be  an  appelUt.on  for  Iphigenia.    The  term,  however,  is  here  applied 

I^htint"'  """• '"''  "  '"""  "■"  "'■'"'''"  "-  '  '^-  "" 

l26-m.   Vhat  Pacuviu,,  4c.     The  idea  is,  May  Pacuvius  be 

.uised  by  the  fulfilment  of  his  desires .-  may  he  have  longTand 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


271 


nehes,  but  know  nothing  of  that  friendship  which  he  dishonours  by 
an  unworthy  counterfeit.  (Mai/ory  ad  loc.)  —  Vd  Nestora  totum. 
"Even  to  the  full  a<:;e  of  Nestor."  Compare  Sat.  x.,  210,  seqq. 
Wittenbach  compares  the  expression  vivcre  Nestora  with  Cyclopa 
moveri,  &c.  {ad  IHut.y  Mor.,  p.  150,  B).  Mayor,  on  the  other  hand, 
thinks  that  Nestora  is  equivalent  here  to  Nestorcam  cetatem. — Rapuit 
Nero.  On  Nero's  wholesale  robberies  in  Greece  and  elsewhere,  com- 
pare Tacitus,  Ann.,  xv.,  45;  xvi.,  23,  &c.  More  than  five  hundred 
statues  were  removed  from  Delphi  alone. 


SATIRE  XIII. 

AKGUMENT. 
Calvinus  had  left  a  sum  of  money  in  the  hands  of  a  confidential 
person,  who,  when  he  came  to  re-demand  it,  forswore  the  deposit. 
The  indignation  and  fury  expressed  by  Calvinus  at  this  breach  of 
trust  reached  the  ears  of  his  friend  Juvenal,  who  endeavours  to 
soothe  and  comfort  him  under  his  loss.  The  different  topics  of  con- 
solation follow  one  another  naturally  and  forcibly,  and  the  horrors 
of  a  troubled  conscience  were,  perhaps,  never  depicted  with  such 
impressive  solemnity  as  in  this  Satire.     (Evans.) 


1-5.  Exevijih  malo.  "  Fraught  with  bad  example  unto  others," 
1. 6.,  that  will  furnish  a  precedent  for  crime.  Ileinrich,  less  cor- 
rectly, cxidains  these  words  by  "iwafo  modo,'*  *^  male,''*  and  to  the 
same  effect  Mayor. — Improba  quamvis,  &c.  "Though  the  corrupt 
influence  of  the  prajtor  may  have  gained  his  cause  for  him  by  means 
of  the  false-speaking  urn."  From  theJudices  Selecti  (a  kind  of  ju-» 
rymen  chosen  annually  for  the  purpose)  the  Pnctor  Urbanus,  who 
sat  as  chief  judge,  chose  by  lot  about  fifty  to  act  as  his  assistants  or 
assessors.  To  each  of  these  were  given  three  tablets :  one  in^ribed 
with  the  letter  A,  for  ^^absolvo;"  one  with  the  letter  C,  for  ^^con- 
demnor and  the  third  with  the  letters  N.L.,  for  non  liquet,  "not 
proven."  After  the  case  had  been  heard,  and  the  judices  had  con- 
sulted together  privately,  they  returned  into  court,  and  each  judex 
drojipcd  one  of  these  tablets  into  an  urn  provided  for  the  purpose, 
which  was  aftenvard  brought  to  the  pra;tor,  who  counted  the  num- 
ber, and  gave  sentence  according  to  the  majority  of  votes.  In  all 
these  various  steps  there  was  plenty  of  opportunity  for  a  corrupt 
prstor  to  frustrate  the  ends  of  justice.    {Evans,  ad  loc.) — Fallaci. 


272 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XIII. 


Some  Tead/aliaci.^  agreeing  with  Prcrtorh,  nnd  umam  for  urm,  but 
this  is  prosaic  and  inferior. 

G-1 7.  IJtJidci  vioiatce  crimine.     "  And  the  clmrge  you  bring  of  vio- 
lated faith,"  .'.  c,  breach  of  trust.-^cc/  ncc,  &c.     The  idea  is,  It  is 
a  gross  act  of  dishonesty,  to  be  sure,  but,  at  the  same  time,  Ac 
Before  Juvenal  enters  upon  the  g.iilt  of  the  offender,  he  endcavourt 
to  moderate  the  passionate  transports  of  his  friend.— 7e  mergat.    A 
metaphor  taken  from  a  ship's  sinking  by  being  overloaded.— /?«ra. 
"  To  be  of  unfrequent  occurrence."—  Tritus.     *'  Worn  threadbare.'* 
—Et  medio,  &c.     That  is,  drawn  at  random.— F/ii/^ran/iar  a  quo  esse 
**  To  blaze  forth  more  than  is  justr—Qmmvis  ledum.     "  However 
hghtr—Sacnim.     "Sacred,"  on  account  of  the  oath  to  which  the 
gods  were  witnesses.  - 5/«;h:/  har,  &c.      The  idea  is.  Does   my 
friend  Calvinus,  now  turned  of  .ixty,  and  consequently  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  nature  of  mankind  from  many  years'  experience, 
stand  astonished  at  such  a  common  transaction  as  this  ?—ForUei'o 
Consule,  &c.    Of  four  consuls  of  this  name  (B.C.  33;  A.I).  12,  r>9, 
C7),  the  last  two  alone  come  here  into  question.    Clinton  {Fast 
liom.  ad  Ann.  118)  and  Lipsins  (Qu^est.,  Epist.  iv.,  20)  assume 
that  L.  Fonteius  Capito,  consul  A.D.  59,  is  here  intended.    If  so 
the  date  of  the  Satire  will  be  A.D.  119.    {Mmjor,  ad  lac.) 

18-31.  An  nihil  in  melius,  SiC.     The  idea  is,  Have  von  learned  no 
wisdom   from  your  long  experience?    Tl.e  j.hilosopher's  victory 
over  fortune  is  indeed  the  highest,  yet  it  is  no  slight  thing  to  l>c 
taught  submission  in  the  school  of  life.     (Majfor,  ad  loc.y^Dunmus. 
*'  We  deem."-yar/arc.     "  To  try  to  shake  off,"  ,-.  e.,  to  fret  under. 
— Q«rB  tam/esta  dies,  &c.    The  idea  is.  What  dav,  no  matter  how 
holy,  is  not  profaned  by  bringing  to  light  instances  of  all  sorts  of 
crime  ?-P^ride.     "  Poison."    The  box  put  for  the  poison  contain- 
-ed  in  it.    Pj^xis  is  properly  a  coffer  or  casket  of  boxwood, ^-ns^/f.— 
Thebarwn  porta'.     Egyptian  Thebes  had  one  hundred  gates;  Bcro- 
tian  nicbes  seven.     The  latter  is  here  meant.     The  mouths  of  the 
Nile  were  also  seven.-AW  atas,  &c.     "  The  ninth  age  of  the 
worid  IS  now  being  passed  through  by  us,  and  times  worse  than  the 
days  of  iron."    There  is  considerable  doubt  about  the  tnie  reading 
here.     One  of  the  best  MSS.  has  nun€  for  mna,  so  that  the  mean- 
ing will  then  be.  Now  we  live  in  an  age  and  times  worse  than  the 
Iron  Age.     Tliis  latter  rcAding  is  adopted  by  Jahn,  Mavor,  and 
others.    We  have  preferred,  however,  the  common  text,  regarding, 
with  Ileinrich,  the  epithet  "non«"  as  a  species  of  satiric  hyperbole 
— Etjwsuit.     "And  has  imposed  one." 

32-37.  Quanta  Fasidimn,  &c.     "As  the  vocal  sportula  praisca 


NOtES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


273 


Faesidius  when  he  pleads,'*  i. «.,  as  that  with  which  the  sportula, 
that  gives  them  tongues,  makes  his  clients  applaud  him.  Compare 
Sat.  i.,  103  ;  x.,  4C. — Senior  bulla  dif/nissime.  "  Man  advanced  in 
years,  and  yet  most  worthy  of  the  bulla,"  t.  e.,  most  fit  to  wear  the 
bulla  of  boyhood,  and  to  be  regarded  as  a  mere  child.  The  bulla 
was  worn  until  the  toga  virilis  was  assumed.  Compare  Sat.  v.,  1C4. 
The  meaning  of  Juvenal  is.  Well,  my  old  friend,  are  you  at  sixty, 
years  of  age  such  a  child  as  not  to  know  ?  &c. —  Veneres.    "  Charms." 

—  Vulgo  moveat.  "Will  in  all  likelihood  excite  amid  the  crowd." 
— Esse.  "  Is  really  i)resent." — Rubenti.  "  Red  with  the  blood  of 
victims."  The  blood  was  |)ourcd  on  the  altar  from  a  vessel,  termed 
ill  Greek  a<puyuv  or  a^ayclov. 

38-45.  Quondam.  In  the  Golden  Age. — Indifjena.  "The  aborig- 
ines."— Sumerct.  "Took  up,"  i.e.,  assumed  as  his  symbol  after 
having  fled  from  the  skies. —  VirtjuncuUi.  "Was  a  little  maid." — 
Privatus  adhuc.  "  Was  as  yet  in  a  i)rivate  station."  Compare  the 
scholiast,  *^nondum  rex  coeli."  —  Iditis  antris.  X^^  Cretan  Ida  is 
meant,  in  the  caves  of  which  mountain  the  youthful  Jove  was  con- 
cealed by  his  mother  Rhea,  that  Saturn  might  not  devour  him. — 
Puer  lliacus.  Ganymedes. — Ilerculis  uxor.  Hebe. — -Ad  cyathos. 
Supply  crat  or  stabat.  "Ofliciated  as  cup-lxjarer." — Etjam  sicca- 
to  nectarCf  &c.  "  Nor  did  Vulcan  (but  not  till  he  had  drained  the 
nectar)  wijKi  his  arms,  rendered  all  sooty  by  his  workshop  in  Lipa- 
ra,"  »*.  e.,  by  the  smoke  of  his  forge.  With  Vulcanus  sui)ply  aderat 
for  a  literal  translation.    Nee  would  have  been  more  regular  than  et. 

40-58.  Sibi.  "  By  himself." — Talis  ut  est  hodie.  The  poet  is  cov- 
ertly satirising  the  apotheoses  of  the  Caisars. —  Urgehant.  "Pressed 
upon." — Aliqnis  sortitus.  "  Had  any  one  obtained  for  his  share." 
Alluding  to  the  division  of  the  universe  between  Jupiter,  Neptune, 
and  Pluto. — Aut  Sicula  torvus,  &c.  "  Nor  was  there  the  grim  Pluto 
with  his  Sicilian  bride."  Pluto  had  not  as  yet  obtained  the  empire 
of  the  lower  world,  nor  carried  off  his  spouse,  Proserpina,  from  the 
Sicilian  fields  of  Enna. — Nee  rota,  <tc.  The  term  rota  contains  an 
allusion  to  the  legend  of  Ixion,  saxum  to  that  of  Sisyphus,  and  vul- 
turis  atri  pmna  to  the  punishment  of  Tityos. — S'cd  infemis  hilares, 
&c.  "For  there  being  at  that  time  no  crimes,  there  was  no  need 
of  laws,  or  of  any  king  to  enforce  them  ;  of  course,  no  punishments 
in  the  lower  world." — Admirabilis.  "  Was  an  object  of  wonder,"  t.  e., 
a  prodigy  or  mar\'el. — Quo.     "  ^^^len."    The  common  text  has  hoc 

—  Vetulo  non  assurrexerat.  On  the  reverence  for  old  a^  in  early 
times,  consult  Aul.  Cell.,  ii.,  15;  VaLMax.,  ii.,  1,9;  Ovid,  Fast.,  v. 
65,  seqq. — Cuicwnqu^i.     For  cuilibet. — Licet  ipse  videret,  &c.     Mon' 

M2 


274 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


275 


cy  did  not  then  make  the  man  as  now.     Strawberries,  acorns,  and 
the  like  are  here  supposed  to  have  Iwcn  the  first  food  of  mankind 
in  the  Golden  Age,  and  stores  of  these  the  first  wealth.— Tarn  renr- 
rabile  erat,  <fec.     "  So  strong  a  claim  to  deference  was  it  to  lie  older 
than  another  by  only  four  years,  and  so  entirely  equal  was,"  tic. 
Quatuor  aunts  means,  in  fact,  "by  only  a  few  years." 
^    61-70.    Veterem  cum  tota,  dc.     "The  old  leathern  bag,  together 
with  all  its  rust,"  i.  «.,  with  all  its  contents,  even  to  the  rust.    The 
money  has  been  kept  so  long  that  the  bag  has  gro\>Ti  old  and  its 
contents  have  become  nisty. —Prodif/iosajidaf,  &c.     "It  is  a  very 
prodigj-  of  good  faith,  and  worthy  of  (being  recorded  in)  the  Tuscan 
books."    SThc  marvellous  events  of  the  year  were  registered  by  the 
Etruscans  in  their  sacred  records,  in  order  that,  if  they  portended 
the  displeasure  of  the  gods,  they  might  be  duly  cxpiutcd.— C«roH«M. 
"  Crowned  for  sacrifice"— Bimembri.     "  Half  human,  half  bnitc." 
Compare  Livy,  xxxvii.,  11  :  "  Cum  ekphanti  mpite  pnerum  mtum." 
The  epithet  bimembiis  is  also  applied  to  the  Centaur.— J/<ra«//. 
Personification.    The  common  reading  mimndis  is  less  poetical  and 
less  in  the  spirit  of  Juvenal.     Theophrastus  speaks  of  certain  kinds 
of  fish  which  had  been  dug  up  in  Taphlagonia  and  elsewhere.    {Op. 
ed  Sclmeid.,  vol.  i.,  p.  825.)— /V/cr.    "With  ioaV'—Lapidcs.    Show- 
ers of  stones  are  frequently  mentioned  in  Livy.    The  descent  of 
aerolites  probably  gave  rise  to  those  accounts.— /.on<7a  t/ra.     "  In  a 
long  cluster."     Compare  Virgil  {iJconj.,  iv.,  558)  :  ^^Uvam  dcnitUre 
raviisr-^Et  hictis  vortice  torrens.     "And  rushing  imjKJtuous  with  a 
stream  of  milk."     Compare  Lit.,  xxxiv.,  45 :  ^^Nuntiatum  est,  Nare 
amni  iac  Jluxisse." 

71-85.  Decern  scstertia.  Equivalent  to  $390.— ^Irm/m.  "I)eix)s- 
ited  without  any  witness."— (^mciw  fHitul<r  vtx  cej>erat,  &c.  "  Whicli 
(each)  comer  of  his  cajmcious  strong-box  had  with  difficulty  con- 
tained," t.  «.,  his  money-chest  filled  in  ever}-  corner.— '/aw/oriA:  ct 
pronum,  &c.  The  idea  is.  So  prone  are  mortals  to  despise  the  gods, 
who  are  witnesses  to  all  their  actions,  if  they  can  but  hide  them 
from  the  eyes  of  men.  — f'lW,'  constantia  vuitus.  "The  unshaken 
firmness  of  the  look  put  on  by  him."— Tarjma/ulmim.  The  thun- 
derbolts of  Capitoline  Jove  are  meant.— /Va/wca//*.  The//ai«ca  was 
properly  the  "pike"  used  by  the  ancient  Germans.— CVrrAtt»  spicuh 
vatu.  "The  darts  of  the  phophet-god  of  Cirrha."  Apollo  is  meant. 
Compare  Sat.  vii.,  G4.  —  Puelbr.  Diana.  —  Pater ^Egai  Nejytune. 
At  .Egaj,  in  Eubcea,  Neptune  dwelt  beneath  the  sea  {Horn.,  II,  xiii., 
21),  and  between  Imbros  and  Tencdos  he  had  a  grotto.  (Jb.,  33.) 
—  Annammtaria.     "The  arsenals."— Cbmcrfar/i,  &c.     The  father 


pledges  liimsclf  to  eat  (like  Tliyestes)  his  son's  licad  if  he  breaks 
his  faith. — Phario  aceto.  The  vinegar  of  Egyi)t  was  more  celebra- 
ted than  its  wine. 

8G-94.  Casibwi.  "The  accidents."  —  Au^o  rcctore.  "With  no 
one  to  guide  it."  Ablative  absolute. —  Volcente  vices.  **  Bringing 
round  the  revolutions." — Intrepidi.  "  They  are  fearless  as  to  con- 
sequences." —  Et  jHJcrat.  Observe  that  et  has  here  the  force  of 
"and  yet." — Scrum.  " lie  reasons  with  himself."  Sui>\Ay  cor/itat. 
— Ids.  Blindness,  th^  most  common  of  Egyptian  disea.^es,  was  su[>- 
jKjscd  to  be  the  peculiar  infliction  of  Isis.  The  worship  of  this  god- 
dess was  introduced  into  Rome  in  the  time  of  Sulla,  jjnd,  though 
tlic  Senate  made  many  attempts  to  suppress  it,  yet  the  new  relig- 
ious rites  took  deep  root  at  Rome,  and  became  extremely  popular. 
Under  the  early  Roman  cmiKsrors  the  worship  of  Isis  became  firmly 
established. — Lumina.  On  which  a  curse  may  have  been  invoked. 
—Sistro.  The  sistnim  was  a  sort  of  rattle  used  by  the  Egyptian 
priests  in  the  religious  ceremonies  of  Isis.  It  consisted  of  a  num- 
l)cr  of  metal  rods  inserted  into  a  thin  oval  frame  of  the  same  ma- 
terial. To  this  a  short  handle  was  attached,  by  which  it  was  held 
up  and  rapidly  shaken,  so  as  to  make  the  rods  give  out  a  sharp  and 
rattling  noise.  Isis  herself  was  described  as  holding  a  sistrum  in 
her  right  hand. — Alnego.     "  I  disown." 

95-99.  Tanti.  "  Of  so  much  importance,"  i.  e.,  such  mighty  mat- 
ters as  toxounterbalance  the  joy  of  jMDSsessing  a  large  sum  of  mon- 
ey.—/^au;>cr  locupletem,  &c.  "  Neither  let  Ladas,  if  poor,  hesitate 
to  wish  for  the  gout  that  waits  on  wealth,  if  he  needs  not  Anticyra 
nor  Archigenes,*'  i.  e.,  a  poor  man,  though  swift  as  Ladas,  unless  ho 
Ikj  crazy  (needing,  therefore,  the  hellebore  of  Anticyra,  or  the  aid 
of  the  physician  Archigenes),  will  pray  for  riches  even  with  the 
gojit. — Ladas.  A  >-ictorious  runner  at  the  Olympic  games  in  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great. — Anticyra.  There  were  two  places 
of  this  name,  !x)th  famous  for  producing  hellebore,  the  great  reme- 
dy with  the  ancients  for  madness.  One  was  in  Thocis,  on  a  bay 
{SinvLs  Anticj/ranus)  of  the  Corinthian  Gulf;  the  other  on  the  Maliac 
Gulf  in  Thessaiy,  near  the  mouth  of  the  River  Spercheus. — Archi- 
fjcne.  Archigenes  was  an  eminent  Greek  physician,  bom  at  Apa- 
mea,  in  Syria,  and  who  practised  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Trajan. — 
iiuid  enim  pra^tat.  "For  what  avails."  —  Esuriens  Pisaea,  &c. 
"Tlie  hungry  branch  of  Pisa's  olive,"  i.e.,  the  branch  that  will  af- 
ford no  f<x)d  to  the  gainers  of  it.  Pisa  was  a  city  of  Elis,  giving 
name  to  the  district  of  Pisalis,  and  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Olympi- 
an plain.    The  poets  confound  it  with  Olympia. 


r 


276 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


277 


100-111.  Ut.  "Though."— Ctfran^/wmW.    "Thejr  concern  them- 
selves about  punishing."— 7/m.  "  Such  perjuries  as  these."-Z>,Vcr- 
*o  fato.    "  With  a  different  fate,"  i.  e.,  with  results  widely  different 
—Conjirmant.    "They  strive  to  encourage."— /Vtrcet/iV.    He  leads 
the  way  before  you,  as  if  in  the  utmost  haste  to  clear  himself  by 
oath.    Observe  the  change  of  number  here,  which  is  frequently 
found  when  a  class  is  spoken  of.—Immo.    "Or  rather."— F^xare 
"  To  worry  you  to  put  him  to  the  test."— Aam  quum  magna,  &c 
He  is  thus  eager  to  appeal  to  the  gods,  because  effrontery  is  mis- 
taken by  many  for  the  security  of  innoccncc.^Superest.  "  Abounds  " 
—Mmum  mjit  iUe,  &c.    "  He  acts  as  good  a  farce  as  the  runaway 
buffoon-slave  of  the  witty  Catullus,"  i,  r,  the  acting  of  the  fal.'e 
swearer  is  quite  as  good  a  farce  as  the  buffooneiy  of  the  mnawav 
slave  in  the  Phantom  of  Catullus.     Compare  Sat.  viii.,  186.    Tiic 
runaway  slave,  in  this  j.lay,  -  dominum  traxit^  as  the  scholiast  sav., 
perhaps  to  the  altar,  to  receive  his  oath  that  he  was  free-boru. 
{Mayor,  ad  he.) 

112-119.  Stentora.-  Stentor  was  a  herald  of  the  Greeks  in  the 
Trojan  war,  whose  voice  was  as  loud  as  that  of  fifty  other  men  io- 
gGther.—Gradicus.  Mars,  when  wounded  by  Diomede,  roared,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  as  loudly  as  ten  thousand  men.  (//.,  v.,  859.)— 
Vel  mannoreus.  »  Even  though  formed  of  marble."-/«  carbone  tuo. 
"On  thy  coal,"t.«.,  in  thy  censer.— aar^r  5o/«ta.  '*  From  the 
loosened  wrapper."- 67  video.  For  quantum  video.- Vagelli.  Va- 
gellius  was  a  desperate  fool,  to  whom,  nevertheless,  a  statue  had 
been  erected.  He  is  the  same  with  the  one  mentioned  in  Sat.  xvi., 
23.  Some  read  Dathylli.  The  reference  will  then  be  to  the  j.anto- 
mime  Bathyllus,  no  very  reputable  character. 

120-123.  ^cci>e.  "Hear."  ^Vii^\Ay  auribus.—Solatia.  He  means 
"consolations"  derived,  not  from  the  doctrines  of  philosophy,  but 
from  the  dictates  of  common  sense.  The  individual  who  can  offor 
these  is  the  poet  himself.— r«mca.  "By  a  tunic  alone."  The  tunic 
was  not  worn  by  the  Cynics,  whereas  the  Stoics  wore  both  the  tunic 
and  the  pallium  or  cloak  over  this.-A'bn  Epicurum  susjndt.  "  Who 
has  no  reverence  for  Epicurus."— JE-xi^tu.  Uetum,  A-c.  Thp  garden 
of  Epicurus,  says  Gifford,  was  a  school  of  temperance,  and  would 
have  afforded  little  gratification,  and  still  less  sanction,  to  those 
•ensuaHsts  who,  in  turning  hogs,  flatter  themselves  that  they  arc 
becoming  Epicureans. 

124-134.  Dnbii  (Tffri.  "  The  sick  whose  cases  are  desperate." 
Observe  that  (rgri  is  here  used  substantively.-  Vei  disdpulo.  "  Even 
to  on  apprentice."    The  idea  is,  A  philosopher  might  be  required 


to  console  one  suffering  from  a  more  serious  calamity ;  a  less  skil- 
ful practitioner  may  heal  your  wound.— Philippi.  Philippus  must 
have  iKJcn  an  inferior  practitioner  of  the  day.— Tarn  detestabile  fao- 
tujn.  Alluding  to  the  conduct  of  his  false  friend.— P/ana  pabna. 
"With  the  Hat  palm,"  i.e.,  with  open  lydlm.—Quandoquidem  acceptOy 
&c.  When  a  man  has  had  losses,  he  closes  his  house  as  for  a  fu- 
neral.—T'es^em  diducere,  &c.  ^'Content  with  merely  tearing  the 
upper  edge  of  the  tunic,"  t.  e.,  in  order  to  bare  the  hrcasU—Hwnore 
coacto.    "  With  moisture  got  together  for  the  occasion." 

135-142.  Sed  si  cuncta  vides,  &c.    This  is  the  nature  of  the  con- 
solation that  is  offered  by  the  i>oet,  who  represents  to  his  friend  the 
frequency,  not  only  of  the  same,  but  of  much  greater  injuries  than 
what  he  has  suflcrcd,  and  that  he  is  only  sharing  in  this  the  com- 
mon lot  of  mankind.— 67  decics  lectis,  &c.    "If,  when  the  obligation 
has  been  read  over  ten  times  on  the  oi)positc  side,"  t.  c,  has  been 
read  over  by  the  creditor's  advocate  time  after  time.    We  have  fol- 
lowed the  explanation  of  Madvig,  who  makes  diversa  parte  equiva- 
lent here  to  a  parte  contraria  advcrsarii.    (Mayor,  ad  loc.) — Vana  su- 
pervacui,  &c.    "  They,  whom  their  own  handwriting,  and  the  sardo- 
nyx, their  principal  signet-ring,  that  is  carefully  kept  in  its  ivory 
casket,  openly  convict,  assert  (nevertheless)  that  the  signature  of 
the  invalid  tablet  is  a  forger\-,"  i.  c,  of  the  tablet  or  obligation  thus 
rendered  nugatory.     Ligni  is  for  tabcihe,  tlic  tablets  having  been 
made  of  thin  deal.— Cemma  princeps.     Literally,  "  the  principal 
gem."     riiny  says  (//.  xV.,  xxxvii.,  C)  that  the  sardonyx  was  the 
principal  gem  cmi)loycd  for  seals.— O  delicia^  !    "  My  choice  sir!" 
—GallincT  flius  albcv.    Equivalent  to/cUcitcr  natus,  white  Iwing  the 
lucky  colour.    "The  son  of  a  white  hen"  was  a  proverbial  expres- 
sion, as  it  still  is  in  French,  "  Icfils  de  lapoule  bianche."   (Mayor,  ad 
loc.)—  Vilcs  pulli.    "  A  worthless  brood." 

143-1 G 1 .  Bile.  * '  Choler."—  Confer.  ' '  Compare  (with  what  has 
befallen  you)."  The  gcneraU^ea  is,  You  might  have  been  assailed 
by  a  hired  robber,  or  have  seen  your  house  burned  down  by  an  in- 
cendiary. {Mayor,  ad  loc.) — Primos  quumjanua,  &c.  So  as  to  pre- 
clude all  possibility  of  csca\)C.—Adorandce  robiginis.  "  Of  venerable 
mst,"  ».  «.,  of  venerable  antiquity,  liobigo  is  not  to  be  taken  here 
in  its  strict  sitnsc.—Pojmbrum  dona.  It  was  customary  for  commu- 
nities and  kings  to  send  cups,  and  crowns,  and  other  valuable  offer- 
ings to  the  temple  of  Capitolinc  Jove,  and  those  of  other  deities.— 
Minor  sacrilegus.  "  Some  sacrilegious  wretch  on  a  smaller  scale." 
—Bracteolarn.  "His  leaf-gold."  —  ^n  dubitet,  &c.  The  idea  is, 
Should  he  shrink  from  these  petty  thefts,  who  has  often  melted 


/■, 


278 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


279 


down  Jupiter?     {Mayor,  ad  loc.y^ArtiJices.     -  The  compounder - 
—Deducendum.     "The  one  deserving  of  being  launched/'    The 
parricide.     The  first  who  undenvent  this  punishmcTit  was  V  Malle 
olus,  convicted  of  murdering  his  mother.    {Liv.  Ixviii..  Ep  }^IIuc 
quota  jmrs.     "  How  small  a  portion  is  this."     Compare  ^a/.  iii    CI 
—Gailtcus.     Rutilius  Gallicus,  Pro'fectm  Urbis  under  DomiUan  ~ 
Una  domus.     That,  namely,  of  Gallicus*.     Spend  a  few  days  in  his 
court,  and  then,  if  you  can,  when  you  have  learned  what  others  suf- 
fcr,  complain  of  your  own  lot. 

1G2-173.     Qhu  tumdum,  &c.    Crimes  are  not  more  wonderful  in 
Rome  than  goitres  amid  the  Alps.-3/eroe.     The  great  island  of  the 
^lle,  formed  i,y  the  Astapus  and  Astaboras.     Its  chief  town  Meroc 
was  a  city  of  priests,  and  had  a  temple  of  Ilammon.     Rit'ter  sup^ 
IK)ses  It  to  have  comprised  the  whole  of  Sennaar.     {Mayor,  ad  lo<'.) 
-Genda  qnis  stupmt,  &c.    The  Germans  are  described  as  havin  ^ 
hght  blue  eyes,  and  fair  or  red  hair,  which  they  rendered  still  more 
bnght  by  a  peculiar  kind  of  soap.-A'f  ^adido,  &c.     "And  at  him 
twisting  his  horns  with  moistened  curl,  ,-.  ..,  having  his  moistened 
curls  twisted  into  horns.     The  epithet  madido  refers  to  the  use  of 
the  soap  mentioned  in  the  prenous  uoto.-Xempe  quod.     "WTiv 
^cause."_W.    ^'To  meet."    (/W,  rw/.,  i.,  84;  3%or.  ^ 
loc,)^Ulucres.    The  cranes.     They  were  Wlieved  to  come  from 
the  country  around   the   Strjmon,  in  Thrace.      Compare    Virg., 
Georg.,  i.,  120.-/Vy„.,„,.     Alluding  to  the  warfare  between  the 
in,nnies  and  cranes      Compare  Stat.  SyK  i.,  vi.,  57,  from  which 
It  appears  that  Domitian  exhibited  a  spectacle  of  pigmy  gladiators. 
-Quanquam  eadem,  &c.     Though  the  combat,  so  ridiculous  to  us,  is 
often  witnessed.-Pe^e  uno.     The  legendaiy  height  of  the  pigmies 
Mould  be  thirteen  and  a  half  inches,  that  being  the  measure  of  the 
Greek  Trvy/z//,  whence  the  term  Uvynaioi  is  derived 

174-18G.  NuUane  j>erjun\  &c.    The  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows: 
Shall  perjurj-,  asks  Calvinus,  go  unpuryshed?     Suppose,  is  the  re- 
ply,  the  cnminal  to  be  given  over  to  execution  at  our  will;  his 
death  will  not  repair  your  present  loss,  nor  secure  you  against  a 
hke  wrong  for  the  future;  but  you  will  encounter,  if  ;ou  shed  only 
a  few  drops  of  blood,  the  detestation  of  mankind.    Yet.  it  may  t« 
retorted,  revenge  is  sweet,  &c.  (Mayor,  ad  loc.)-So.p.serit.  Equiv- 
alent to  redletur.-Sedcorpore  trunco,  &c.    Incorrectly  supposed  by 
.ome  to  be  uttered  by  Calvinus.     It  is,  in  fact,  a  continuation  of 
Juvenal  3  remark,  and  invidiosa  is  not  to  be  rendered  "enviable  " 
as  some  give  if,  but  "  calculated  only  to  produce  odium."-^/  vin- 
dicta.    The  reply  of  Calvinus.-iVen,;,<./,oc, Woe/,-.   "Ay,  fools  think 


go."  The  rejoinder  of  the  poet.  Supply  censent.—Chrysippus.  The 
Stoic,  a  pupil  of  Zeno  and  Cleanthes,  the  latter  of  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  head  of  the  Stoic  school.— rAa/e/ts.  Tlialcs  of  Miletus,  a 
celebrated  Ionic  philosopher,  and  one  of  the  seven  wise  men.— 
Dulcique  senex,  &c.  Socrates.  Mount  Hymettus  was  not  far  from 
Athens.  It  is  here  called  "  sweet,"  because  famous  for  its  honey.— 
Qui  partem  accejitoc,  &c.  Socrates  was  condemned  to  die  by  drink- 
ing the  juice  of  the  hemlock.— ^ccusa/or/.  Meletus  is  meant,  who 
in^Plato  appears  more  i)rominently  than  the  other  two  accusers, 
Anytus  and  Ij\co\\.—NoM.  With  the  force  of  noluisset.  So  mild 
and  gentle  was  the  character  of  the  sage,  that  he  would  have  re- 
fused his  very  accuser  a  portion  of  the  contents  of  the  cup,  if  the 
latter,  in  a  fit  of  rci)entance,  had  wished  to  die  either  for  him  or 

along  with  him. 

187-198.  Felix.  "Blessed  power!"  AVith  the  culogium  here 
pronounced  on  philosophy,  comi)are  the  language  of  Cicero  {Tusc. 
Qtta:st.,  5,  5) :  "  Vitir  JVii'iosophia  dux,  virtutis  imligatrix,  expultrixque 
viliorumr— Prima  docet  rectum.  To  know  what  is  right  is  first  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  do  it.— Contin^io  sic  colli ge  quod.  Infer  this  at  once 
from  the  fact  that.— Kcasisse.  "  To  have  escaped  unpunished."— 
JIabet  attonitos.  "  Keeps  in  constant  terror."  yl«om<tts  well  repre- 
sents here  the  bewildering  effect  of  a  guilty  conscience.— 5urcfo  ver- 
here  cadit.  "  Lashes  with  an  unheard  thong."  Surdo  is  here  used 
passively  for  tad  to. —Occult  urn  quatknte,  &c.  "  Conscience,  as  their 
tormentor,  brandishing  a  scourge  unseen  by  human  eyes."— Ctt<ft- 
cius.  A  courtier  of  Nero's,  and  a  most  cruel  minister  of  that  tyrant. 
^Bhadamanthus.  Compare  Virg.,  .En.,  vi.,  500,  scq.—Suum  tcstem. 
"A  witness  against  one's  own  self." 

199-210.  Sjxirtano  cuidam,  &c.  The  story  is  told  at  large  in  He- 
rodotus (vi.,  8G).  A  Milesian  had  intrusted  a  sum  of  money  to  one 
Glaucus,  a  Spartan,  who,  when  the  Milesian's  sons  claimed  it,  de- 
nied all  knowledge  of  it,  and  went  to  Delphi  to  learn  whether  he 
could  safely  retain  it ;  but,  terrified  at  the  answer  of  the  oracle,  he 
sent  for  the  Milesians  and  restored  the  money.  Leotychides  re- 
lates the  story  to  the  Athenians,  and  leaves  them  to  draw  the  infer- 
ence from  the  fact  which  he  subjoins,  namely,  that  the  family  of 
the  offender  had  become  totally  extinct  in  Sparta.— Qwon^fom.  "  In 
time  to  come."— 3/c«.?.  "  The  opinion."— 3/or/6u5.  "  From  princi- 
ple."—ram<'«.  Though  he  returned  it.— ^rfyf/.  "  That  issued  from 
the  shrine,"  i.e.,  the  innermost  part  of  the  sanctuary,  whence  the 
prophetic  sounds  issued,  and  where  was  the  fissure  over  which  the 
tripod  of  the  Pythoness  was  placed.— i;<  quamvis  hnga,  &c    "  And, 


280 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIII. 


though  derived  from  a  widespread  clan,  with  all  hig  kin  "  .*  «  all 
relatives,  however  remote  their  common  mcc,tor.-FLti' crimen 
habet.    "  Has  all  the  criminality  of  an  actual  commission." 

210-221.   Ctdo,  si  conuta  jM^rcfjitf    "  Tell  me,  then,  (what)  if  ho 
has  accomplished  his  dcsijrns  ?"-A ec.     E^iuivalent  to  ne  quidem  - 
Interque  violarcs,  &c.     "  And  the  food,  difficult  to  swallow,  swcllin-^ 
between  his  teeth."    From  the  dryness  of  the  throat  the  food  h 
swaUowed  with  uneasiness,  and  wanting  the  saliva  to  moisten  it 
and  make  it  into  a  paste,  it  breaks  into  pieces  between  the  tccM. 
and,  taking  up  more  room  than  when  in  one  mass,  it  fills  the  mouth 
as  If  It  had  increased  in  quantity.     {Madan,  ad  loc.)-Setina.     Sur^ 
ply  vxna  and  compare  Sat.  v.,  33.     The  common  reading  sed  tL 
IS  far  inferior.-.! Ihani.     Compare  Sat.  v.,  33.-  Vclut  acri  ducta  Fa- 
lerno.     "As  if  called  forth  by  hiirsh  Falemian."     Falemian  wine 
>yhcn  new,  was  harsh  and  unwholesome.    {Mayor,  ad  loc.)-InduIsii 
Has  granted  him."-  TVr.sa.«.     "  After  having  been  tossing  to  and 
iro.    -  Te  vxdet  in  somnis,  &c.     Thee,  the  man  whom  he  has  in- 
jured—r,*a  sacra  et  major  i„utr,o,  &c.     The  ancients  regarded  ai)- 
pantions  as  sacred,  and  (as  fear  magnifies  its  objects)  they  were  al- 
ways supi)osed  lo  appear  greater  than  the  life. 

225-235.  Ad  omnia  fuhjurapalknt.     Cicero  docs  not  use  ad  thus 
to  denote  the  occasion  of  fear.     IJand,  TurselL,  i.,  101.-Pn/«o 
quofiue  murmure  cceli.     "  Even  at  the  first  rumbling  of  the  skv  "- 
lortuitus.     Trisyllable.     Compare  pituita  (I/orat.,  Fp.  i.,  I,'l08; 
\"-',f'J^*^-     "^•'""^  h^^fortultus  with  the  long  penult,  as  a 
quadrisyllable  (OJ.  ii.,  15,  17).     That  tliunder  was  fortuitous  was 
the  opinion  of  the  Epicureans.  -  r«,/or«m  rahie.     Some  believed 
that  the  violence  of  the  winds  caused  a  collision  of  the  clouds,  and 
thus  produced  thunder.-^Wice/.     -  Is  fraught  with  retributive  jus- 
tice    -  Idut  hoc  dilata  sermo.     "As  if  merclv  deferred  by  this 
brief  calm,"  i.e.,  as  if  delayed  by  one  fair  day,' on  purjxjse  after- 
ward to  fall  the  heavier.-Zaniu.  cristam,  <fec.     0„  recovery  from 
lUness,  It  was  customary  to  offer  a  cock  to  ^:scula,,ius.     Bu't  these 
puilty  ones  are  so  far  from  promising  a  cock  to  ^sculapius,  that 
they  have  not  the  courage  to  vow  even  a  cock's  comb  as  a  sacrifice 
to  their  household  gods.    {Madan,  ad  ioc.y-Xon  diynior  vita.    Does 
not  more  deser>'e  to  live  than  they. 

236-249.  Natura  mahrum.  «  The  character  of  bad  men."— 5»/. 
perest  constantia.  -  They  have  resolution  enough  and  to  spare."- 
Ad  mores  damnalos.  "  To  her  depraved  courses."  Custom  becomes 
second  nature.-£)Vc/i/;/»  ,mc4  drc  "  Once  banished  from  his  now 
l^ardened  hrovr.^-Dabit  in  laqueum,  etc     «  This  false  friend  of  ouw 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XIV. 


281 


will  fall  into  the  snare  of  temptation." — Uncum.  Compare  Sat.  x., 
66. — Rupem.  Compare  Sat.  x.,  170. — Surdnm^  nee  Tiresiam.  You 
will  confess  that  the  gods  have  an  ear  for  your  prayers  and  his  per- 
juries, and  an  eye  from  which  no  crime  can  escape.  Tiresias  was 
the  blind  soothsayer  of  Thebes. 


SATIRE   XIV. 

ARGUMENT. 

The  whole  of  this  Satire  is  directed  to  the  one  great  end  of  self- 
improvement.  By  showing  the  dreadful  facility  with  which  chil- 
dren copy  the  vices  of  their  parents,  the  poet  points  out  the  neces- 
sity as  well  as  the  sacred  duty  of  giving  them  examples  of  domestic 
purity  and  virtue.  After  briefly  enumerating  the  several  vices  which 
youth  imperceptibly  imbibe  from  their  seniors,  he  enters  more  at 
large  into  that  of  avarice,  of  which  he  shows  the  fatal  and  inevita- 
ble consequences.  Nothing  can  surjiass  the  exquisiteness  of  this 
division  of  the  Satire,  in  which  he  traces  the  progress  of  that  pas- 
sion in  the  youthful  mind,  from  the  paltry  tricks  of  saving  a  broken 
meal  to  the  daring  violation  of  every  principle  human  and  divine. 
Having  placed  the  absurdity  as  well  as  the  danger  of  immoderate 
desires  in  every  point  of  view,  he  concludes  with  a  solemn  admoni- 
tion to  rest  satisfied  with  those  comforts  and  conveniences  which 
nature  and  wisdom  require,  and  which  a  decent  competence  is  eas- 
ily calculated  to  supply.     (Evans.) 


1-9.  Fascine.  Nowhere  else  mentioned. — Fama  digna  sinistra. 
**Desening  of  a  bad  name,"  t.  c,  disgraceful  or  disreputable  in 
their  nature.— .ViViWw  rchus.  "  To  things  other^vise  bright,"  t.  e., 
to  a  condition  in  life  otherwise  brightly  prosjjcrous.  —  Davinosa. 
"  Rmnons.^—Buliatus.  "  While  yet  wearing  the  bulla,"  i.  e.,  while 
yet  a  mere  boy.  Compare  Sat.  v.,  Idi.—Arma.  "  Weapons."  The 
dice.— Pan:o/ritilh:  *'In  his  ovm  little  dice-box."  fhe/Htillus 
was  of  similar  construction  to  those  still  in  use,  with  graduated  in- 
tervals on  the  inside  to  give  the  dice  a  rotator)-  motion  during  their 
descent.  — il/c/i«.«f.  Better  than  the  harres.  —  Radere  tubera  terra. 
"  To  peel  truffles."  Compare  Sat.  v.,  1  \G.—Boletum  condire.  "To 
season  a  mushroom."— Fodem  jure.  "  In  the  same  sauce"  with  the 
mushroom,  truffle,  and  other  similar  dfimties.—Ficedulas.  "Beca- 
ficos."    A  small  bird  is  meant,  which  fed  on  figs.    It  was  the  only 


282 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIV. 


bird  of  which  epicures  allowed  the  whole  to  be  eaten.  It  was  con- 
sidered a  piece  of  high  luxury  to  have  these  birds  dressed  and 
ser^-ed  up  at  table  in  the  same  sauce  with  truffles,  &c.^Nebwone 
parents,  &c.  "  His  epicure  parent,  and  hoary  gluttony  pointing  out 
the  way."  Gourmands  could  not  trust  the  cook  to  prepare  the 
choicer  dishes. 

10-14.  Quwn  Septimus  aimus,  &c.  After  the  completion  of  the 
sixth  year,  Plato  directs  that  boys  and  girls  be  separately  educated. 
(Za7.,  vii.,  4,  p.  794.) — Nondum  omni  dente  renato.  "  All  his  teeth 
being  not  as  yet  renewed,"  t.  «.,  before  all  his  second  teeth  have  as 
yet  come.  Compare  Pliny  (//  iV.,  vii.,  16) :  ^^Editis  in/antibm pri- 
tribres  dentes  septimo  gignmtur  meme:  iidem  anno  septimo  deddunt 
aiUqne  sufficimturr—BarbatoH  magistros.  Philosophers,  to  instil 
abstinence  and  temperance.  —  Lauto  paratu.  «  In  sumptuous 
style."— J%«a  culina.     Of  his  sire. 

15-25.  Mitem  animum,  &c.    For  milemne  animuin,  &c.    *'  Docs  Ru- 
tilus  inculcate  a  merciful  disposition  ?"  &c.,  ».  «.,  teach  his  son  for- 
bearance.—J/oc/ici^  erroribus  frquos.     « Indulgent  to  venial  faults." 
—Nostra  materia  constare.     "  Are  formed  of  matter  like  our  own  " 
Construe  twstra  with  materia,  not  with  corpora.— £t  nuUam  Sirena, 
&c.^   *'And  compares  no  Siren  to  scourges,"  t.  e.,  and  thinks  no  Si- 
ren 8  song  can  equal  the  sound  of  scourgcs.-Antip/uxtes.    King  of 
the  cannibal  La^strygones.  -  Trepidi  Laris.     -  Of  his  trembling 
household."-Z>«o  prof,ter  lintea.    "  On  account  of  t^vo  towels,"  ,-.  e., 
for  stealing  a  couple  of  towcls.-Quid  smdet  juveni.     «  What  kind 
of  advice  does  that  man  give  to  his  own  son  ?"  i.  e.,  what  kind  of 
doctrine  docs  he  preach  to  him  ?-Mirc.     "  With  strange  delight." 
—Inscnpta  ergastula.     "The  work-house  full  of  branded  slaves." 
Literally,  "  branded  work-houses."    The  abstract  for  the  concrete, 
the  place  of  correction  for  those  contained  in  it.    Compare  SaL 
viii.,  ISO.— Career  rustirm.     The  country  prisons,  f  ,r  the  confine- 
ment of  slaves,  were  generally  under  ground. 

26-40.  Sic  naturajubet.  "  Such  is  nature's  lasv.^-Magnis  quum 
•ubeunt,  *c.  "When  they  insinuate  themselves  into  our  minds 
from  those  who  have  great  influence  with  us," ,'.  e.,  when  vice  is 
recommended  by  a  parent's  authority.— //o-c.  "  These  practices." 
—Quibm  arte  benigna,  drc  "Whose  hearts  the  Titan  has  formed 
with  kindly  art,  and  moulded  out  of  a  better  clav."  Prometheus  is 
meant.—Fugi^da.  "  That  ought  to  be  shunned."-/:^  monstrata 
diu,  &c.  "And  the  routine  of  inveterate  dcpravitv,  that  has  long 
been  before  their  eyes,  attracts  them  on."  Orbita  is  properly  "the 
irack  of  a  wheel,"  then  "a  beaten  track"  generally,  and  hence,  fig- 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIV. 


283 


nratively,  a  course  or  routine  of  life.  —  Hujus  enim  vel  una,  <fec. 
"  For  there  is  one  powerful  motive,  at  least,  to  this." — Quocunque 
in  ftojmlo,  &c.  The  idea  is,  We  all  readily  imitate  what  is  evil ;  you 
may  find  a  Catiline  in  any  clime,  but  a  Bnitus  or  Cato  (of  Utica, 
brother  of  Servilia,  mother  of  Brutus)  n(^vhere. 

41-52.  Maxima  debet u r  puero  revereniia.  "  The  greatest  reverence 
is  due  to  a  child."  Kcverencc  the  young,  and  beware  lest  they  hear 
or  see  you  saying  or  doing  any  thing  evil ;  for  where  the  old  have 
no  shame,  there  the  young  will  be  most  unabashed.  {Madan,  ad  he:) 
—Contemseris.  The  perfect  subjunctive  is  invariably  used  by  Cicero 
after  ne.  The  imperative  or  subjunctive  present  are  poetical.  (Mad- 
vig,  §  38C.) — Dignwn  Censoris  ira.  The  punishments  inflicted  by 
the  censor  were  either  expulsion  from  the  Senate,  or  taking  away 
the  horse  of  an  eques,  or  degradation  from  some  tribe,  or  reducing 
one  to  the  condition  of  an  ararius. — Quandoque.  "One  day."  For 
quandocunquc.  —  Et  qui  omnia,  «tc.  Construe  omnia  with  vestigia. 
The  meaning  is.  Such  a  one  as  to  follow  and  outstrip  you  in  every 
path  of  sin. — Nimirttm.  "  Doubtless."  Ironical. —  Tabulas  mutare. 
"To  alter  your  will,"  t.  e.,  to  disinherit  him. —  Unde  tibi.  Suj  ;ily 
parabis.  How  will  you  be  able  to  assume  the  severe  front  and  the 
license  of  a  parent's  speech  ? —  Vacuumque  cerebro,  <fcc.  "  And  w  }\en 
the  exhausted  cupping-glass  has  long  since  been  looking  out  for 
your  brainless  head,"  t.  e.,  and  when  you  have  for  a  long  time  been 
acting  as  if  you  were  mad.  Cucurbita  properly  means  a  kind  of 
gourd  ;  and  then,  from  the  shape,  the  term  is  used  to  denote  a  cup- 
ping-glass. It  was  employed  in  cases  of  derangement.  Some  of 
these  instniracnts  were  of  brass,*  others  of  horn.  In  those  of  brass 
lighted  linen  was  placed,  and  the  instrument  then  applied  to  the 
skin.  The  pressure  of  the  external  air  would  force  the  nearly  ex- 
hausted eucurbiia  with  a  strong  draught  against  the  part  to  be  cup- 
ped, and  hence  the  epithet  ventosa  in  the  text,  by  which  name  a 
cupping-glass  was  known  in  the  mediaeval  Latin.  (Ital.  ventosa  ; 
Fr.  ventouse.)  In  those  of  horn,  the  air  was  dra^vn  out  by  suction 
througfi  a  small  orifice,  which  was  afterward  closed  with  wax. 
(Mayor,  ad  loc.). 

53-G3.  Ilospite  venturo,  &c.  When  you  expect  a  friend  to  make 
you  a  visit,  you  set  all  hands  to  work  in  order  to  prepare  your  house 
for  his  reception.— T^erre  pavimentum,  &c.  The  language  of  the 
master.  The  pavements  were  of  costly  marble  or  mosaic.  They 
were  swept  with  a  broom  of  palm  twigs,  or  cleaned  with  a  sponge. 
—Aridu.  "  Shrivelled."— Zcyc.  "  Smooth"  or  "  plain,"  opposed 
to  aspera,  "embossed."— Fun^.     "Blusters  forth."— J?r^o  miser 


If! 


J- 

I 


284 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  XIV. 


trqndas,  «tc.  Are  you  ashamed  lest  your  friend  may  see  any  thing 
offensive  about  your  abode,  and  do  you  take  no  pains  to  prevent 
any  moral  filth  or  turiiitude  from  being  beheld  in  your  house  by 
your  own  son  ?— 6'co6j*.  Sawdust  was  left  on  the  floor  during  a 
feast.  Ileliogabalus  usedlgold  dust.— ///urf  won  ugitas.  "  Do  you 
not  bestir  yourself  about  this."— 0/««*  sine  labe.  "Without  inv 
stain."  •  ' 

64-79.  Vratum  est.  "  It  is  a  source  of  gratitude."— -St/am.  "  if 
you  bring  it  to  pass."— ^^m.  "  To  her  fields."— iY«nV/mw  intererit. 
"It  will  prove  a  matter  of  the  highest  importance."  — ^r/t6t«. 
"Pursuits."  — J/oni»t«.  "Moral  habits."- 0«ciAt«.  The  dead 
body  was  left  hanging  on  the  cross.— //ic  est  ergo  cihug,  dLc.  From 
being  supplied  with  this  kind  of  food  by  the  j.arent  bird,  the  young 
vulture,  when  grown  np  to  be  a  large  bird,  feeds  upon  the  same.— 
Propria  arborc.  "  In  a  tree  of  its  own."— /'awWo:  Jovis.  "  The 
ministers  of  Jove. "  The  eagles.— (/encro^o;  aves.  "  Birds  of  noble 
breed."  Not  only  eagles,  but  falcons,  ^c.—Inde,  "  Thence,"  i.  e., 
from  the  nest.— 72m;>/o  ovo.     When  they  broke  the  shell. 

80-89.  ^Edijicator  erat  Cetronius,  &c.    The  general  idea  is,  If  the 
father  impair  his  estate  .  /  building  villas  of  costly  marble  in  fash- 
ionable localities,  no  wonder  that  his  son  yet  more  prodigally  wastes 
what  remains.     If  the  father  observes  the  Sabbath,  and  abstains 
from  meats  forbidden  by  the  Jewish  lawgiver,  no  wonder  that  the 
son,  having  been  early  trained  to  neglect  his  country's  laws,  becomes 
a  proselyte,  bound  to  the  obscnance  of  the  whole  Mosaic  law.— 
Caieta,    Caieta,  now  Gaeta,  was  situate  on  the  Sinus  Caietanus,  in 
Latium.— riiwris.    Tibur,  now  Tn-oii,  lies  twenty  miles  northeast 
of  Rome,  chiefly  on  a  rocky  hill,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Anio.— 
Pranestinis.     Consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  190.— (/rorci*  martnoribus. 
The  marbles  of  Paros,  Pentelicus,  Ilymettus,  Carjstus,  Tanarus, 
and  Sparta  were  celebrated.— Zon^<.7M«.    From  Synnada  in  Phrygia, 
or  from  Numidia.— /brMna;  ndem.   The  splendid  temple  of  Fortune 
at  Praeneste.- //erc«/^•«.    That  of  Hercules  at  Txhxxr.—Posides.    A 
freedman  of  the  Emperor  Claudius,  who  amassed  immense  wealth. 
He  must  have  built  a  mansion  in  Kome  rivalling  the  very  Capitol. 
—Sic  habitat.     "Is  thus  lodged,"  i.  e.,  so  magnificently.— To/aw 
hanc.    Namely,  the  part  that  still  remained.- rwrAanV. '  "Squan- 
dered."    Turbare  is  here  for  conturbare  or  decoqucre.—AttoiUt.    For 
in  altum  toiiit. 

90-98.  Sortiti  metuentem,  &c.  "  Having  obtained  for  their  lot  a 
father  fearing  Sabbaths^"  i.e.,  whose  lot  it  is  to  have  a  father  that 
fears,  &x^.—Metuentem,  The  heathen  conceived  the  God  of  the  Jews 


NOTES   ON   SAT.  XIV. 


285 


ro  be  a  malignant  being. — Nil  prater  nubes,  &c.  This  gross  concep- 
tion of  the  Romans  arose  from  the  Jews  having  no  visible  repre- 
gentation  of  Deity.  They  thought,  therefore,  that  they  worshipped 
merely  the  clouds  and  the  material  heaven  or  blue  sky. — Ncc  dis- 
tare  putant,  &c.  They  think  it  as  abominable  to  eat  the  one  as  the 
other. — Arcano  roluminc.  The  Pentateuch  or  Five  Books  of  Moses, 
'especially  the  one  containing  the  Levitical  law.  A  copy  of  the 
Pentateuch  was  kept  in  every  synagogue,  locked  u\)  in  a  press  or 
chest  (area),  and  never  exposed  to  view  unless  when  brought  out 
to  be  read  at  the  time  of  worship.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  service 
it  was  returned  to  its  place  and  again  locked  up. — Ignava.  "  One 
of  sloth." — Ei  partem  vita;  non  attiyit  vllam.  "  And  came  into  con- 
tact with  no  part  of  life,"  i.  c,  and  was  kept  distinct  from  the  ordi- 
nary duties  of  life. 

99-113.  Spoiite  tamenjuvenes,  &c.    The  train  of  thought  is  as  fol- 
bws :  To  other  vices  the  young  are  prone  of  themselves :  to  avarice 
their  fathers  must  train  them  (99-117).     Accordingly  they  stint 
themselves  and  their  household,  and,  the  love  of  money  growing 
with  their  wealth,  they  by  fair  means  or  foul  possess  themselves  of 
their  neighbours'  estates  (118-147).     For  now  a  single  proprietor 
will  own  a  larger  tract  than  Rome  did  under  the  kings.     It  is  this 
haste  to  be  rich  which  causes  crime  (148-170).   The  Marsian  father 
of  old  warned  his  sons  against  luxury ;  nowadays  a  father  urges 
his  sons  to  make  money  by  any,  even  the  meanest  arts  (171-199). 
What  wonder,  then,  if  the  son  goes  a  step  farther,  and  seeks  his 
fortune  by  perjury  and  murder?  nay,  if,  to  satisfy  that  love  of  gain 
which  he  has  inherited  from  his  i)arent,  he  attempts  that  parent's 
life?  (200-247). — 7nviti  quoqm.  "Even  against  their  will." — FaUit 
enim  vitiumy  &c.    "  For  vice  sometimes  deceives  under  the  guise  and 
covering  of  virtue."    An  instance  of  this  is  given  immediately  after 
in  the  case  of  avarice,  which  passes  with  many  for  frugality.— 
Triste  habitu.    "  Grave  in  bearing."— Frtij^i.   "  A  frugal  character." 
•^Uesperidum  serpens,  &c.     "  The  serpent  of.  the  Hesperides  or  of 
Pontus."   The  former  guarded  the  golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides, 
the  latter  the  golden  fleece  among  the  Colchi.    The  Romans  re- 
garded Colchis  as  a  part  of  Pontus,  it  hanng  been  made  subject  to 
this  country  by  Mithradates  Eupator.— //mwc  de  quo  loquor.    The 
avaricious  man.—Acquirendi.    "  Of  his  own  fortune."    The  com- 
mon text  has  atque  verendum.—Sed  crescunt  qmcunque  nwdo,  &c.  The 
idea  is.  But  if  one's  fortune  is  thus  to  grow,  every  means  must 
be  employed,  the  forge  must  be  always  heated,  the  anvil  always 
busy.— £<  pater  ergo.     "The  father,  therefore,  also,"  i.e.,  the 


f 


286 


NOTES    ON    SAT.   XIV. 


father,  therefore,  as  well  as  the  people  (v.  107),  admires  the  ara- 
ncious. 

ull^^^^''    ^''^"*  *""'''•      '"*''    avaricious. -^«n<   yu^Jam,  Ac 
There  are  certain  first  elements  of  all  vices,"  ,'.  c,  certain  rudi" 
ments  or  beginnin-s.     The  father  does  not  all  at  once  bid  his  sons 
to  be  covetous,  but  insinuates  into  their  minds,  by  little  and  little 
sordid  principles.     This  he  does  first  (protinus)  ;  but  anon  (mor),  as* 
the  pupu  advances,  he  inculcates  an  insatiable  thirst  for  gain  - 
Mtmmas  ediscerc  sordes.     "To  become  adepts  in  the  most  tfetty 
means  of  stingy  saving."- Ca.^>a/.   "He  pinches."- JW/o  /m^o. 
AVith  an  unjust  measure,"  i.e.,  an  unfair  allowance   of  food 
Slaves  had  a  certain  allowance  of  com,  olives,  figs,  vinegar,  and 
wme,  cither  by  the  month  or  the  day.-A^e  emm,  &c.     The  idea 
IS,  For  indeed  he  can  never  bring  himself  to  eat  up  at  once  cveir 
crust  of  mouldy  bread,  but  keeps  some,  along  with  a  portion  of  vcs- 
terday  s  mince,  for  the  succeeding  Aay. -Medio  SepterM.    "  Eveu 
m  the  middle,  of  September."    This  was  the  hottest  and  most  un- 
healthy month  at  Rome.- Co«c/.m  astivi,  &c.     "The  bean  scaled 
up  along  with  a  portion  of  summer  lacertus."    Tlie  lacertus  was  a 
species  of  sea-fish.    Some  render  it  "  stockfish,"  others  "  pilchard  " 
Both  It  and  the  beans  would  be  hard  to  keep  in  summer;  hence  the 
epithet  <rstnn,  f«r  which  the  common  text  has  crstivam.     These  re- 
mams  of  food,  however,  arc  put  away  in  some  vessel,  the  cover  or 
mouth  of  which  is  sealed,  lest  the  half-staned  slaves  mav  steal  it.- 
Sduro.     Compare  Sat.  iv.,  33.     The  silurus  was  a  common  and 
eoarse  Egj-ptmn  fish,  sent  over  salted  to  nomc.-Fila^ue  scctivi,  &c. 
And  to  lock  up  the  verj-  fibres  of  the  chop,Hjd  leek,  after  they  have 
been  counted."    There  are  fibres  resembling  threads  which  han^ 
downward  from  the  bottom  of  the  leek.     These  the  miser  is  Z 
stingy  as  to  lock  up  after  he  has  counted  them.     As  re-ards  the 
porrum,  consult  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  293. 

126-143.  Invitatus  ad  h^c,  Ac.     "A  beggar  from  a  bridge,  on 
having  been  invited  to  snch  a  meal,  would  decline."    Compare  note 

"t!         ;;  '^'^^""-    S"PP>>'^^-  or possid...-IImc  tor,nenta. 

This  seU.torturo.--jr^entis  t-iverefato.  "To  live  with  a  beggar's 
fate,  ..  e.,  to  lead  a  beggar's  life.-(^««,«.  -  Although. "-£-/  nnnus 
W:  optat,  &c.  "And  yet  he  who  has  it  not  wishes  for  it  less." 
1  he  poor  man  looks  no  farther  than  for  a  supply  of  his  present 
grants ;  he  Dever  thinks  of  any  thing  more.  Obsene  that  et  is  here 
for  et  tamen.^Et  proferre  fines  Ubet,  &c.  -  And  it  takes  vour  fancv 
to  extend  your  boundaries,  and  your  neiphl>our's  com-knd  seem; 
to  you  more  extensive  an^  prp<iuc/h«»  ih^n  To«r  ow«."^  Arhisl^ 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XIV. 


287 


"  Its  groves."— Ciinef.  The  bloom  of  the  olive  is  of  a  white  or  light- 
gray  colour.— iVbn  vincitur.  "  Is  not  prevailed  upon."— Bores  ma' 
cri,  &c.  Lean  through  hard  work  and  half  stan'ed,  and  therefore 
Fuch  as  will  make  a  thorough  clearance.  There  was  a  law  of  the 
Twelve  Tables  de  pastu  pecoris,  under  which  such  injuries  as  are 
here  descriljcd  were  punished.— //m;"«5.  The  owner  who  refuses  to 
sell.— Srrros.  "  Ravenous."— A^ora/ia.  Put  here  for  the  crops  on 
any  good  land.  Novak  properly  means  land  recently  cleared. — In- 
juria. "Wrongs  like  this."— Fena/cs /eccnV.  "Have  exj  osed  to 
sale,"  «.  c,  have  brought  to  the  hammer. 

144-158.  Sed  qui  sennones,  &c.  "But  what  remarks  will  be  made 
about  this !  Ilow.loudly  will  the  trumi-et  of  slanderous  fame  sound 
forth  !"  This  is  supposed  to  be  the  remark  of  the  poet,  and  equiv- 
alent to,  "  But  how  the  world  will  talk  of  this  conduct  of  yours  in 
mining  your  neighbours'  property!"  To  which  the  other  replies, 
"Who  cares  for  what  the  world  says?  What  harm  does  this  do  to 
mar—Tunicam.  "The  pod."— Toto  pago.  "Throughout  the  whole 
village."— -Sccante?/!.  "  While  reaping  merely."— ASce/tcef  et  morbis, 
&c.  The  ironical  remark  of  the  poet :  "  No  doubt !  you  will  be  free 
from,"  &c.— i'osf  hac.  "  Hereafter."— 3/ox,  &c.  The  idea  is,  After^ 
ward,  even  veterans  who  had  served  against  Carthage  or  Tyrrhus 
received  for  their  many  wounds  scarce  two  jugera  a  head. — Molos- 
SOS.  Compare  Sat.  xii.,  108.— Jugera.  The  juger,  thoupli  com- 
monly translated  "acre,"  was  in  reality  about  five  eighths  of  an 
English  acre,  being  a  rectangle  240x120  feet,  or  28,800  square 
feet.— Ct/rra.  "  Scant."  It  did  not  appear  a  breach  of  faith  on  the 
part  of  their  thankless  country. 

1 59-1 71 .  Turbam.  "  The  troop,"  t.  e.,  the  noisy  brood.— /w/an<c« 
qtiatuor.  Children  of  different  ranks  used  to  be  playmates  in  ancient 
times.— rrcsVom/n/.  "  Three  young  masters."—^  scrobe  vel  sulco 
redeuntibus.  Coming  home  from  their  day's  work  at  digging  and 
ploughing.— ^w/>/«or.  "  More  plentiful."  As  for  grown  men  after 
a  hard  day's  v,'ork.—Pultibus.  As  this  species  of  porridge  was  a 
national  dish,  we  have  the  expression  '' pultiphagus  barbams''  ap- 
plied by  Plautus  in  the  sense  of  Romams  {Most.,  iii.,  2,  144).— /nde. 
He  means  from  avarice.— Pro/>eran<w.    "  Hastening  to  be  rich." 

172-17D,  Marsus,  &c.  Compare  the  language  of  Strabo  (v., 
p.  241),  as  given  by  Mayor:  "Above  Picenum  are  the  Vestini, 
Marsi,  Peligni,  &c.,  of  the  Samnite  race.  They  occupy  the  high 
ground,  and  scarcely  any  where  come  dovsTi  to  the  sea.  These  na- 
tions are  but  small,  it  is  true,  yet  they  are  brave,  and  have  proved 
to  the  Romans  their  valour."— Z^cr«ictts.    The  Hernici  were  a  peo- 


288 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XIV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XIV. 


289 


pie  in  Latiam,  but  not  of  the  Latin  stock.  Their  capital  was  Anag- 
nia.  In  their  war  against  Rome,  however,  B.C.  306,  they  did  not 
justify  their  high  reputation. —  Yestinusque.  The  Vestini  were  the 
most  northern  tribe  of  Sabellian  extraction,  and  occupied  a  tract 
lying  between  the  Adriatic  and  Apennines,  which  was  separated 
from  Picenum  by  the  Matrinus,  and  from  the  Marrucini  by  the  Atcr- 
nns. — Quorum  ope  et  auxilioj  &c.  "  By  whose  aid  and  intcfnention, 
since  the  boon  of  the  kindly  corn-blade,  there  happen  to  man  loath- 
ings of  the  old  oak,"  i.  e.,  it  is  man's  fortune  to  loathe  the  oaks  he  fed 
upon  before.  —  Perone.  "Country  boot."  The  pero  was  a  boot 
reaching  up  to  the  calf  of  the  leg,  and  made  of  raw-hide  or  untanned 
leather. — Pellibus  inversis.  "  With  skins  having  the  hair  inward.' 
Literally,  "with  inverted  skins." — Qiurcunque  est.  "Whatever  it 
is,"  i.«,,  whatever  it  may  be,  I  know  not.  Explanatory  of  igvota^ 
which  precedes. 

180-187.  Pracepta.  Supply  dahant. — Media  de  nocte.  "At  mid- 
night." Compare  Gesner  (Thes.^  s.  v.) :  "  De  cum  nominibus  tem- 
poris  significat,  id  tempus  nondum  plane  effluxisse."  —  Sypinum. 
"Asleep  and  lying  on  his  back."— C/awo.«M.  " Clamorous."— /Su- 
rras. In  ordinary  books,  the  titles  and  headings  of  the  chapters 
were  written  in  red  letters.  But  in  law-books  the  text  was  in  red 
letter,  and  the  commentaries  and  glosses  in  blacL^Aut  vitem  jMsce 
iibeiio.  ^'Or  ask  by  petition  for  the  office  of  centurion."  The 
badge  of  a  centurion  was  a  vine  sapling  cut  into  a  stick  or  baton, 
and  employed  for  punishing  any  of  the  men  who  had  neglected 
their  military  duties.  Hence  vitis  is  often  put  for  the  office  itself 
of  centurion.  —  Bttjro.  "By  the  boxwood  comb."  This  kind  of 
wood  was  usually,  on  account  of  its  hardness,  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose.— Grandes  alas.  "  Your  brawny  shoulders."  Ala  is  properly 
"  the  arm-pit." — Lcelius.     The  general.  • 

188-202.  Aitegias.  The  attegia  was  a  Moorish  hut  or  wigwam, 
made  of  reeds  and  thatch.  They  were  commonly  on  wheels,  like 
the  huts  of  the  Scythian  nomadaj.  Evans  thinks  that,  when  fixed, 
they  were  called  magalia.  Compare  Virg.,  ^n.,  i.,  425.— Brigan- 
turn.  The  Brigantes  occupied  Lancashire,  Durham,  Westmoreland, 
Cumberland,  with  the  south  of  Northumberland,  and  nearlv  all  York- 
shire. — Locupletem  aquilam.  "The  enriching  eagle."  The  eaglo 
was  the  main  standard  of  the  legion,  and  was  carried  by  the  oldest 
centurion.  The  post  conferred  the  rank  and  census  of  an  eques.— 
Solmnt.  "Relax."  The  comua  were  cuncd  like  a  C;  the  litui 
were  bent  at  one  end  like  a  tobacco-pipe.- /V«n«  dimidio.  "  For 
half  as  much  again,'*  i.  e.,  at  a  price  greater  by  one  half.—Fastidia 


i\ 


nereis,  Ac.  "Disgust  at  any  trade  that  must  be  banished,"  &c. 
Tanning  and  similar  offensive  trades  were  restricted  to  the  Trans- 
tiberine  region.— A"ei«  credas,  <fcc.  The  idea  is.  Think  that  hides, 
if  they  bring  in  money,  smell  as  sweetly  as  perfumes. — Lucri  bonus 
est  odor^  Ac.  The  ancients  tried  the  purity  of  their  money  by  the 
smell.— /^<CB.  Ennius,  who  is  said  to  have  taken  this  sentiment 
from  the  Bellerophon  of  Euripides.— C7n</c  habeas  queerit  netno,  Ac. 
"No  one  asks  how  you  get  (wealth),  but  (wealth)  you  ought  to  get." 
The  idea  is,  Only  take  care  to  be  rich  ;  no  one  will  inquire  how  you 
became  so.—Repentibus.  "While  yet  creeping  along,"  t.  e.,  before 
they  can  run  nlona.— Ante  alpha  et  beta.     "Before  their  A  B  C." 

203-223.  Quis  te  fcstinare  jubet.  "  Who  bids  you  make  this 
speed  ?"  There  is  no  need  of  forcing  avarice  on  your  son.  lie 
will  soon  be  only  too  apt  a  scholar.— i^ro'sto.  "  I  warrant  him."— 
Securus  abi.  You  may  safely  leave  him  to  himself.— Ftnctfn*. 
"  You  will  be  suri)assed."  Your  son  will  surpass  you  iir  this  vice, 
just  as  Ajax  and  Achilles  surpassed  their  respective  fathers  in  he- 
roic achievements.  —  Parccndum  tcncris.  Parodied  from  Virgil. 
(Uorg.,  ii.,  Z&Z.— Nondum  implcvcre  medullas,  &c.  "The  evils  of 
matured  vice  have  not  yet  filled  the  marrow  of  their  bones,"  i.  e., 
matured  vice  has  not  yet  been  bred  in  the  bone.— ^<  longi  mucro- 
iiem,  Ac.  "  And  to  apply  the  edge  of  the  long  razor.'*— Tangcns. 
In  swearing,  the  Romans  laid  their  hands  on  the  altars  consecrated 
to  the  gods,  to  whose  deity  they  appealed.- ^/a^am^aw.  "  To  be 
already  carried  forth  for  burial."  Y'our  son's  wife,  if  she  bring  a 
fwrtion  that  makes  it  worth  his  while  to  take  her  life,  is  as  good  as 
dead  and  buried  from  the  instant  she  crosses  the  threshold.— Zeww- 
na  subit.  The  bride,  when  she  came  to  the  bridegroom's  house, 
was  lifted  across  the  threshold.— Prcmctur.  Strangulation  is  meant. 
—Brevior  via.  Murder.  The  short  cut  of  crime.— 0/tVn.  "  One 
day."— jl/er»^t  >  mal<r.  "  Of  this  depravity  of  heart."— ^f  penes  te. 
"Rests  at  your  do<;fs."— Pnrce/nV.  " Inculcated."— Zx^yo  monitu. 
"  By  sinister  lesson ^."—Prorfuct^  "  Trains  up."— /:<  qui  perfraudcs, 
&c.  This  line  is  wanting  in  several  MSS.,  and  is  evidently  spurious. 
^Dat  libertatem,  &c.  A  father  who  has  once  entered  his  son  in  the 
race  of  avarice,  has  given  him  the  reins,  and  cannot  bring  him  to  a 
stand  when  he  yviW.— Quern.    The  same  with  the  illi  of  line  223. 

225-239.  Nemo  satis  credit,  Ac.  No  one  is  content  to  sin  just  so 
much  as  you  allow,  and  no  more.— ^cfeo  latius.  "So  much  the 
more  widely."  So  mucli  the  more  unrestrained  liberty  do  they  al- 
low themselves.- *§<«//«'«.  Supply  illutn  hominem  esse.—  Circum- 
•cribere.    Com^axG  Sat.  x.,  217. —Amor.    "  As  great  a  love."    Sup- 

N 


r 


290 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XIV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XIV. 


291 


1 1 


h 


;l 


1  1 


ply  tantus.^Dedorvm.  Compare  Sat,  viii.,  254.— J/cwacctw.  Son 
of  Creon,  king  of  Thebes.  He  put  an  end  to  his  life  because  Tirc- 
Bias  had  declared  that  his  death  would  bring  victory  to  his  country 
when  the  Seven  marched  against  Thchcs.-^ Quorvm,  Referring  to 
Thebanoruin,  which  is  virtually  contained  in  Thebas.  The  allusion 
is  now  to  the  story  of  Cadmus  and  the  dragon's  teeth,  so  that  the 
"«'  Gracia  vera"  applies  mentally  to  this  clause  aho.—Capessunt. 
"Eagerly  engage  in."— ^r^o.  Since  your  love  of  money  is  so  ar- 
dent.—Zco  toilet  alumnus.  "The  lion-pupil  will  destroy."  There 
is  said  to  be  here  an  allusion  to  a  real  incident  which  occurred  un- 
der i:)omitian,  where  a  tame  lion  tore  in  pieces  his  keeper  who  had 
brought  him  up.     Consult  Mart.,  Ep.  de  S/Kct.,  x. 

240-247.  Nota  mathematicis,  <fcc.  "  Your  nativity  is  known  to  the 
astrologers,"  ».  e.,  your  horoscope,  or  the  constellation  in  the  ascend- 
ant at  your  birth.  The  idea  is.  Your  son  has  learned  from  the  as- 
trologers your  nativity,  and  the  length  of  the  thread  of  life  spun  out 
for  you  by  the  fates,  but  cannot  wait  until  it  has  all  run  out.— 
Grave,  "  It  is  a  tedious  business."— yaw  nunc.  "  Even  now."— 
Jucenem,  Your  son.— Ccrrina.  "Stag-like."  It  was  a  i)opular  be- 
lief among  the  ancients  that  the  stag  was  verj-  long-lived.  The  old 
scholiast  says  that  this  animal  lives  for  nine  hundred  years!— .Ir- 
cJiijenen,  Compare  Sat.  xiii.,  d&.—MUhridates.  Alluding  to  the 
famous  antidote  compounded  by  this  monarch.  The  ingredients 
are  given  by  the  physician  Serenus  Sammonicus  (xxx.,  578).— £t 
pater  et  rex.  The  idea  is,  Both  a  father  and  a  king,  if  they  would 
live  secure,  must  use  antidotes  against  poison.  Mithradates,  as  be, 
ing  both  one  and  the  other,  needed  them  more  than  any  one  else. 
(Jdayor^  ad  loc.) 

248-256.  Monstro  voluptatem,  &c.     The  train  of  ideas  is  as  fol- 
lows :  It  is  a  more  diverting  spectacle  to  watch  the  adventures  of  a 
man  in  pursuit  of  wealth  than  any  theatre  can  offer.    The  hazard- 
ous balancings  of  the  rope-dancer  cannot  compare  with  the  risks  of 
the  merchant  (248-2CG).     Now  more  than  half  mankind  live  on 
shipboard,  and  all  for  the  chance  of  bringing  back  full  money-bags. 
If  Orestes  and  Ajax  were  mad  in  one  way,  surely  they  are  not  lesa 
mad  in  another  who  will  brave  sea  and  storm  rather  than  delay 
their  ship  a  single  day  (267-294).— iVn/^  pratoris,  &c.     "  No  plat- 
form of  the  sumptuous  pnctor."    The  prajtor  now  provided  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  i)eople  by  shows  and  games,  a  duty  which,  un- 
der the  republic,  had  devolved  on  the  curule  a?dile.    The  person 
who  exhibited  the  games  had  a  more  elevated  seat  than  the  rest. — 
Lautus.    This  epithet  is  meant  to  apply  not  only  to  the  somptuoos 


and  splendid  costume  worn  on  these  occasions  by  the  prajtor,  but 
also  to  the  expense  which  he  necessarily  incurred. — Si  species.  "  If 
vou  can  but  witness." — Incrementa  domus  constent.  "  The  additions 
to  family  property  stand  one  in." — Multusjiscus,  "The  abundant 
store." — Castora.  Money  was  deposited  in  the  temple  of  Castor,  as 
in  a  place  of  security,  even  in  Cicero's  time  {pro  Quint.,  17),  and 
so,  also,  generally  in  temples.  The  temple  of  Castor  was  in  the 
Forum.  The  epithet  vigilem  is  here  employed  because  a  guard 
kept  watch  in  the  temple.— J/ars  Ultor,  The  temple  of  Mars  Ultor 
was  dedicated  by  Augustus,  B.C.  2,  in  his  forum.  No  other  >vriter 
mentions  the  robbery  here  spoken  of.  It  seems  to  have  alarmed 
capitalists,  so  that  they  again  committed  their  hoards  to  Castor's 
temple  as  more  secure.     {Mayor,  ad  loc.) 

Flora.  The  Floralia  were  first  sanctioned  by  the  government 
A.U.C.  514,  the  year  that  Livius  Andronicus  began  to  exhibit. 
They  were  celebrated  with  great  license  from  April  28  to  May  1. — 
Cereris.  The  Cerealia  were  celebrated  by  Circensian  games,  April 
I.^Cifheks.  Tlie  Mcgaksia  were  instituted  B.C.  203,  when  the 
image  of  the  Great  Mother  was  brought  from  Pessinus  to  Rome. 
(Compare  Sat.  iii.,  118.)  These  games  were  celebrated  from  April 
4  to  April  ^.—AuUra.  "The  scenic  representations."  AuIom  prop- 
erly means  the  curtain  of  the  theatre. — Humana  negotia,  "  Is  the 
actual  business  of  life." 

257-263.  Jactata  petauro.  "  Projected  from  the  petaurum."  The 
petaurum  was  a  theatrical  machine,  the  precise  character  of  which 
has  never  been  ascertained.  Some  make  it  to  have  been  a  kind  of 
sec-saw.  Others,  more  correctly,  describe  it  as  a  wheel  hanging 
loose  in  the  air,  on  which  two  jugglers  took  their  seats,  and  the  one 
endeavoured  to  keep  it  steady,  the  other  to  make  it  oscillate.  If 
either  were  thro^vn  off,  he  had  to  leap  through  flames  and  burning 
hoops.  {Mayor,  ad  loc.) — Rectum  descender e  funem.  Compare  verse 
264.— Cori/cm.  Corycus  was  the  name  of  a  town,  promontory,  and 
cave  in  Cilicia.  The  town  Corjcus  (now  Kurku)  lay  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Lamus  and  Calycadnus,  and  became  a  place  of  great 
trade  under  the  later  Roman  emperors.  Twenty  stadia  to  the  north 
of  the  town  was  the  Corycian  cave,  a  deep  valley  inclosed  by  high 
rocks,  where  the  best  saffron  grew.— Coro.  Corns  is  properly  the 
N.W.  wind,  and  is  called  by  the  Italians  Maestro.—  Tollendus.  "  To 
be  tossed  up  and  down.^  —  Perditus  ac  vilis,  &c.  "  Reckless  (of 
danger),  and  the  trader  in  vile  and  strong-smelling  sacks."  Sacci 
is  here  the  singular  put  for  the  plural.  The  hags  of  saffron  arc 
meant.    It  does  not  follow,  however,  from  the  language  of  Juvenal, 


■» 


292 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XIV. 


that  the  cargo  was  either  worthless  or  oflfcnsivc  to  the  smell.  The 
poet  merely  wishes  to  express  his  contempt  for  such  luxuries,  which 
men  risked  their  lives  to  procure,  in  order  thereby  to  amass  rapid 
fortanes. — IHmjue  piissum.  *'Tlic  rich  raisin-wine."  Supply  vimm. 
It  was  so  called  because  made  of  i^apes  spread  out  {pandoy  jmssus) 
in  the  sun  to  dry. — Munidpes  Jot  is.  *'The  countrymen  of  Jove." 
In  playful  allusion  to  the  legend  of  Crete's  having  been  the  birth- 
place of  Jove. — Lagenag.     Compare  Sat.  vii.,  121. 

264-275.  Uic  tamaiy  <tc.  The  rope-dancer,  however,  if  he  haz- 
ards life,  does  so  to  avoid  starvation  ;  you  hazard  yours,  not  to  ob- 
tain necessaries,  but  superfluities,  to  add  yet  another  to  your  999 
talents  or  your  99  villas,  (.l/riyor,  ad  ioc.y—Victum.  *'  His  daily 
bread."— iVcy>/€r.  *'  For  the  sake  of,"  i.  c,  to  make  up  the  number 
of. — Phs  hwninum^  &c.  There  are  more  men  on  the  sea  than  on 
the  land,  such  is  their  eagerness  to  be  rich.  --  Car/nithium.  The 
part  of  the  JEgean  near  Carpathus  (now  Scarpanto),  an  island  be- 
tween Crete  and  Rhodes.  Ships  on  their  way  to  Asia  Minor  often 
met  with  rough  weather  hQrc.—(»'ntuitiqae.  The  Gietuli,  as  remark- 
ed in  a  pre\-ious  note  (Sat.  x.,  158),  occujiied  the  country  to  the  south 
of  Morocco ;  here,  however,  the  Gatuh.  (vquora  must  lie  to  the  cast 
of  Calpe  (or  Gibraltar).  The  S\Ttes,  so  dangerous  to  the  com  fleets 
from  Libya,  seem  to  be  meant.  —  Calpe.  Cal|>e  (Gibraltar)  and 
Abyla,  on  the  opposite  side,  were  known  as  the  Pillars  of  Hercules, 
which  arc  often  spoken  of  as  the  extreme  west;  vet  even  this 
"world's  end'*  the  adventurous  trader  leaves  far  behind  him.— Jo- 
cSie^  Ilercnleo,  Ac.  Posidonius  and  Epicunis  pretended  that  when 
the  sun  sank  in  the  Atlantic,  it  hissed  like  red-hot  iron  plunged 
into  water.  According  to  the  popular  belief,  the  Sacrum  Prtimon- 
torium,  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Hispania,  now  Cape  St.  Vincenty 
was  the  place  where  the  sun  plunged  with  his  chariot  into  the  sea. 
—  Tensofdk.  *' With  well-distended  purse."  Compare  5<rf.  xiii., 
CI.  —  Tumida  ahita.  "With  swelled  money-bag.**  Aluta  is  the 
leather  purse  softened  by  being  steeped  in  alum-water,  — Juvencs 
marinos.     •*  Young  mermen." 

27ft-283.  Untu  furor.  "  One  and  the  same  kind  of  madness."— 
lUe.  Orestes.— Soraris  in  inanibfis.  "  While  in  his  sister's  arms." 
Alluding  to  the  scene  in  the  Orestes  of  Euripides,  where  Orestes,  in 
his  madness,  imagines  that  he  sees  the  Furies  come  to  punish  him 
for  slaying  his  mother  Clyta^mnestra,  and  where  his  sister  Electra 
endeavours,  by  throwing  her  arms  around  him,  to  keep  him  from 
leaping  in  terror  fiwm  his  couch.  (JCurip.,  Orest.,  260,  s»fq.) — I(/ni. 
"The  torch." — J/ic.    Ajax,  son  of  Telamon,  who  l>ecamc  insane 


NOTES   ON    SAT.  XIV. 


293 


after  the  arms  of  Achilles  were  awarded  to  Ulysses,  and  in  his  mad- 
ness  committed  great  havoc  among  the  herds  and  flocks  of  the 
Greeks,  mistaking  them  for  his  cnemkts.—Itluicuw.     "  The  Itha- 
censian."    Ulysses.— i'arca<  tunicisy  &c.     "  Though  he  spare  tunics 
and  cloaks,"  t.  c,  his  tunic  or  his  cloak.     Prichard  (On  Insanity^  p. 
26)  quotes  from  an  Italian  physician's  description  of  raving  mad- 
ness, or  mania:  "  A  striking  and  characteristic  circumstance  is  the 
propensity  to  be  quite  naked.    The  patient  tears  his  clothes  to  tat- 
ters."   (Mayor,  ad  loc.)—Curatoris.     A  curator  or  guardian  was  al- 
ways appointed  by  the  prajtor  in  the  cases  of  persons  of  unsound 
mind,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Twelve  Tables.— ^d 
summum  htus.     "  To  the  topmost  edge,"  t.  c,  to  the  very  top  of  the 
bulwarks.—  Tabuli  distingmtur  unda.     "  Is  i>arted  from  the  water  by 
a  single  y\&nk."—Titulos  faciesque.    The  legend  and  head  of  the 

emperor  on  the  coin. 

284-294.  Solcite  funnn.    "  Loose  the  cable."— i*7>«'^''-    Indian 
pci)i)er  was  brought  on  camels  to  Alexandrea,  and  there  shipped  for 
VMme.— Fascia  nigra.   A  dark  belt  of  clouds  resting  on  the  horizon. 
-yEstivum  tonat.    "  It  is  summer  thunder,"  i.  c,  it  is  only  a  sum- 
mer thunder-shower.— Zonam.   A  broad  belt  is  meant,  worn  by  men 
around  their  loins,  and  made  double  or  hollow,  like  our  shot-belts, 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  money .-3/o./o.    "  But  \^ie\y. "-Tagus. 
Compare  Sat.  iii.,  r^'o.-Pactolus.    The  Pactolus,  now  Sarabat,  was 
a  small  river  of  Lydi:i,  rising  in  Mount  Tmolus,  flowing  past  Sar- 
dis,  and  falling  into  the  Ilcrmus.    Its  golden  sands  were  exhausted 
in  Strabo's  time ;  still,  its  riches  were  proverbial  among  the  poets. 
^Frigida  velantes  inguina.    "  Covering  his  nakedness."-£<  pi^ta  se 
tempcstate  tmtur.    Those  who  had  escaped  from  shipwreck  or  any 
other  imminent  calamity  used  to  carry  about  a  painting  of  the  oc- 
currence, to  excite  compassion  and  obtain  alms  from  the  charitable. 
295-'>99.  Tantis  parta  malis,  &c.    The  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows : 
The  rich  are  troubled  by  fear  of  fire.    Diogenes  may  break  his  tub 
but  it  will  not  trouble  him.    Nature  is  content  with  very  little,  and 
he  who  desires  no  more  is  wise.    He  who  is  dissatisfied  with  a  com- 
petency would  be  dissatisfied  even  with  the  hoards  of  Croesus.- 
Dispositis  hamis.    "With  leathern  buckets  all  in  rows.      Obsen^e 
that  Mmi  are  "  hooks,"  but  hdmcB  "  leathern  buckets.      Originally 
the  thumviri  mpiudes  were  intrusted  with  the  protection  of  the  city 
from  fires.    From  the  time  of  Augustus,  however,  this  became  the 
duty  of  the  Prafectus  vigilum,  or  prefect  of  the  seven  cohorts  of 
night  police.    Among  the  means  employed  for  extingnislung  fires 
were  siphoncs  (syringes)  and  hama^  (huckeis).-Ele.tro.     ""His  elec 


n 


294 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XV. 


» 


t 


lis 


tram.      Not  »mber,  but  a  compound  of  four  f.fihs  of  gold  and  one 
fifth  of  silver,  and  resembling  amber  in  look.-yv,r,y,V..    Svnnada 
•n  Phrygia,  was  famed  for  its  marble.- 7e««</,„«.    Comp^e  a  J. 

3m-323   DoUa.  These  were  not  made  of  wood,  but  of  baked  clav 
-Nud,     The  Cynics,  besides  wearing  no  tunics,  used  to  leave  ono 
arm  and  shoulder  bare,  their  cloak  being  thrown  over  the  other- 
Commissa.    ^^  Fastened."-Ma<,nwn  habitatorem.    Diogenes -iW 
^rus  gestis   Ac.     Compare  Sat.  x,  ^l.^Nullum  numen  hales,  &c 
Compare  SatK..  3G5.-/«  quantum,    u  j^^,  ^  ^^^^  ^  ,.    ^,^^^  , 

Ovid,  Virgil,  Livy,  and  later  writers,  where  Cicero  would  say  gmn- 
turn  alone     So   also,  in  tantum  h^ound.^ Quantum  Socraiici,  &e. 

thf!,         .  I'         ^""""^  ^^  ^'^'^'''  ^""^"^°^^  ^'^^^^^"  -  ^.  >>etore 
the  days  of  Epicurus.    Socrates  died  B.C.  399 ;  Epicurus,  B.C.  270. 

--^a^/«,.    ';Philosophy."-^er/^,.    -  Too  strict."- re  c/««Je.e. 

Tohemyou  in."-^o..n..   "Of  our  own  times."-/:^ce  .umma.n. 

Make  up  the  sum."    Four  hundred  thousand  sesterces.    Compare 
t^rtT"  ^^^-^^"^^  r^"^  '^  '•"^«'«  fraJnt,  &c.     -If  this  also  con- 

dissatisfaction. -F«c  /er/m  <7«  ^rfn^n/a.     "  Make  the  third  four 
hondred  (sestertia),"  ,'. ..,  make  it,  by  the  union  of  three  equest  L" 

"  W  la^"^''  '•'''  "^'^'''^■^'  ''  ^-^'^^^  sestertii  J;remlum. 
Nnr^    -^  """""  """  ^'"""^  "^  *'*^  ^^g'^  »«  "t^rallv  mcant.- 

^am.,..    Narcissus,  Pallas,  and  Callistus,  three  freedm;n  of  Cl.u- 
dius,  amassed  enormous  wpnlrh      tt  -,     \''"'"'^"  ***  ^''"^ 

note  on  5a/.  x.,  SoT.       ^^-^'^-^--em  occu^ere  ;«^..    Consult 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XV. 


295 


SATIRE   XV. 
ARGUMENT. 

their  s^tish  and  ferocious  bigotry,  of  which  he  gives  an  atrocious 

kst  an  t'"%'T'''-  '''^  ^""^"«^^"  ^^  ^'-  Satire,  which  is  a 
JUS  and  beautiful  description  of  the  origin  of  civil  society  (infinite- 
y  superior  to  any  thing  that  Lucretius  or  Horace  has  delivered  on 
^e  subject),  founded,  not  on  natural  instinct,  but  on  principles  of 
mutual  benevolence  implanted  by  Deity  i„  the  breast  of  man,  and 
of  man  alone,  does  honour  to  the  genius,  good  sense,  and  enlight- 
^ened  morality  of  the  author.    (Evans.) 


1-7.  Volusi  Bithynice.   "  0  Volusius  Bithynicus."   Who  this  Vo- 
lusius  was,  and  what  was  the  origin  of  the  word  BithynicMs,  is  un- 
known.    A  Bithynicus  was  a  friend  of  Martial  (vi.,  50,  Jj).—QmUa 
demens,  &c.    The  train  of  ideas  is  as  follows :  The  Egyptians  wor- 
ship all  kind  of  monstrous  things.    They  even  regard  it  as  a  sin  to 
eat  an  onion  or  a  leek,  but  have  no  abhorrence  of  feeding  on  human 
flesh.    Of  all  the  marvellous  stories  told  by  Ulysses  to  the  Phaea- 
cians,  none  are  so  strange  and  incredible  as  those  of  the  cannibal 
Cyclopes  and  Lajstrj'gones ;  but  deeds  of  horror  not  less  atrocious 
hive  been  witnessed  in  Egypt,  not  in  a  fabulous  antiquity,  but  in 
our  own  civilized  days.    (Mayor,  ad  hc.y^Crocodihn.     Compare 
Herodotus,  ii.,  69.— iZ^tn.   Compare  Cic,  N.  D.,  i.,  3Q.—Cercopitheci. 
A  long-tailed  ape  is  meant.— i>i/Huf to  magica,  &c.    "Where  the 
magic  chords  resound  from  the  halved  Memnon,"  t.  c,  broken  in 
half.     Memnon,  in  the  ^thiopus  of  Arctinus,  one  of  the  poems 
which  formed  the  epic  cycle,  was  described  as  son  of  Aurora  and 
Tithonus,  who  was  slain  by  Achilles  before  Troy,  and  afterNvard  re- 
ceived the  gift  of  immortality.    By  the  Alexandrine  Avriters  this 
legend  was  connected  with  the  statue  of  the  Egyptian  king  Ame- 
noV  or  Phamenoph,  whose  name  can  still  be  read  on  the  statue. 
(Mayor,  ad  loc.)     On  the  whole  subject,  consult  Anthon's  Classical 
Dictionary,  s.  v.  Mevmon.^Atque  vetus  Thehe,  kc.    By  its  so-called 
hundred  gates  Egyptian  Thebes  was  distinguished  from  the  Boeotian 
one,  which  had  seven  gates. 

8-18.   Nemo  Dianam.    They  worship  the  hound,  but  forget  to 
worship  the  goddess  of  the  chase  herself.— Porn/m  et  ccepe.  "A  leek 
and  an  onion."— Lanafi.?  animalibus.     They  never  eat  sheep  or 
lambs.— Fefuw  capellie.    The  goat  was  sacred  to  Pan,  and  worship- 
ped in  the  Mendesian  nome.— Carnibus  humanis,  &c.    Cannibalism 
was  not  legalized  in  Egypt.     Such  an  instance  as  is  mentioned  be- 
low (verse  33,  seqq.)   was    exceptional.  —  Quum   narraret   UUxes. 
"Were  Ulvsscs  to  relate."- ^fctnoo.   Alcinous,  the  Phaeacian  king, 
to  whom  Ulysses  related  his  adventures.— C7<  mendax  aretalogus. 
"As  a  lying  babbler."    The  epithet  aretalogus  is  properly  applied 
to  a  Stoic  or  Cynic  parasite,  who  would  hold  forth  upon  virtue  for 
the  entertainment  of  the  company  ;  hence  it  came  to  signify  gener- 
ally a  babbler,  a  romancer.-/n  mare  nemo,  &c.    The  poet  supposes 
one  of  the  company,  who  had  heard  these  strange  stories  told  by 
Ulysses,  to  express  his  surprise  that  no  one  threw  the  narrator  of 
Bu^h  falsehoods  into  the  sea.-^itaV.   For  abjidt.    The  other  com- 
pounds of  iacio  are  often  subject  to  a  similar  change  for  the  sake 
of  the  mctK.-Veraque  Charybdi.    A  real  Charybdis,  not  a  mere 


290 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XV, 


297 


creature  of  the  fancy,  such  as  he  had  been  romancing  about  -K„ 
pen..     "For  inventing."    More  literally,  inventing'asTedoeO.: 
Referring  to  the  stor^  that  they  were  cannibals  ^^• 

19-25.   Com^rrentia  saxa  C^anea.  "The  clashing  Cvanean  rocks  " 
The  Symplegades,  rocky  islands  at  the  norther^  entrance  onl 

crA  K^'T™-    ''''*'""'  ''■'•«''  Uly-es  left  the  pXTf 

consequently   does  „„t  expressly  include  Elpenor   nlng  the" 
(Ma^r,  aJ  loc.y-P„p,Uu,a  P,..aca.   The  Ph^aiians  were  idenHfiTd 
b,  the  anccnts  w,th  the  people  of  Corcyra,  the  modern  CorT-jt 
nnn,„.u,..  ,u,  &o.    "And  who  had  drawn  a  ve^ small  portion  of  pt 
ent  wme  from  the  Corcyrean  bowL"    The  Ph^aciaVrs  were  v^ 

i™;;::, -lis ""  -'  -- '°  ^--— — 

re«tf  rfit'  "■'"';  *';    ""y'"'  ■'"'  '"^'  ""  •"'  '"^'^  ^foTC  he 

w™t  iT ',  "'rf ',"•'"'"  '""  "f'  °»  "•''-•h  he  mailed  .hence 
was  wrecked,  he  landed  alone  in  Pha^acia.    (Od,,ss    v    ir.-.  ,^„  \ 

ftought  „,  A  sober  Pha>ae.an  might  well  have  rejected  the  u„su,k 
ported  assertions  of  Ulysses,  but  my  sto^,  though  strange,  may  L 

S.  e    '  u  "      uT  """  "•"  """"  '■«"='>■•  «  «  »>«-««d  ''- 

^J  "  ^^•"''•'le,  on  account  of  the  metre.  .The  allusion  i, 
e  ther  to  Q  Jumus  Rusticus,  who  was  consul  A.D.  119,  or  to  Apni- 

contT  ^'"""%~"»»'  A-D.  84.  Some,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
«.ntraet,o„  read  y^co,  but  no  consul  of  this  name  appears  before 
A.Da82,  at  wh,ch  date  Juvenal  eould  not  have  been  living.-^u/^r. 

nonh  ;  n  'Z  '"  '.  """*  '"'  "''  "■*  ~'"'"7-  ^optus  lay  to  the 
nonh  of  Omb.,  and  south  of  Tentyra.     It  was  the  capital  of  the 

«Th.  .  "r*'  '".^^^^  ^''*'""'-  ^h'P'  di^harged  their  cargoes 
fLT  K^^"""  "f  »«■*»'<'«  ""d  Myoshormus,  in  the  Arabian  Gulf, 
from  which  caravans  conveyed  them  to  Coptos.    There  are  ruins  of 

cothurnus,  or  thick-soled  tragic  buskin,  is  here  put  for  tragedy  itself. 

^uamqmm  omnia  syrmata  volvaa      "  Th/^«,,K  «^    ♦ 
trade  them**  "   Th.  ^    ^""^  *°"*  *''''^''  ^''^'"^ 

tragedy  *'^'"'  ""^  ^'""P^'^^  '^®  ^°°«'  sleeping  train  of 


1,^ 


33-36.  Inter  Jmitimos.    "  Between  two  neighbouring  communi- 
tiear—Vetus  atque  antiqua.   The  epithet  cmtiquus  is  applied  to  what 
was'  long  ago ;  hence  antiqui  mores,  the  good  old  times ;  antiqui  am- 
id, those  who  were  friends  in  days  of  yore,  as,  for  instance,  The- 
seus and  Pirithous :  on  the  other  hand,  vetus  indicates  what  has  long 
been,  hence  "inveterate,"  "experienced,"  as  vetus  jniles.    Hence 
noml  (what  is  seen  for  the  first  time,  strange)  is  opposed  to  antiquus, 
and  recens  (fresh,  what  has  lasted  but  for  a  short  time)  to  vetus. 
(Mayor  ad  loc.)—Ombos.    Ombi,  now  Kum  Ombu,  north  of  Syene, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  in  Upper  Eg}Tt,  or  Thebais.-re^f^r- 
ra.    Now  Denderah,  in  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile, 
and  capital  of  the  Tentyritic  nome.     As  Ombi  and  Tentyra  were 
separated  by  several  important  cities,  they  were  not,  strictly  speak- 
ing   finitimi;  it  seems  more  probable  that  Juvenal  uses  this  term 
somewhat  laxly,  than  that  he  was  mistaken  as  to  the  locality  of 
cither  city.    Relatively  to  the  Romans,  any  two  towns  in  the  same 
district  might  be  called  neighbours. 

37-46.  Odit  uterque  locus.    The  Ombitaa  worshipped  crocodiles, 
the  Tentyritaj  were  famous  for  their  skill  in  taking  them,  hence  they 
quarrel.— So/os.   The  exclusivencss  of  their  worship,  as  of  the  Dru- 
idical  and  Jewish,  was  opposed  to  the  Roman  principle.-^/<m«5 
,>opuU     The  Omhitcs.—Inimicorum.    The  Tentyrites.— Perw^t/»?«<J 
toro.    "And  the  couch  that  knows  not  sleep."   The  couch  on  which 
they  reclined  while  feasting."— 5f;>/m«.9  intcrdum  sol  invenit.    The 
number  seven  was  held  sacred  by  the  Egyptians ;  hence  their  fes- 
tivals were  sometimes  celebrated  for  seven  d^^ys  in  succession. 
(Svhol,  ad  loc.)-IIorrida  sane  .T.ijyptus.    The  idea  is,  Egypt,  it  is 
true   is  rude  and  savage,  but  in  the  article  of  luxurj-,  the  rabble, 
barbarous  as  they  are,  equal  the  people  of  Canopus  themselves,  at 
least  in  that  part  of  the  country  where  I  have  been.     Compare,  as 
recrards  Canopus,  Sat.  i.,  2\.  — Quantum  ipse  notavi.    Hence  it  ap- 
pears that  Juvenal  had  visited  Egypt.    Most  lives  of  the  poet,  fol- 
lowing the  pseudo-Suetonius,  relate  that  he  was  sent  to  Egypt,  when 
eighty  years  of  age,  as  prefect  of  a  cohort  stationed  at  Syene,  and 
that  this,  under  the  appearance  of  an  honorary  appointment,  was  in 
reality  meant  as  a  species  of  exile.     A  story  incredible  in  itself, 
and  apparently  derived  from  the  present  passage.  (Mayor,  adloc.) 

47-53.  Adde  quod,  &c.  One  motive  of  the  attack  was  the  wish 
to  spoil  the  sport  of  the  revellers  ;  a  second  was  the  hope  that  they, 
in  their  drunken  helplessness,  might  fall  an  easy  prey.-/)e  madi- 
dis  "  Over  men  soaked  with  wine."-A/6ro.  "  With  the  undilu- 
ted  juice  of  the  grape."-/«c/e.    "  On  the  one  side."   The  Ombites. 

N2 


298 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XV. 


it 


wlu  e.  The  black  was  n  Moor.  The  Ombites  could  not  afford  t« 
employ  a  sk.lful  Alexandrean;  .hey  had  to  be  content  ZtkZVn 
fenor  subst.tute.  So,  for  the  costly  perfumes  of  tower  nZ^tZ 
used  such  (,ualiacu„,.e)  as  they  had.  (Ma^or,  arf  /bc.)-}/L'  S 
n««,od.u^.  "On  the  other  side  was  hung-yLe."  The^-enlC 
on  the  contrary,  were  fasting,  and  their  hatred,  like  their  "m"' 
was  fierce  and  msa.iable.    Their  hatred  was  like  a  hungry  apZte 

" 'o^e  Si-i^r '^'"^ '°  --  ''•  (•'^'«'-  «<'^- ""2 

54-71.  Aarfa.   « Unanned."_^9„-„rc,.   "One  might  see  »    Tl,» 

ject.  (.Y<.d.,j,  §  3,0.)-J  „//,„  ,/,-,„,viv...  "HalAd  faces  "  i  , 
more  or  less  mutila,ed.-^ft„ ^ad...  "Features  quite  differ;^ 
from  the  usual  ones,"  i.,.,  ,o  disfigured  as  not  to  be  known  fo  The 
same.  &/.,•.,„,».  "From  lacerated  cheeks."-7C,r  bL^I 
as  the  fray  is,  "  still."-^,  /,^,fe  „^„„  „^^  ,.  ^  ™-,/,*;"^^^ 
gaged  ,„  bojish  encounters."-^,  .«,„«  ^,  &c.  Andfrnd  ed  s  « 
.he^t,  where  U  the  use  of  so  great  a  riot  if  no  life  i   to  be  fake: 

oftl"^^    pir  ,    f '%  ^"""'^  "»•?-*«»'.-/*>.     "To  those 

m  Omb,.es  aro  meant,  who  flee  before  the  reinforced  Tentyrit  ' 

jacent  to  the  shady  palm."    The  "  s^adv  „!■  '"  ?°'-™'  "''" 

of  palm."_//,„..     "Tlerc„,K>„  "  ■•  ,    „■".''"''"    "  r>ut  for  "groves 

Q"«b™.    One  of  the  OmM"  "     ^    T^  '°  f'  '""'•^'  "'■«"'- 
bit,"     r        •  ,         '""■     ^'^'""'^'/•a'-ticulai.     "Pieces  and 

b.te.  -Carrots  oss,h,,.     "The  very-  bones  bein.  g„a,ved  "-Z 

dron,  or  roast  him  on  spits."    From  decoxit  i„  ,i.„  «    .    , 

».«st  supply  "roas^=d"with  ..n^    t^  '    "„  .    ""'  t"^  "' 
am  f«r  fr^w.  ifrwotM.     feimilar  instances  of  zeucroa 

M-90.  //„  .auJere  l,bet,  dc.    The  idea  is,  Here  we  may  rejoice 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XV. 


299 


^■ 


that  fire,  the  gift  of  Prometheus,  which  was  brought  from  heaven, 
and  which  is  the  symbol  of  civilization,  was  not  profaned  by  these 
savages.  —  Raptum.  "Stolen."  —  Prometheus.  Compare  >Sa<.  i v., 
132. — Te.  Volusius. — Mordere.  "To  chew." — An  prima  volupta- 
tem^  &c.  For,  in  the  case  of  so  great  a  crime,  doubt  not  whether 
the  first  that  ate  was  gratified ;  whether  only  in  the  first  transport 
of  rage  they  enjoyed  their  horrid  feast. — Ultimus  autem,  &c.  "  The 
last  one,  too,  who  stood  waiting  for  his  turn,"  &c. 

93-107.  Vascones.  Now  the  Basque  nation,  between  the  Ebro 
(Iberus)  and  Pyrenees,  in  the  modern  Navarra  and  Guipuzcoa. — 
Prodiixere  animas.  "  Prolonged  their  lives."  The  chief  cities  of 
the  Vascones  were  Calagurris  (now  Calahorra)  and  Pampelo  (now 
Pamjiehma).  It  is  doubtful  which  of  these  two  places  held  out  in 
the  manner  alluded  to  in  the  text.  They  were  besieged  by  Pom- 
pey  and  Metellus,  and  were  so  reduced  by  famine  that,  to  maintain 
inviolate  their  engagements  with  Scrtorius  (who  was  then  no  more), 
they  devoured  their  wives  and  children  rather  than  surrender. — 
Fortuncc  invidia.  "The  spite  of  Fortune."— C7//ma.  "The  last 
extremity."  Supply  t/Zscnrntna. —  Casus  ex tremi.  "  The  very  height 
of  human  suffering."  Literally,  "extreme  sufferings." — Egestas. 
"Starvation." — IIvJus  enim,  quod  nunc  agitur,  <tc.  "For  the  ex- 
ample that  is  now  under  consideration,  of  such  food  as  this  ought  to 
excite  our  compassion." — Gens.  The  Vascones.  —  Furor.  "The 
gnawings."  —  Fame.  "  In  their  hunger."  —  Viribus.  "To  human 
energies."  Abstract  for  concrete,  energies  for  energetic  men.  Some 
read  urbibus,  others  ventribus^  but  both  are  inferior. — Zenonis.  The 
founder  of  the  Stoic  school.— QM^-tfo/n.  "  That  some  things  only." 
Not  onlv  did  Zeno  hold  that  a  man  should  die  rather  than  do  wrong, 
hot  he  even  recommended  suicide  under  certain  circumstances. 

108-114.  Cantaber.  The-  Cantabri  occupied  that  part  of  Spain 
which  now  answers  to  Biscay,  Santander,  and  the  east  of  Asturias. 
The  Vascones  formed  a  part  of  them. — Antiqui  pra^sertim,  <fcc.  Be- 
fore arts,  science,  and  philosophy  flourished  as  they  now  do.  Quin- 
tus  Cfficilius  Metellus  Pius,  consul  with  Sulla,  B.C.  80,  conducted 
the  war  against  Sertorius  (B.C.  79-72),  and  triumphed  over  Spain 
(B.C.  71).  — Graias  nostrasque  Athenas.  "The  Grecian  and  our 
Athens."  Equivalent  to  Gracas  et  Romanas  Literas. — Gallia  cau- 
sidicos,  &c.  Among  the  scats  of  learning  in  Gaul  were  Massilia 
(Marseille),  Angustodunum  (Autun)^  Lugdunum  (Lyon),  Burdigala 
{Bordeaux),  and  Tolosa  (Toulouse). — De  conducendo,  &c.  "Thule 
now  talks  of  hiring  a  teacher  of  oratory."  The  rhetor,  or  teacher 
of  oratory,  is  different  from  the  orator.    Thule  is  generally  supposed 


300 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XV. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XV. 


301 


J* 


H 

I '.' '" 


to  have  been  one  of  the  Shetland  Isles.    Some  modern  geogtaphers, 

however,  seek  to  identify  it  with  Iceland  or  part  of  Nonvay.     At  all 

events,  the  ancients,  especially  the  poets,  use  the  name  to  denote 

generally  the  extreme  north.— Pofmlus.    The  Vascones.— J/ajor 

clade.     "Their  more  than  equal  in  calamity." — Sagmtus.    Now 

Mur  Viedro,  in  Valencia,  south  of  the  Iberus,  on  the  Kiver  Palan- 

tias,  about  three  miles  from  the  coast.    It  was  memorable  for  it« 

obstinate  resistance  to  Hannibal  during  a  siege  of  eight  months. 

The  fidelity  of  the  Saguntines  to  Rome  was  as  famous  as  that  of 

the  Vascones  to  Sertorius ;  but  their  fate  was  more  disastrous,  as 

Hannibal  took  Saguntua  and  razed  it  to  the  ground  after  its  people 

had  endured  the  most  horrible  extremities,  whereas  the  siege  of 

Calagurris  was  raised.    The  more  common  form  of  the  name  is  Sa- 

guntwn. 

116-128.  Mixotide  ara.    The  Tauri,  who  lived  in  the  peninsula 
called  from  them  Taurica  Chersonesus  (now  Crimea),  on  the  Palus 
Mffiotis  (Sea  of  Azof),  used  to  sacrifice  shipwrecked  strangers  on 
the  altar  of  Diana.— //&i  inventrix.    The  Tauric  Diana.— 5//e  re- 
quired the  death  only  of  her  victims,  and  does  not  demand  that 
their  bodies  be  eaten.— Jam.    Implying  to  go  so  far  as  to  admit.— 
Modo.     "If  nothing  more."    {Mayor,  ad  be.)    Heinrich,  however, 
makes  it  equivalent  to  tamen.—Infesta  vallo.     "  Threatening  their 
rampart."—  Tarn  detestabik  monstrum.    "  So  detestable  and  mon- 
strous a  piece  of  wickedness."— ^«ne  aliam,  &c.     "  Would  they,  if 
the  land  of  Memphis  were  parched  with  drought,  bring  (by  some 
act  of  desperation)  any  other  (and  greater)  infamy  on  the  Nile 
nnwUling  to  rise?"  i.e.,  would  they,  by  any  deed  to  which  the  last 
extremity  of  drought  might  drive  them,  bring  any  greater  infimiy 
on  the  Nile  as  the  cause  of  their  desinjration,  and  so  mediately  of 
their  crime?    The  words  nolenti  surgere  further  define  the  invidUi; 
they  would  complain  of  the  Nile's  unwillingness  to  rise.    {Mayor, 
ad  loc.)—Cimbri.    Compare  Sat.  y\u.,2iO.—Sauromat(B.    The  Sau- 
romata;  or  Sarmatae  inhabited  the  country  on  the  northeast  of  the 
Palus  Mffiotis,  and  east  of  the  Tanais  or  Don,  which  separated  them 
from  the  Scythians  of  Europe.— ^(7a/^j^rs».    A  people  in  European 
Sarmatia,  on  the  River  Maris,  now  Marosch,  in  Transylcania. — 
Fictilibus  phaselis.    "  To  their  earthenware  pinnaces."    The  defi- 
ciency of  timber  in  Egypt  forced  the  inhabitants  to  adopt  any  expe- 
dient as  a  substitute.    Strabo  mentions  these  vessels  of  potter}--warc. 
Tarnished  over  to  make  them  water-tight.    Phaselus  is  proijcrly  the 
Egyptian  kidney-bean,  from  which  the  boats  derived  their  name  on 
account  of  their  long  and  narrow  form.    {Evans,  ad  loc.y-PictcB 
testee.    "  Of  their  painted  pottery-canoe." 


131-1 3G.  Ira  atque  fames.  From  mere  passion  the  Egyptians 
commit  crimes  great  as  any  to  which  starvation  could  compel  them. 
— (2««  hcrymaa  dedit.  ''  In  that  slie  has  given  us  tears."  Sympa- 
thy between  man  and  man  is  natural,  and  nature  has  given  us  out- 
ward symptoms  of  sorrow  and  compassion  which  arc  given  to  no 
other  creature.— //o-c  nostri  pars,  &c.  Because,  by  flowing  in  pity 
and  commiseration,  they  bespeak  the  most  amiable  qualities  of  the 
mm(X.—Jub€t.  "  She  bids  us,"  t.  e.,  Nature.— /2et.  "  Of  one  ac- 
cused." Those  who  were  arraigned  in  any  court  of  judicature  used 
to  appear  in  a  squalid  plight,  in  order  to  excite  the  commiseration 
of  the  judges.— Circujiiscriptorem.  "  His  defrauder,"  i.  e.,  the  guard- 
ian who  had  defrauded  him.  The  fraudulent  guardian  might  be 
deposed  from  his  office  by  an  accusatio  suspecti,  which  was  as  old  as 
the  Twelve  Tables,  and  might  be  brought  before  the  prator,  but  not 
by  the  ward  himself.  After  the  ward  arrived  at  the  age  of  puberty, 
the  guardian  was  compelled  to  give  him  an  account  of  the  way  in 
which  he  had  fulfilled  his  office,  and  to  make  good  any  losses  which 
the  property  had  sustained.  {Mayor,  ad  he.}—  Cujus  manantia  Jlctu, 
Ac.  "  Whose  girl-like  locks  make  all  uncertain  to  the  view  his  vis- 
age flowing  with  tears,"  i.  e.,  render  it  almost  uncertain  to  the  be- 
holders of  which  sex  the  youthful  sufferer  is. 

138-149.  Adultce.     "  Just  grown  up."— J^T^  minor  igne  rogi.    "  And 
one  too  young  for  the  fire  of  the  funeral  pile."    Infants  under  forty 
days  old  were  not  burned,  but  buried,  and  the  place  was  called  sug- 
grundarium.  —  Face  dignus  arcana.     Worthy  to  act  as  dadovxog,  or 
sacred  torch-bearer  in  the  Eleusinian  mysteries.    None  were  ad- 
mitted to  initiation  in  the  mysteries  of  Ceres  without  a  strict  in- 
quiry into  their  moral  character,  and  the  greatest  jmrity  of  life  was 
expected  from  them  when  initiated.— ^l//ena  sibi.    Compare  Ter- 
ence's neaut.,i.,  1,  25:  ^^Ilomo  sum,  humani  nihil  a  me  alienum  puto.** 
—Separat.    "  Distinguishes."—  Venerahik  ingenium.    "  The  revered 
gift  of  intellect."— ^<7ue  exercendis,  <tc.     "  And  possessing  an  apti- 
tude for  the  practice  as  well  as  the  reception  of  arts."— 5en««w. 
«  A  moral  sense.''— Conditor.    " Creatxyr. "—Indulsit  iUis.    *'  Vouch- 
safed unto  them:'— Animas.     "  The  vital  principle."     Compare  the 
language  of  Accius  :  ''Animus  est  quo  sapimus  ;  anima  qua  vivimus.'* 
151-lCl.   In  pojmlum.     "  Into  one  people."  —  Larihus  nostrum. 
"  To  our  0^%'n  homes."- rutos  vicino  limine,  &c.     "That  the  confi- 
dence mutually  inspired  by  a  neighbouring  threshold  might  bestow 
secure  slumbers,"  t.  e.,  that  by  thus  joining  together  dwellings  (the 
original  of  cities  and  towns),  each  might  receive  and  impart  a  no- 
tion of  safety.- Attton«««.     "  Staggering."— 5ec?jo7»  serpentwn^  &C. 


302 


NOTES    ON   SAT.  XVI. 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XVI. 


:)03 


m 


But  now  wc  sec  the  most  savage  creatures  less  fierce  against  their 
kind  than  man  against  man.  ^Pardt  cognatis  maculis,  **  Spares 
kmdrcd  spots,"  i.e.,  the  leopard  recognizes  the  leopard,  and  avoids 
hurting  him,  whom  he  sees  by  his  spots  to  be  of  the  same  species 
with  himself.-/'or//or.  "  Though  stronger.''-//,,/,^! /,vm.  Com- 
pare Pliny  (//.  .v.,  viii.,  18) :  <^Tigris  Indicafera  velocitatis  tremen- 
d(B  est,    &c.--Convenit.     "  ITiere  is  agreement." 

1G5-174.  Ast  homini,  &c.    Man's  rage,  however,  can  no  longer  be 
appeased  with  the  sword,  though  the  first  smiths  knew  nothing  even 
of  that.    Now  we  see  people  who  arc  not  content  with  the  death  of 
an  enemy,  but  must  convert  his  body  into  food.-y^W«x»W     -To 
have  forged."     Literally,  -to  have  lengthened  (or  drawn)  out."- 
Sarcula.     Compare  ^at.  iii.,  202.~Marns.     Com,,are  Sal.  iii    '>*)., 
-Eztendere.    "To  beat  out."     In  the  sense  of  extundere,  which 
some  editions  actually  read.-P^thagoras.     Holding  the  doctrines 
of  the  metempsychosis,  Pythagoras  was  averse  to  shedding  the  blood 
of  any  animal,  and,  according  to  the  ordinary  account,  forbade  the 
eating  of  flesh.    According,  however,  to  other  authorities  (Diog.  La- 
ert.,  viii.,  20),  he  enjoined  abstinence  only  from  the  wether,  and  the 
ox  used  in  ploughing.     Aristotle,  however,  says  only  from  certain 
parts  of  animals  and  some  kinds  of  fish  («;>.  Cell.,  iv.,  1 1 ;  Diog.  La- 
trt.,  viii.,  19).— //tfc  monstra.    '^uch  atrocities  as  these."— A'^  ven- 
tri  indulsit,  &c.    -And  did  not  even  indulge  his  appetite  with  every 
kind  of  pulse."    Pythagoras  enjoined  on  his  discij.lcs  abstinence 
from  beans.    The  reason  of  this  prohibition  has  never  l)ccn  clearly 
ascertained. 


SATIRE  XVI. 

ARGUMENT. 
Under  the  pretense  of  pointing  out  to  his  friend  Gallus  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  military  life,  Juvenal  attacks  with  considerable  spirit 
the  exclusive  privileges  which  the  army  had  acquired  or  usurped, 
to  the  manifest  injury  of  the  civil  part  of  the  community. 


l-U.  Fehcts  pro'mta  mmtur.  "  The  advantages  of  military  serr- 
ice  when  fortunate."  -  (,a//6.  Martial  often  addresses  a 'friend 
named  Gallus,  perhaps  the  same  with  the  one  here  mentioned.- 
Nam  si  subeuntur,  &c.  -For  if  a  camp  distinguished  by  success  be 
only  entered,  then  may  its  gate  receive  me,  a  timid  recruit,  under 


' 


the  influence  of  some  auspicious  star." — Hora.  "One  hour." — Gen- 
itrix.  Juno,  the  mother  of  Mars.  Samos  was  sacred  to  her,  and 
here  she  had  a  famous  temple. — 7-15.  The  first  privilege,  which  is 
common  to  all  ranks  in  the  army,  is,  they  hold  so  fast  together  that 
no  civilian  dares  to  accuse  them  op  give  evidence  against  them. — 
Ne  tepulsare,  &c.  "That  no  civilian  must  dare  to  strike  you."  Ne 
is  used  because  "  subest  tiotio  impediendi  vel  prohibendi.'*  (Hand, 
TurselL,  iv.,  42.  Mat/or,  ad  loc.) — Togata.  The  toga  was  the  robe 
of  peace,  as  the  sagum  was  of  war. — DL^simulet.  "  That  he  must 
dissemble."  Equivalent  to  ut  dissimulet,  the  conjunction  ut  being 
supplied  from  ne. — Et  nigram  in  facie,  &c.  "And  the  black  bruise 
in  his  face  with  its  livid  swellings ;  and  the  eye  left  in  its  socket  in- 
deed, but  the  physician  giving  no  hopes  that  it  will  be  restored." 
Literally,  -promising  nothing." — Bardaicus judex, &c.  "ABard^ic 
judge  is  assigned  to  him  who  wishes  to  get  these  things  punished, 
namely,  a  soldier's  shoe,  and  stout  calves  at  the  capacious  benches." 
The  epithet  Bardaicus  is  derived  from  the  name  of  an  Illyrian  tribe 
(Bardici  or  Bardiai),  of  rude  and  rapacious  habits.  Marius  is  said 
to  have  had  a  body-guard  of  slaves  who  flocked  to  him,  chiefly  Illyr- 
ian, whom  he  called  his  "  Bardiiti."  A  Bardiac  judge,  therefore, 
in  the  present  case,  will  be  a  rude,  overbearing  military  man,  from 
whom  the  civilian  may  cxjject  no  redress.  The  terms  calceus  and 
sune  will  then  be  in  comic  apposition  with  Bardau'jts  jtidex,  and  the 
general  idea  will  be  as  follows :  If  the  injured  man  of  peace  seek 
redress,  a  soldier's  shoe  and  stout  shanks  sit  in  judgment  on  the 
bench.  Some  connect  Bardaicus  at  once  with  calceus,  m  the  sense 
of  militaris.  The  idea,  however,  will  be  the  same. —  Camilli.  Camil- 
las first  introduced  a  standing  army ;  before  which  time  the  soldiers 
might,  in  winter,  prosecute  their  suits  at  home. 

17-24.  Jtmtissiiua  centurionum,  &c.  '  -  Most  just  (of  course)  is  the 
decision  of  the  centurions."  Ironical,  since  the  military  judge  will 
always  favor  his  own  comrades. — Nee  inihi  deerit  ultio,  &c.  "  Nor  will 
due  satisfaction  be  wanting  unto  me,  if  a  ground  for  just  complaint 
be  alleged."  Ironical  again.  He  will  get,  in  reality,  no  satisfac- 
tion.— Curahilis  ut  sit  vindicta,  &c.  Their  vengeance  for  your  pros- 
ecution of  their  comrade  will  be  matter  of  serious  concern,  and  will 
fall  heavier  on  you  than  the  original  injury. — Deckvnatoris  mulino 
corde  Vagelii.  "The  mulish  heart  of  the  dedaimer  Vagellius,"  i.e., 
the  mulish  rhetorician  Vagelii  us.  He  is  here  called  "mulish"  from 
his  foolhardiness  and  obstinacy  in  undertaking  causes  which  no 
man  in  his  sober  senses  would  have  advocated.  Vagellius  was  an 
advocate  of  Mutina  (now  Modena),  and  hence  some  read  Mutinensi 


304 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XVI. 


NOTES  ON  SAT.  XVI. 


305 


4/ 


for  muIino.—Quum  duo  cntra  haUas,  &c.   "  When  you  have  only  two 
legs,  to  stumble  against  so  many  soldiers'  shoes,  so  many  thousands 
of  hob-nails."    As  regards  the  rriZ/V/a,  compare  note  on  Sat.  iii.,  220. 
25-34.  Quis  tarn  procul  ahsit,  &e.    The  idea  is,  Who  will  venture 
so  far  from  the  city  to  accuse  a  soldier  ?    Besides,  what  friend  is 
ready,  like  Pyladcs,  to  devote  his  life  for  his  friend  ?—3/oA?;«  ag- 
geris  ultra.     "Beyond  the  mole  of  the  rampart,"  i.e.,  within  the 
rampart  of  the  camp.— Py/b^/e*.    Alluding  to  the  legend  of  Orestes 
and  Pylades,  and  the  scene  that  took  place  at  the  altar  of  the  Tau- 
ric  Diana.~Z:«cn/wcE  siccentur  potius,  &c.    Let  us  dry  up  our  tears 
at  once,  and  not  importune  our  friends,  who,  on  one  pretext  or 
another,  will  certainly  put  us  off,  to  bear  us  company  in  our  hazard- 
ous enterprises,  and  to  give  their  evidence  when  the  judge  calls  for 
witnesses.    (Mai,or,  ad  loc.y-A  udeat  Hie,  &c.    "  Will  the  man,  who- 
ever he  may  be,  dare  to  say,  *  I  witnessed  the  transaction?' "— Af 
credan  dignum  barba,  &c.     The  idea  is,  I  will  believe  such  a  man 
deserving  of  being  ranked  with  the  noblest  worthies  of  the  gwd  old 
times.     The  early  Romans  wore  the  hair  of  the  head  and  of  the 
beard  uncut.    Barbers  were  not  introduced  into  Komc  until  A.U  C. 
454,  or  B.C.  300.    They  came  from  Sicily.— />a</an«m.    "  A  civil- 
ian."  The  term  paganus  properly  means  a  rustic,  or  occupant  of  the 
country.    It  appears  that,  under  the  emperors,  husbandmen  were  ex- 
empt from  military  service,  in  order  that  the  land  might  not  fall  out 
of  cultivation.     The  paganus  then  became  opposed  in  meaning  to 
annatus,  and  hence  arose  its  signification  of  "civilian,"  which  is  very 
common  with  the  silver  age  of  Latinity.— /V/orew.    "  Honour." 

35-42.  Prainia  nunc  alia,  &c.     We  come  now  to  the  second  priv- 
ilege of  the  soldiery.     Civilians  have  to  wait  long  for  the  decision 
of  their  suits,  whereas  soldiers  meet  with  a  speedy  settlement.- 
Sacramentorum.     "  Of  military  life."    The  military  oath  {sacramen- 
twn)  is  hero  put  for  military  life  itself.  —  Et  sacrum  effodit,  etc. 
"And  has  dug  up  the  sacred  stone  from  the  intenening  boundaiy- 
hne."    The  stone  that  forms  the  common  landmark  between  two 
neighbouring  fields.     He  who  removed  his  neighlwur's  landmark 
was  held  accursed  among  the  Romans,  as  among  the  Jews.— Pa- 
tulo.     "  Flat."— y^v  annua.     It  was  forbidden  to  offer  bloody  sac- 
rifices to  Tenninus,  or  the  god  of  landmarks.— Fa«a  miyervand,  &c. 
Repeated  from  Sat.  xiii.,  m .—Expectandus  erit,  &c.     "The  vear 
of  the  whole  people  will  have  to  bo  waited  for  to  commence  litiga- 
tion," t.  c,  the  year  in  which  the  litigation  of  a  whole  people  is  to 
be  settled  will  have  to  be  waited  for  by  us  before  we  can  bring  on 
our  suit  for  adjudication.     The  cinlian  cannot,  like  tho  soldiei 


I 


(verse  41)),  choose  his  own  time ;  he  must  wait  until,  in  the  course 
of  the  people's  year,  his  turn  may  come.  Actions  iMJtween  civilians 
(l>cfore  the  ceniumviri)  were  heard  in  the  order  in  which  application 
had  been  made  to  the  priutor. 

44-50.  SubselUa  tantum  stenmntur.  "The  benches  alone  are 
■prcad  with  ctishions,"  i.  c,  are  got  ready.  The  benches  of  the 
judges  are  got  ready,  but  the  judges  are  not  ready,  and  there  is  no 
quorum  to  commence  business.  —  Tuvi.  Wliile  waiting  for  the 
judges  to  apjMiar  and  open  cown.—Fanmdo  ponenie  lacerr.as,  &c. 
While  the  i)lcadcr  Ca;dicius  is  laying  aside  his  lacerna,  and  pre- 
paring to  address  the  court  (when  it  shall  have  opened)  in  his  toga. 
The  tacema  was  worn  over  the  to^a.—Mictnriente.  "  Obeying  a  call 
of  nature."  — /^arnft  digredimur,  <tc.  "Though  prepared  for  the 
fray,  we  part  combat,  and  fight  in  the  dilatory  lists  of  the  law." 
The  civilian  at  length  leaves  the  court-room  in  despair,  and  the  case 
stands  again  adjourned.—  7\'inpus  agcndl.  "  A  time  for  the  liearing 
of  their  case."  Literally,  "  for  pleading."  —  Longo  svjlamine  litis. 
"By  the  tedious  drag-chain  of  litigation." 

51-60.  Solis  pra^terea,  &c.     A  third  privilege  of  soldiers.     The 
right  of  acquiring  proj^erty  independently  of  the  father,  and  also  of 
making  a  will.     A  son  who  was  in  vianu  patris  had  no  proj.erty  of 
his  own,  strictly  speaking.     What  he  was  allowed  to  enjoy  as  such 
(termed  his  peculiuiu)  was  held  on  a  precarious  tenure,  and  might- 
be  taken  from  him  by  his  father.     But  in  imperial  times  this  law 
was  relaxed  in  favour  of  the  soldierj'.    A  soldier,  when  ari.iing  for 
battle,  and  even  at  ordinary  times  also,  was  allowed  to  r.ame  an 
lieir  in  the  i)rcsence  of  three  or  four  witnesses. — Non  esse  in  corpore 
census.     "  Should  not  be  incorporated  in  the  private  fortune."— 
. Tvra  niercntem.      "  Earning  the  pay."  —  Treinulus.     "  Trembling 
with  age."— Of/J^rt/.     "Pays  court  to."    The  father  turns  inherit- 
ance-hunter to  his  own  son.  —  Favor  a^quus,  &c.     The  idea  is, 
Coranus  is  advanced  by  "  well-merited  favour,"  and  his  honourable 
exertions  are  crowned  by  the  fitting  reward.     At  least,  it  appears 
to  concern  the  commander  himself  that  his  bravest  soldiers  be  most 
quickly  advanced,  that  all  be  gladdened  by  badges  of  distinction. 
(Mayor,  ad  loc.)    The  common  text  has  labor  aquus,  but  labor  fol- 
lowed by  labori  in  the  next  line  makes  an  exceedingly  harsh  con- 
struction.    We  have  therefore  substituted /aror  with  Ruperti,  Jahn, 

and  Mayor. 

Torquibus  omrics.  Here  the  Satire  terminates  abruptly.  The 
conclusion  is  too  tame  to  be  such  as  Juvenal  would  have  left  it,  even 
were  tho  whole  subject  thoroughly  worked  up.     It  is  probably  an 


306 


NOTES    ON    SAT.  XVI. 


unfinished  draught.  The  commentators  are  nearly  equally  bal- 
anced as  to  its  being  the  work  of  Juvenal  or  not,  but  one  or  two  of 
the-  touches  are  too  masterly  to  be  by  any  other  Land.  (Evans,  ad 
he.) 


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